Države članice EU-a trebale bi ambicioznije pristupiti ostvarivanju zajedničkog cilja u pogledu obnovljive energije

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News Objavljeno 2019-02-14 Zadnja izmjena 2019-03-08
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Udio energije proizvedene iz obnovljivih izvora u ukupnoj potrošnji energije Europske unije udvostručio se od 2005., ali taj se porast posljednjih godina usporio - posebno zato što se povećala potrošnja energije te zbog nedostatka napretka u prometnom sektoru. Novo izvješće Europske agencije za okoliš (EEA) pokazuje da, u pogledu korištenja obnovljive energije, države članice Europske unije trebaju uložiti više truda u postizanje cilja za 2020.

 Image © Tim Laws, WaterPIX /EEA

U izvješću EEA-e „Obnovljiva energija u Europi, 2018.” navodi se napredak u pogledu upotrebe obnovljivih izvora energije u EU-u koji se temelji na službenim podatcima iz 2016. i preliminarnim procjenama EEA-e za 2017.

Izvješće pokazuje da se udio obnovljive energije u konačnoj potrošnji energije u EU-u povećao sa 16,7 % 2015. na 17,0 % 2016. i na procijenjenih 17,4 % 2017. Iako je EU i dalje na pravom putu u pogledu ostvarivanja cilja za 2020., odnosno povećanja udjela obnovljive energije u konačnoj bruto potrošnji energije na 20 %, nedavni porast u konačnoj potrošnji energije u nekim državama članicama usporava povećanje udjela obnovljive energije u cijelom EU-u.

Kako bi postigle cilj za 2030., države članice moraju kolektivno povećati udio obnovljive energije u konačnoj bruto potrošnji energije na najmanje 32 %. Prema izvješću EEA-e, trenutačno se upotreba obnovljive energije znatno razlikuje među pojedinačnim državama članicama, od udjela obnovljive energije od 30 % u konačnoj bruto potrošnji energije u Austriji, Danskoj, Finskoj, Latviji i Švedskoj do manje od 9 % u Belgiji, Luksemburgu, Malti i Nizozemskoj.

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U EU-u su 85 % novoinstaliranih kapaciteta za proizvodnju energije 2017. činili kapaciteti za proizvodnju energije iz obnovljivih izvora, pri čemu su vjetroelektrane i solarne fotonaponske ćelije činile tri četvrtine novih kapaciteta za proizvodnju obnovljive energije. Jedna trećina ukupne električne energije potrošene u EU-u 2016. i 2017. bila je proizvedena iz obnovljivih izvora.

Toplinska i rashladna energija i dalje su dominantni tržišni sektor kad je riječ o obnovljivoj energiji u EU-u, pri čemu je 19 % energije 2016. i 2017. proizvedeno iz obnovljivih izvora. Prometni sektor znatno zaostaje sa samo 7 % udjela potrošnje obnovljive energije u istim godinama. Većina obnovljive energije koja se upotrebljava za promet proizvodi se iz biogoriva, pri čemu treba uzeti u obzir dasamo biogoriva koja imaju certifikat o sukladnosti s kriterijima održivosti iz Direktive o promicanju uporabe energije iz obnovljivih izvora mogu biti uključena u postizanje tih ciljeva.

U izvješću se navodi da je EU i dalje svjetski predvodnik u pogledu kapaciteta za proizvodnju električne energije iz obnovljivih izvora po stanovniku, iako je Kina počela sve više ulagati u nove kapacitete. Udio poslova povezanih s obnovljivom energijom na tržištu rada brže raste u Brazilu i Kini nego u EU-u.

Sve veća upotreba obnovljivih izvora energije omogućila je EU-u da smanji potražnju za fosilnim gorivima i s njima povezane emisije stakleničkih plinova. U skladu s analizom EEA-e, ukupne emisije stakleničkih plinova EU-a bile bi otprilike 9 % više 2016. i 10 % više 2017. da se od 2005. upotreba obnovljivih izvora energije nije povećala i zamijenila 11 % bruto  potrošnje fosilnih goriva u EU-u u tom razdoblju.

Izvješća „Obnovljiva energija u Europi” dopunjuju EEA-inu godišnju procjenu napretka prema dostizanju klimatskih i energetskih ciljeva EU-a navedenih u publikaciji Trendovi i prognoze u Europi 2018.

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Estimated effects of increased RES consumption since 2005 on fossil fuels and GHG emissions Directive 2009/28/EC on the promotion and use of energy from renewable sources commits the EU to achieving a 20 % share of renewable energy sources (RES) in its gross final energy consumption by 2020 and a 10 % share of renewable energy in transport energy consumption by the same year. Article 22 of the directive requires Member States to report on national progress in the promotion and use of energy from renewable sources, biennially, starting with 31 December 2011. It specifies that the national reports shall contain, inter alia, the estimated net GHG emission savings due to the use of energy from renewable sources. Information regarding the specific methodologies used by the countries for producing the above estimates of net GHG emission savings is not always available. To that end, the EEA and its European Topic Centre for Air Pollution and Climate Change Mitigation (ETC/ACM) produce each year a consistent set of estimated co-benefits, at the Member State and EU level, concerning the impact on fossil fuels and GHG emissions due to the increase in RES consumption since 2005. For 2017, these estimated co-benefits are based on the EEA 2017 RES share proxies and the EEA 2017 proxies on primary and final energy consumption.
Approximated estimates for the share of gross final consumption of renewable energy sources in 2017 (EEA 2017 RES share proxies) Directive 2009/28/EC on the promotion and use of energy from renewable sources commits the EU to achieving a 20 % share of renewable energy sources (RES) in its gross final energy consumption by 2020 and a 10 % share of renewable energy in transport energy consumption by the same year. Since early access to the most recent information on the growth of RES is relevant for all stakeholders, the EEA and its European Topic Centre for Air Pollution and Climate Change Mitigation (ETC/ACM) produce each year a set of early estimates concerning the RES shares achieved by the countries and the EU as a whole in the previous year. The current data set concerns the EEA 2017 RES share proxies. The cut-off date for most data sources incorporated in the calculation of the approximated 2017 RES shares was 31 July 2018.
Approximated estimates for the primary and final consumption of energy in 2017 (EEA 2017 proxies on primary and final energy consumption) The Energy Efficiency Directive 2012/27/EU (EED) establishes a common framework for the promotion of energy efficiency within the Union in order to ensure the achievement of the Union’s 2020 20 % headline target on energy efficiency and to pave the way for further energy efficiency improvements beyond that date. It also calls on Member States to set their own indicative national energy efficiency targets, which can be based on primary or final energy consumption, primary or final energy savings, or energy intensity. Since early access to the most recent information on energy consumption is relevant for all stakeholders, the EEA and its European Topic Centre for Air Pollution and Climate Change Mitigation (ETC/ACM) produce each year a set of early estimates concerning the consumption of primary and final energy in the previous year, across the EU as a whole and in each Member State. The current data set concerns the EEA 2017 proxies on primary and final energy consumption.

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Overview of electricity production and use in Europe In 2016,  low-carbon energy sources (i.e. renewables and nuclear energy) continued to dominate the electricity mix for the second year in a row, together generating more power than fossil fuel sources. Fossil fuels (i.e. coal, natural gas and oil) were responsible for 43 % of all gross electricity generation in 2016, a decrease of 11 percentage points across the EU compared with 2005 (54 %). By way of contrast, the share of electricity generated from renewable sources has grown rapidly since 2005, but the pace of growth has slowed down after 2014. In 2016, renewable electricity reached almost one third (29 %) of all gross electricity generation in the EU. This is twice as much as in 2005. As such, renewable sources generated more electricity in 2016 than nuclear sources or coal and lignite. Nuclear energy sources contributed roughly one quarter (26 %) of all gross electricity generation in 2016. The transition from fossil fuels to renewable fuels, together with improved transformation efficiencies in electricity generation, led to an average annual 2.6 % decrease in CO 2 emissions per kWh between 2005 and 2016. Final electricity consumption (the total consumption of electricity by all end-use sectors plus electricity imports and minus exports) in the EU increased by one percent in 2016 compared with 2015, reaching the same level as in 2005. The sharpest growth was observed in the services sector (1.2 % per year) and the sharpest decline in industry (-1.0 % per year). With regards to the non-EU EEA countries,  between 2005 and 2016, electricity generation increased by an average of 4.9 % per  year in Turkey, 7.1 % per year  in Iceland and 0.7 % per year in Norway.
Energy intensity Between 1990 and 2016, the EU's energy intensity, i.e. the ratio between its  gross inland energy consumption and its gross domestic product (GDP),  decreased by 36 %.  This decrease was continuous during the entire period, with an average annual decrease of 1.7 % per year. The 1990-2005 period is characterised by relatively high economic growth and more moderate growth in gross inland energy consumption. In contrast, the 2005-2014 period is characterised by lower economic growth and decreasing gross inland energy consumption. Gross inland consumption of energy started to increase again after 2014, marking a slow-down in energy intensity improvements. In all member countries of the European Environment Agency (EEA), energy intensity decreased between 2005 and 2016. The largest decreases were observed in central and eastern European countries (e.g. Lithuania, Romania and Slovakia) because of changes in their economic structure, and in Malta.
Share of renewable energy in gross final energy consumption The share of renewable energy in gross final energy use in the EU has almost doubled since 2005. It reached 17.0 % in 2016 and is expected to have reached 17.4 % in 2017, according to the early estimates from the European Environment Agency (EEA) . These levels are higher than those from the indicative EU trajectory for these years set by the Renewable Energy Directive .  The increase in the share of renewable energy sources in final energy consumption has slowed down in recent years. An increasing energy consumption and lack of progress in the transport sector imperil the achievement of both 2020 targets on renewable energy and energy efficiency at EU level. In 2017, according to the EEA's early estimates:  progress towards national targets deteriorated across the EU, with 20 Member States (all but Cyprus, France, Ireland, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Poland, Slovenia and the United Kingdom) meeting or exceeding their indicative targets set under the Renewable Energy Directive, compared with 25 Member States on target in 2016. In addition, only 16 Member States (all except Belgium, Cyprus, France, Germany, Ireland, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia and Spain) reached or exceeded the trajectories set in their own National Renewable Energy Action Plans, compared with 19 in 2016; 11 countries (Bulgaria, Croatia, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Hungary, Italy, Lithuania, Romania and Sweden) had already managed to achieve their binding renewable energy share targets for 2020, as set under the Renewable Energy Directive; renewable energy accounted for 30.6 % of gross final electricity consumption, 19.3 % of energy consumption for heating and cooling, and 7.2 % of transport fuel consumption in the whole EU.

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Renewable energy in Europe 2018 - recent growth and knock-on effects This report introduces several methods the European Environment Agency (EEA) has developed for assessing and communicating early RES growth and the important knock-on effects that RES growth has on the energy sector and related areas. The report provides specific information at EU and country level on estimated RES progress in 2013, estimated gross avoided carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and avoided fossil fuel use due to the additional use of renewable energy since 2005, as well as an assessment of the statistical impacts of growing RES use on primary energy consumption.
Trends and projections in Europe 2018 - Tracking progress towards Europe's climate and energy targets This report is part of the ‘Trends and Projections in Europe: 2018: Tracking progress towards Europe’s climate and energy targets,’ package. It is based on the most recent reported and approximated data from EU Member States on greenhouse gas emissions, renewable energy uptake and energy consumption.

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For references, please go to https://www.eea.europa.eu/highlights/drzave-clanice-eu-a-trebale or scan the QR code.

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