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Õhusaaste

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Lehekülg Viimati muudetud 2020-11-23
Topics:
Õhusaaste kahjustab inimeste tervist ja keskkonda. Euroopas on paljude õhusaasteainete heide viimaste kümnendite jooksul märkimisväärselt vähenenud, mis omakorda on parandanud õhukvaliteeti kogu piirkonnas. Sellele vaatamata on saasteainete sisaldus õhus ikka veel liiga kõrge ja õhukvaliteediga seotud probleemid ei ole kusagile kadunud. Märkimisväärne osa Euroopa rahvastikust elab piirkondades (eelkõige puudutab see linnu), kus õhukvaliteet ei vasta standarditele: osooni, lämmastikdioksiidi ja tahkete osakeste (PM) saaste on tervisele tõsiseks ohuks. Mitu riiki on ületanud endale nelja peamise õhusaasteaine jaoks 2010. aastaks kehtestatud piirmäärad ühe või mitme aine osas. Seetõttu on õhusaaste vähendamine endiselt oluline.

Õhusaaste küsimus on oluline nii kohalikul, üleeuroopalisel kui ka terve poolkera tasandil. Ühes riigis õhku sattunud saasteained kanduvad atmosfääris edasi, halvendades õhukvaliteeti ka mujal.

Tahked osakesed, lämmastikdioksiid ja troposfääriosoon on kolm saasteainet, mis kahjustavad inimtervist kõige rohkem. Pikaajaline ja suures kontsentratsioonis kokkupuude nende saasteainetega avaldab mitmesuguse tugevusega mõju, alates hingamiselundite kahjustustest kuni enneaegse surmani. Euroopa linnaelanikest ligikaudu 90% puutuvad kokku saasteainetega terviseohtlikus kontsentratsioonis. Hinnanguliselt vähendavad õhusaasteainetest näiteks peened tahked osakesed (PM2,5) eeldatavat eluiga Euroopa Liidus üle kaheksa kuu. Benso[a]püreen on kantserogeenne saasteaine, mille ohtlikkus üha suureneb, sest selle kontsentratsioon on terviseohtlik mitmes Eurooa linnapiirkonnas, eriti Kesk- ja Ida-Euroopas.

Õhusaaste kahjustab inimtervist ja keskkonda. Elanikkonnast suur osa elab keskkonnas, mis ei vasta kehtivatele tervisenõuetele. Jätkusuutlikkuse saavutamiseks peab Euroopa tegema praegustes õigusaktides nõutust rohkem.

Hans Bruyninckx, EEA tegevdirektor

Õhusaaste kahjustab ka keskkonda.

  • Hapestumine vähenes oluliselt aastatel 1990–2010 Euroopa tundlike ökosüsteemidega aladel, kus toimus liiga suur väävli- ja lämmastikuühendite happesadenemine.
  • Eutrofeerumine on keskkonnaprobleem, mille põhjustab liigsete toitainete sattumine ökosüsteemidesse. Selle lahendamine on olnud vähem edukas. Tundlike ökosüsteemidega alad, mida mõjutas atmosfääri liigne lämmastikusisaldus, vähenesid aastatel 1990–2010 vähe.
  • Suur osoonisisaldus kahjustab põllukultuure. Enamik põllukultuure on kokku puutunud osoonitasemetega, mis ületavad Euroopa Liidu pikaajalisi taimestikukaitse eesmärke. Nähtus mõjutab olulist osa põllumajanduspiirkondadest, eriti Lõuna-, Kesk- ja Ida-Euroopas.

Euroopa õhukvaliteet paraneb aeglasemalt sellest, kuidas on üldiselt vähenenud inimtekkeliste õhusaasteainete heide. Selle põhjused on keerukad:

  • heite vähenemise ja õhusaasteainete täheldatud kontsentratsiooni seos ei ole alati selgesti lineaarne;
  • õhusaasteainete kauglevi Euroopasse teistest põhjapoolkera riikidest suureneb.

Sel põhjusel on vaja jätkata sihipärast tegevust heite vähendamisel, et kaitsta ka edaspidi Euroopas inimtervist ja keskkonda.

Õhusaaste allikad

Õhusaaste allikad võivad olla inimtekkelised ja looduslikud:

  • fossiilkütuste põletamine elektri tootmisel, transpordis, tööstuses ja kodumajapidamistes;
  • tööstusprotsessid ja lahustite kasutamine, näiteks keemia- ja mäetööstuses;
  • põllumajandus;
  • jäätmekäitlus;
  • looduslikud saasteallikad on näiteks vulkaanipursked, tuulega leviv tolm, merevee pihustumine ning taimedelt pärit lenduvate orgaaniliste ühendite heide.

Euroopa Liidu poliitika

Euroopa Liidu pikaajaline eesmärk on saavutada selline õhukvaliteedi tase, mis välistab kahjuliku mõju inimtervisele ja keskkonnale. Euroopa Liit tegutseb õhusaastega kokkupuute vähendamiseks paljudel tasanditel: töötab välja õigusakte, teeb koostööd õhku saastavate majandusvaldkondadega, samuti rahvusvaheliste, riiklike ja piirkondlike asutuste ja vabaühendustega ning edendab teadustegevust. Euroopa Liidu poliitika eesmärk on piirata kokkupuudet õhusaastega, vähendades heidet ning kehtestades õhukvaliteedi sihtväärtused ja piirnormid. 2013. aasta lõpus võttis Euroopa Komisjon vastu kavandatud puhta õhu kvaliteedi paketi, sealhulgas uued õhusaaste vähendamise meetmed.

Euroopa õhusaastepoliitika lisateave

Euroopa Keskkonnaameti tegevus

Euroopa Keskkonnaamet (EEA) on Euroopa Liidu õhusaaste andmekeskus ning toetab õhusaasteainete heite ja õhukvaliteediga seotud Euroopa Liidu õigusaktide rakendamist. EEA osaleb ka Euroopa Liidu õhusaastepoliitikate hindamisel ja Euroopa õhukvaliteedi parandamise pikaajaliste strateegiate väljatöötamisel.

EEA põhitegevus on järgmine:

  • mitmesuguste õhusaasteandmete avaldamine;
  • Euroopa õhusaaste suundumuste ning seonduvate strateegiate ja meetmete dokumenteerimine ja hindamine;
  • õhusaaste ja eri poliitikavaldkondade kompromisside ja sünergiate uurimine, sh seoses kliimamuutuse, energeetika, transpordi ja tööstusega.

EEA tegevus

Kasulikud lingid

EEA on avaldanud õhusaaste linkide loetelu.

Seotud sisu

Interactive charts

Dashboard (Tableau) Montenegro – air pollution country fact sheet A significant proportion of Europe's urban population lives in cities where EU air quality standards for the protection of human health are regularly exceeded. Air pollution continues to have significant impacts on the health of Europeans, particularly in urban areas. These health impacts have economic costs, cutting short lives, increasing medical costs and reducing productivity through lost working days. The pollutants with the most serious impacts on human health are particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone.
Dashboard (Tableau) North Macedonia – air pollution country fact sheet A significant proportion of Europe's urban population lives in cities where EU air quality standards for the protection of human health are regularly exceeded. Air pollution continues to have significant impacts on the health of Europeans, particularly in urban areas. These health impacts have economic costs, cutting short lives, increasing medical costs and reducing productivity through lost working days. The pollutants with the most serious impacts on human health are particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone.
Dashboard (Tableau) Spain - Air pollution country fact sheet A significant proportion of Europe's urban population lives in cities where EU air quality standards for the protection of human health are regularly exceeded. Air pollution continues to have significant impacts on the health of Europeans, particularly in urban areas. These health impacts have economic costs, cutting short lives, increasing medical costs and reducing productivity through lost working days. The pollutants with the most serious impacts on human health are particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone.
Dashboard (Tableau) Portugal - Air pollution country fact sheet A significant proportion of Europe's urban population lives in cities where EU air quality standards for the protection of human health are regularly exceeded. Air pollution continues to have significant impacts on the health of Europeans, particularly in urban areas. These health impacts have economic costs, cutting short lives, increasing medical costs and reducing productivity through lost working days. The pollutants with the most serious impacts on human health are particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone.
Dashboard (Tableau) Romania - Air pollution country fact sheet A significant proportion of Europe's urban population lives in cities where EU air quality standards for the protection of human health are regularly exceeded. Air pollution continues to have significant impacts on the health of Europeans, particularly in urban areas. These health impacts have economic costs, cutting short lives, increasing medical costs and reducing productivity through lost working days. The pollutants with the most serious impacts on human health are particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone.
Dashboard (Tableau) Liechtenstein - Air pollution country fact sheet A significant proportion of Europe's urban population lives in cities where EU air quality standards for the protection of human health are regularly exceeded. Air pollution continues to have significant impacts on the health of Europeans, particularly in urban areas. These health impacts have economic costs, cutting short lives, increasing medical costs and reducing productivity through lost working days. The pollutants with the most serious impacts on human health are particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone.
Dashboard (Tableau) Sweden - Air pollution country fact sheet A significant proportion of Europe's urban population lives in cities where EU air quality standards for the protection of human health are regularly exceeded. Air pollution continues to have significant impacts on the health of Europeans, particularly in urban areas. These health impacts have economic costs, cutting short lives, increasing medical costs and reducing productivity through lost working days. The pollutants with the most serious impacts on human health are particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone.
Dashboard (Tableau) Slovakia - Air pollution country fact sheet A significant proportion of Europe's urban population lives in cities where EU air quality standards for the protection of human health are regularly exceeded. Air pollution continues to have significant impacts on the health of Europeans, particularly in urban areas. These health impacts have economic costs, cutting short lives, increasing medical costs and reducing productivity through lost working days. The pollutants with the most serious impacts on human health are particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone.
Dashboard (Tableau) Slovenia - Air pollution country fact sheet A significant proportion of Europe's urban population lives in cities where EU air quality standards for the protection of human health are regularly exceeded. Air pollution continues to have significant impacts on the health of Europeans, particularly in urban areas. These health impacts have economic costs, cutting short lives, increasing medical costs and reducing productivity through lost working days. The pollutants with the most serious impacts on human health are particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone.
Dashboard (Tableau) Bulgaria - Air pollution country fact sheet A significant proportion of Europe's urban population lives in cities where EU air quality standards for the protection of human health are regularly exceeded. Air pollution continues to have significant impacts on the health of Europeans, particularly in urban areas. These health impacts have economic costs, cutting short lives, increasing medical costs and reducing productivity through lost working days. The pollutants with the most serious impacts on human health are particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone.
Dashboard (Tableau) Kosovo – air pollution country fact sheet A significant proportion of Europe's urban population lives in cities where EU air quality standards for the protection of human health are regularly exceeded. Air pollution continues to have significant impacts on the health of Europeans, particularly in urban areas. These health impacts have economic costs, cutting short lives, increasing medical costs and reducing productivity through lost working days. The pollutants with the most serious impacts on human health are particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone.
Dashboard (Tableau) Switzerland - Air pollution country fact sheet A significant proportion of Europe's urban population lives in cities where EU air quality standards for the protection of human health are regularly exceeded. Air pollution continues to have significant impacts on the health of Europeans, particularly in urban areas. These health impacts have economic costs, cutting short lives, increasing medical costs and reducing productivity through lost working days. The pollutants with the most serious impacts on human health are particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone.
Dashboard (Tableau) Greece - Air pollution country fact sheet A significant proportion of Europe's urban population lives in cities where EU air quality standards for the protection of human health are regularly exceeded. Air pollution continues to have significant impacts on the health of Europeans, particularly in urban areas. These health impacts have economic costs, cutting short lives, increasing medical costs and reducing productivity through lost working days. The pollutants with the most serious impacts on human health are particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone.
Dashboard (Tableau) Turkey - Air pollution country fact sheet A significant proportion of Europe's urban population lives in cities where EU air quality standards for the protection of human health are regularly exceeded. Air pollution continues to have significant impacts on the health of Europeans, particularly in urban areas. These health impacts have economic costs, cutting short lives, increasing medical costs and reducing productivity through lost working days. The pollutants with the most serious impacts on human health are particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone.
Dashboard (Tableau) Estonia - Air pollution country fact sheet A significant proportion of Europe's urban population lives in cities where EU air quality standards for the protection of human health are regularly exceeded. Air pollution continues to have significant impacts on the health of Europeans, particularly in urban areas. These health impacts have economic costs, cutting short lives, increasing medical costs and reducing productivity through lost working days. The pollutants with the most serious impacts on human health are particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone.
Dashboard (Tableau) Malta - Air pollution country fact sheet A significant proportion of Europe's urban population lives in cities where EU air quality standards for the protection of human health are regularly exceeded. Air pollution continues to have significant impacts on the health of Europeans, particularly in urban areas. These health impacts have economic costs, cutting short lives, increasing medical costs and reducing productivity through lost working days. The pollutants with the most serious impacts on human health are particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone.
Dashboard (Tableau) Ireland - Air pollution country fact sheet A significant proportion of Europe's urban population lives in cities where EU air quality standards for the protection of human health are regularly exceeded. Air pollution continues to have significant impacts on the health of Europeans, particularly in urban areas. These health impacts have economic costs, cutting short lives, increasing medical costs and reducing productivity through lost working days. The pollutants with the most serious impacts on human health are particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone.
Dashboard (Tableau) Czechia - Air pollution country fact sheet A significant proportion of Europe's urban population lives in cities where EU air quality standards for the protection of human health are regularly exceeded. Air pollution continues to have significant impacts on the health of Europeans, particularly in urban areas. These health impacts have economic costs, cutting short lives, increasing medical costs and reducing productivity through lost working days. The pollutants with the most serious impacts on human health are particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone.
Dashboard (Tableau) Denmark - Air pollution country fact sheet A significant proportion of Europe's urban population lives in cities where EU air quality standards for the protection of human health are regularly exceeded. Air pollution continues to have significant impacts on the health of Europeans, particularly in urban areas. These health impacts have economic costs, cutting short lives, increasing medical costs and reducing productivity through lost working days. The pollutants with the most serious impacts on human health are particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone.
Dashboard (Tableau) Hungary - Air pollution country fact sheet A significant proportion of Europe's urban population lives in cities where EU air quality standards for the protection of human health are regularly exceeded. Air pollution continues to have significant impacts on the health of Europeans, particularly in urban areas. These health impacts have economic costs, cutting short lives, increasing medical costs and reducing productivity through lost working days. The pollutants with the most serious impacts on human health are particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone.
Dashboard (Tableau) Finland - Air pollution country fact sheet A significant proportion of Europe's urban population lives in cities where EU air quality standards for the protection of human health are regularly exceeded. Air pollution continues to have significant impacts on the health of Europeans, particularly in urban areas. These health impacts have economic costs, cutting short lives, increasing medical costs and reducing productivity through lost working days. The pollutants with the most serious impacts on human health are particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone.
Dashboard (Tableau) Belgium – air pollution country fact sheet A significant proportion of Europe's urban population lives in cities where EU air quality standards for the protection of human health are regularly exceeded. Air pollution continues to have significant impacts on the health of Europeans, particularly in urban areas. These health impacts have economic costs, cutting short lives, increasing medical costs and reducing productivity through lost working days. The pollutants with the most serious impacts on human health are particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone.
Dashboard (Tableau) Latvia - Air pollution country fact sheet A significant proportion of Europe's urban population lives in cities where EU air quality standards for the protection of human health are regularly exceeded. Air pollution continues to have significant impacts on the health of Europeans, particularly in urban areas. These health impacts have economic costs, cutting short lives, increasing medical costs and reducing productivity through lost working days. The pollutants with the most serious impacts on human health are particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone.
Dashboard (Tableau) Bosnia and Herzegovina – air pollution country fact sheet A significant proportion of Europe's urban population lives in cities where EU air quality standards for the protection of human health are regularly exceeded. Air pollution continues to have significant impacts on the health of Europeans, particularly in urban areas. These health impacts have economic costs, cutting short lives, increasing medical costs and reducing productivity through lost working days. The pollutants with the most serious impacts on human health are particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone.
Dashboard (Tableau) Germany - Air pollution country fact sheet A significant proportion of Europe's urban population lives in cities where EU air quality standards for the protection of human health are regularly exceeded. Air pollution continues to have significant impacts on the health of Europeans, particularly in urban areas. These health impacts have economic costs, cutting short lives, increasing medical costs and reducing productivity through lost working days. The pollutants with the most serious impacts on human health are particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone.
Dashboard (Tableau) Iceland - Air pollution country fact sheet A significant proportion of Europe's urban population lives in cities where EU air quality standards for the protection of human health are regularly exceeded. Air pollution continues to have significant impacts on the health of Europeans, particularly in urban areas. These health impacts have economic costs, cutting short lives, increasing medical costs and reducing productivity through lost working days. The pollutants with the most serious impacts on human health are particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone.
Dashboard (Tableau) Albania – air pollution country fact sheet A significant proportion of Europe's urban population lives in cities where EU air quality standards for the protection of human health are regularly exceeded. Air pollution continues to have significant impacts on the health of Europeans, particularly in urban areas. These health impacts have economic costs, cutting short lives, increasing medical costs and reducing productivity through lost working days. The pollutants with the most serious impacts on human health are particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone.
Dashboard (Tableau) Austria – air pollution country fact sheet A significant proportion of Europe's urban population lives in cities where EU air quality standards for the protection of human health are regularly exceeded. Air pollution continues to have significant impacts on the health of Europeans, particularly in urban areas. These health impacts have economic costs, cutting short lives, increasing medical costs and reducing productivity through lost working days. The pollutants with the most serious impacts on human health are particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone.
Dashboard (Tableau) Italy - Air pollution country fact sheet A significant proportion of Europe's urban population lives in cities where EU air quality standards for the protection of human health are regularly exceeded. Air pollution continues to have significant impacts on the health of Europeans, particularly in urban areas. These health impacts have economic costs, cutting short lives, increasing medical costs and reducing productivity through lost working days. The pollutants with the most serious impacts on human health are particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone.
Dashboard (Tableau) France - Air pollution country fact sheet A significant proportion of Europe's urban population lives in cities where EU air quality standards for the protection of human health are regularly exceeded. Air pollution continues to have significant impacts on the health of Europeans, particularly in urban areas. These health impacts have economic costs, cutting short lives, increasing medical costs and reducing productivity through lost working days. The pollutants with the most serious impacts on human health are particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone.
Dashboard (Tableau) Netherlands - Air pollution country fact sheet A significant proportion of Europe's urban population lives in cities where EU air quality standards for the protection of human health are regularly exceeded. Air pollution continues to have significant impacts on the health of Europeans, particularly in urban areas. These health impacts have economic costs, cutting short lives, increasing medical costs and reducing productivity through lost working days. The pollutants with the most serious impacts on human health are particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone.
Dashboard (Tableau) Poland - Air pollution country fact sheet A significant proportion of Europe's urban population lives in cities where EU air quality standards for the protection of human health are regularly exceeded. Air pollution continues to have significant impacts on the health of Europeans, particularly in urban areas. These health impacts have economic costs, cutting short lives, increasing medical costs and reducing productivity through lost working days. The pollutants with the most serious impacts on human health are particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone.
Dashboard (Tableau) Luxembourg - Air pollution country fact sheet A significant proportion of Europe's urban population lives in cities where EU air quality standards for the protection of human health are regularly exceeded. Air pollution continues to have significant impacts on the health of Europeans, particularly in urban areas. These health impacts have economic costs, cutting short lives, increasing medical costs and reducing productivity through lost working days. The pollutants with the most serious impacts on human health are particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone.
Dashboard (Tableau) Serbia – air pollution country fact sheet A significant proportion of Europe's urban population lives in cities where EU air quality standards for the protection of human health are regularly exceeded. Air pollution continues to have significant impacts on the health of Europeans, particularly in urban areas. These health impacts have economic costs, cutting short lives, increasing medical costs and reducing productivity through lost working days. The pollutants with the most serious impacts on human health are particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone.
Dashboard (Tableau) Cyprus - Air pollution country fact sheet A significant proportion of Europe's urban population lives in cities where EU air quality standards for the protection of human health are regularly exceeded. Air pollution continues to have significant impacts on the health of Europeans, particularly in urban areas. These health impacts have economic costs, cutting short lives, increasing medical costs and reducing productivity through lost working days. The pollutants with the most serious impacts on human health are particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone.
Dashboard (Tableau) Croatia - Air pollution country fact sheet A significant proportion of Europe's urban population lives in cities where EU air quality standards for the protection of human health are regularly exceeded. Air pollution continues to have significant impacts on the health of Europeans, particularly in urban areas. These health impacts have economic costs, cutting short lives, increasing medical costs and reducing productivity through lost working days. The pollutants with the most serious impacts on human health are particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone.
Dashboard (Tableau) Lithuania - Air pollution country fact sheet A significant proportion of Europe's urban population lives in cities where EU air quality standards for the protection of human health are regularly exceeded. Air pollution continues to have significant impacts on the health of Europeans, particularly in urban areas. These health impacts have economic costs, cutting short lives, increasing medical costs and reducing productivity through lost working days. The pollutants with the most serious impacts on human health are particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone.
Dashboard (Tableau) Norway - Air pollution country fact sheet A significant proportion of Europe's urban population lives in cities where EU air quality standards for the protection of human health are regularly exceeded. Air pollution continues to have significant impacts on the health of Europeans, particularly in urban areas. These health impacts have economic costs, cutting short lives, increasing medical costs and reducing productivity through lost working days. The pollutants with the most serious impacts on human health are particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone.
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Greece - Air pollution country fact sheet Air pollution country fact sheet 2020
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France - Air pollution country fact sheet Air pollution country fact sheet 2020
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Turkey - Air pollution country fact sheet Air pollution country fact sheet 2020
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Albania – air pollution country fact sheet Air pollution country fact sheet 2020
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Latvia - Air pollution country fact sheet Air pollution country fact sheet 2020
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Switzerland - Air pollution country fact sheet Air pollution country fact sheet 2020
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Germany - Air pollution country fact sheet Air pollution country fact sheet 2020
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Liechtenstein - Air pollution country fact sheet Air pollution country fact sheet 2020
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Denmark - Air pollution country fact sheet Air pollution country fact sheet 2020
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Cyprus - Air pollution country fact sheet Air pollution country fact sheet 2020
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Hungary - Air pollution country fact sheet Air pollution country fact sheet 2020
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Serbia – air pollution country fact sheet Air pollution country fact sheet 2020
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Sweden - Air pollution country fact sheet Air pollution country fact sheet 2020
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Montenegro – air pollution country fact sheet Air pollution country fact sheet 2020
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Ireland - Air pollution country fact sheet Air pollution country fact sheet 2020
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Poland - Air pollution country fact sheet Air pollution country fact sheet 2020
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Austria – air pollution country fact sheet Air pollution country fact sheet 2020
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Malta - Air pollution country fact sheet Air pollution country fact sheet 2020
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Bulgaria - Air pollution country fact sheet Air pollution country fact sheet 2020
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Bosnia and Herzegovina – air pollution country fact sheet Air pollution country fact sheet 2020
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Kosovo – air pollution country fact sheet Air pollution country fact sheet 2020
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North Macedonia – air pollution country fact sheet Air pollution country fact sheet 2020
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United Kingdom - Air pollution country fact sheet Air pollution country fact sheet 2019
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Turkey - Air pollution country fact sheet 2019 Air pollution country fact sheet 2019
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Switzerland - Air pollution country fact sheet Air pollution country fact sheet 2019
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Malta - Air pollution country fact sheet Air pollution country fact sheet 2019
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Lithuania - Air pollution country fact sheet Air pollution country fact sheet 2019
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Liechtenstein - Air pollution country fact sheet Air pollution country fact sheet 2019
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Latvia - Air pollution country fact sheet Air pollution country fact sheet 2019
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Italy - Air pollution country fact sheet Air pollution country fact sheet 2019
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Ireland - Air pollution country fact sheet Air pollution country fact sheet 2019
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Iceland - Air pollution country fact sheet Air pollution country fact sheet 2019
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Hungary - Air pollution country fact sheet Air pollution country fact sheet 2019
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Greece - Air pollution country fact sheet Air pollution country fact sheet 2019
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Germany - Air pollution country fact sheet Air pollution country fact sheet 2019
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Denmark - Air pollution country fact sheet Air pollution country fact sheet 2019
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Lehekülg Air pollution country fact sheets 2021 The air pollution country fact sheets summarise key data on air pollution for each of the 32 EEA member countries and 6 cooperating countries. Indicators on past and future emission trends are presented, as well as a summary of the national air quality situation in each country.
Lehekülg Air pollution country fact sheets 2020 The air pollution country fact sheets summarise key data on air pollution for each of the 32 EEA member countries*, 6 cooperating countries, and the United Kingdom. Indicators on past and future emission trends are presented, as well as a summary of the national air quality situation in each country.
Lehekülg Air pollution country fact sheets 2019 The air pollution country fact sheets summarise key data on air pollution for each of the 33 EEA member countries. Indicators on past and future emission trends are presented, as well as a summary of the national air quality situation in each country.
Kaust Transport Transpordisektor kulutab lõpptarbijana EEA liikmesriikide koguenergiast umbes kolmandiku ning annab rohkem kui viiendiku kasvuhoonegaaside heitest. Sektor on suuresti vastutav ka linnaõhu saastatuse ja mürareostuse eest. Lisaks avaldab transport suurt mõju maastikule, jagades looduslikud piirkonnad väikesteks maatükkideks, mis seab ohtu loomad ja taimed.
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Bulgaria – air pollution country fact sheet 2018
Lehekülg Air pollution country fact sheets 2018 The air pollution country fact sheets summarise key data on air pollution for each of the 33 EEA member countries. Indicators on past and future emission trends are presented, as well as a summary of the national air quality situation in each country.
Kaust Tööstus Euroopa tööstuse keskkonnahoidlikkus on viimastel kümnenditel suurenenud. Muutused on toimunud mitmel põhjusel: rangem keskkonnaalane reguleerimine, energiatõhususe paranemine, Euroopa tööstuses valitsev üldine suundumus loobuda rohkem saastavatest tootmisviisidest ja ettevõtete osalemine vabatahtlikes kavades, mille eesmärk on vähendada ettevõtete keskkonnamõju.
Kaust Energia Samal ajal kui energia on oluline tööstuse, kaubanduse ja ühiskonna jõukuse loomisel, tagab see ka inimestele mugavuse ja liikuvuse. Kuid energia tootmine ja tarbimine avaldab keskkonnale märkimisväärset survet kasvuhoonegaaside ja õhusaasteainete vallandumise, maakasutuse, jäätmetekke ja naftareostuse näol. Selline surve aitab kaasa kliimamuutusele, kahjustab looduslikke ökosüsteeme ja inimese kujundatud keskkonda ning mõjub kahjulikult inimeste tervisele.
Kaust Välislingid
Kaust Kliimamuutuse leevendamine Kliimamuutused on juba käes: temperatuurid tõusevad, sademete režiim muutub, jääliustikud ja lumi sulavad ning maailmamere keskmine veetase tõuseb. Väga tõenäoliselt põhjustab enamiku soojenemisest jälgitav kasvuhoonegaaside kontsentratsiooni suurenemine atmosfääris, mis on inimtegevusest tingitud heite tagajärg. Et kliimamuutusi leevendada, tuleb neid heiteid vähendada ja vältida.
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Poliitikakontekst Euroopa Liidus on kuuenda keskkonnaalase tegevusprogrammi eesmärk saavutada õhukvaliteedi selline tase, mis ei kahjustaks ega ohustaks inimtervist ega keskkonda. Euroopa Liit tegutseb õhusaastega kokkupuute vähendamiseks paljudel tasanditel: töötab välja õigusakte, teeb koostööd õhku saastavate majandusvaldkondadega, samuti rahvusvaheliste, riiklike ja piirkondlike asutuste ja vabaühendustega ning edendab teadustegevust. Euroopa Liidu poliitikate eesmärk on piirata kokkupuudet õhusaastega, vähendades selleks heidete kogust ja määrates õhu kvaliteedile piirnorme ning sihtväärtusi.

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