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External Data Spec

E-OBS gridded dataset

External Data Spec Published 22 Oct 2011
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This is an old version, kept for reference only.

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E-OBS gridded version of the ECA dataset (netCDF) with daily temperature, precipitation and pressure fields The ECA dataset contains series of daily observations at meteorological stations throughout Europe and the Mediterranean. Temperature data from E-OBS (KNMI) the ENSEMBLE FP6 project    
information.png Provider:
Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI)
information.png Dataset URL:
http://www.ecad.eu/download/ensembles/download.php
information.png Dataset path:

The data that underpin EEA indicators and figures is not directly available. Register as user in order to download data or contact the organisation for further clarification.

Related content

Interactive charts

Interactive maps produced

GIS Map Application Water exploitation index plus (WEI+) for river basin districts (1990-2015) This interactive map gives a European overview of water stress conditions. The information presented may deviate from that available in the EEA member countries and cooperating countries, particularly for those countries where data availability is insufficient in the WISE SoE - Water quantity database (WISE 3). Data on hydro-climatic variables were aggregated from a daily to a monthly scale. Water abstraction data were taken from WISE 3 (annual resolution at the national scale), although there are large gaps in the time series. Therefore, intensive gap filling was performed on water abstraction data and proxies were used to disaggregate the data from the national to the sub-basin scale. Information on water use was mainly modelled on the UWWTP capacities, the E-PRTR database and the Eurostat Population change dataset (online data code [demo_gind]) among others. See the methodology chapter for further explanation of gap filling, and spatial and temporal disaggregation, and the data uncertainties chapter for current data availability. This interactive map allows users to explore changes over time in water abstraction by source, water use by sector and water stress level at sub-basin or river basin scale. The WEI+ has been estimated as the quarterly average per river basin district for the years 1990-2015, as defined in the European catchments and rivers network system (ECRINS). The ECRINS delineation of river basin districts differs slightly from that defined by Member States under the Water Framework Directive. The Ecrins delineation is used instead of the WFD because it contains geospatial information on Europe’s hydrographical systems with full topological information enabling flow estimation between upstream and downstream basins, as well as integration of economic data collected at NUTS or country level. In addition to using the WISE SoE - Water quantity database, comprehensive manual data collection was performed by accessing all open sources (Eurostat, OECD, FAO), including national statistical offices of the countries. This was done because of the temporal and spatial gaps in the data on water abstraction. Moreover, a large part of the stream flow data from LISFLOOD has also been substantially updated by the Directorate-General Joint Research Centre. Similarly, a comprehensive update with climatic parameters has been performed by the EEA based on the E-OBS dataset. Therefore, the time series of the WEI+ presented in the current version might be slightly different for some basins compared with the previous version.
GIS Map Application
Archived
Water exploitation index plus (WEI+) for river basin districts (2002-2014) This interactive map allows users to explore changes over time in water abstraction by source and water use by sector at sub-basin or river basin scale. The WEI+ has been calculated as the quarterly average per river basin district, for the years 2002-2014, as defined in the European catchments and rivers network system (ECRINS). The ECRINS delineation of river basin districts differs from that defined by Member States under the Water Framework Directive, particularly for transboundary river basin districts.
GIS Map Application
Archived
Water exploitation index for river basin districts This interactive map allows users to explore changes over time in water abstraction by source and water use by sector at sub-basin or river basin scale. The water exploitation index has been calculated as the quarterly average per river basin district, for the years 2002-2012, as defined in the European catchments and rivers network system (ECRINS). The ECRINS delineation of river basin districts differs from that defined by Member States under the Water Framework Directive, particularly for transboundary river basin districts.

Produced figures

Figure Trends in annual (left) and summer (right) precipitation across Europe between 1960 and 2015 Grid boxes outlined in solid black contain at least three stations and so are likely to be more representative of the grid box. Significant (at the 5 % level) long-term trend is shown by a black dot (In the map above, this is the case for all grid boxes). The map below shows average annual air temperatures over Iberian Peninsula and Scandinavia, respectively.
Figure Water Exploitation Index+ 2015 and water consumption per capita (m3/year) The water exploitation index plus (WEI+) aims to illustrate pressure on renewable water resources of a defined territory (river basin, sub-basin etc.) in a given period (e.g. seasonal, annual) as a consequence of water use for human activities. Values above 20 % indicate that water resources are under stress, and above 40 % indicate severe stress and a clearly unsustainable use of freshwater resources (Raskin et al., 1997). see https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/use-of-freshwater-resources-2/assessment-3
Figure Trends in mean near-surface temperature between 1990 and 2015 in Europe Trends in mean near-surface temperature between 1990 and 2015 in Europe: average temperature of January, February, March, October, November and December
Figure Mean near-surface temperature change between 2014 and 2015 in Europe Temperature in 2015 compared to 2014
Figure Extent of the heat wave in 2015 in Europe Average temperature anomalies (°C) for Europe between 28 June 28 to 4 July. Baseline period is 1964–1993.
Figure Trends in annual temperature across Europe between 1960 and 2016 Grid boxes outlined in solid black contain at least three stations and so are likely to be more representative of the grid box. A significant (at the 5 % level) long-term trend is shown by a black dot.
Figure Total observed precipitation for the events of 30 May-2 June 2013 Map shows cumulative precipitation amount over the period between 30 May and 2 June 2013.
Figure Trends in annual (a) and summer (b) precipitation across Europe between 1960 and 2015 Grid boxes outlined in solid black contain at least three stations and so are likely to be more representative of the grid box. Significant (at the 5% level) long-term trend is shown by a black dot .
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Archived
Trends in annual and summer precipitation across Europe between 1960 and 2015 Grid boxes outlined in solid black contain at least three stations and so are likely to be more representative of the grid box. A black dot indicates that the long-term trend is significant at the 5% level. The classes for annual and summer precipitation differ (by factor 4) because annual precipitation covers 12 months whereas summer precipitation covers 3 months only.
Figure Trend in heating and cooling degree days (1981-2014) This map shows observed linear trends in heating degree days (left) and cooling degree days (right) over 1981–2014 for all EEA member and cooperating countries. Stippling depicts regions where the trend is statistically significant at the 5% level.
Figure Trends in annual temperature across Europe between 1960 and 2015 Grid boxes outlined in solid black contain at least three stations and so are likely to be more representative of the grid box. A significant (at the 5 % level) long-term trend is shown by a black dot.
Figure Water exploitation index plus for river basin districts The water exploitation index plus has been calculated as a multi-annual average per river basin district, for the years 2002-2012, as defined in ECRINS. The ECRINS delineation of river basin districts differs from those defined by Member States under the Water Framework Directive, particularly for transboundary river basin districts. Click on the "downloads and more info" button below to see the dynamic map with time slider, which provides information on water abstraction by source and water use by sector at sub-basin or river basin scale.
Figure
Archived
Trends in annual temperature across Europe How to read the map: Grid boxes outlined in solid black contain at least three stations and so are likely to be more representative of the grid box. High confidence in the long-term trend is shown by a black dot. (In the map above, this is the case for all grid boxes.)
Figure Trends in cool nights across Europe How to read the map: Cool nights are defined as being below the 10th percentile of the daily minimum temperature. Grid boxes outlined in solid black contain at least 3 stations and so are likely to be more representative of the grid-box. Higher confidence in the long-term trend is shown by a black dot.
Figure
Archived
Trends in warm days across Europe How to read the map: Warm days are defined as being above the 90th percentile of the daily maximum temperature. Grid boxes outlined in solid black contain at least 3 stations and so are likely to be more representative of the grid-box. Higher confidence in the long-term trend is shown by a black dot.
Figure
Archived
Trends in the duration of wet (left) and dry (right) spells Black dots show trends that are statistically significant (at the 5% level). Boxes with an outline contain at least three stations. Area averaged annual time series of percentage changes and trend lines are shown below each map for one area in northern Europe (blue line, 5.6 to 16.9 °E and 56.2 to 66.2 °N) and one in south-western Europe (red line, 9.4 °W to 1.9 °E and 36.2 to 43.7 °N).
Figure
Archived
Trend in annual temperature across Europe Grid boxes outlined in solid black contain at least three stations and so are likely to be more representative of the grid box. High confidence in the long-term trend is shown by a black dot. (In the map above, this is the case for all grid boxes.) Area averaged annual time series of percentage changes and trend lines are shown below each map for one area in northern Europe (green line, 5.6 ° to 16.9 °E and 56.2 ° to 66.2 °N) and one in south-western Europe (purple line, 350.6 ° to 1.9 °E and 36.2 ° to 43.7 °N).
Figure
Archived
Trends in cool nights across Europe How to read the map: Cool nights are defined as being below the 10th percentile of the daily minimum temperature. Grid boxes outlined in solid black contain at least 3 stations and so are likely to be more representative of the grid-box. Higher confidence in the long-term trend is shown by a black dot. Area averaged annual time series of percentage changes and trend lines are shown below each map for one area in northern Europe (Green line, 5.6 to 16.9 E and 56.2 to 66.2 N) and one in south-western Europe (Pink line, 350.6 to 1.9 E and 36.2 to 43.7 N).
Figure
Archived
Trends in warm days across Europe How to read the map: Warm days are defined as being above the 90th percentile of the daily maximum temperature. Grid boxes outlined in solid black contain at least 3 stations and so are likely to be more representative of the grid-box. Higher confidence in the long-term trend is shown by a black dot. Area averaged annual time series of percentage changes and trend lines are shown below each map for one area in northern Europe (Green line, 5.6 to 16.9 E and 56.2 to 66.2 N) and one in south-western Europe (Pink line, 350.6 to 1.9 E and 36.2 to 43.7 N).
Figure
Archived
Trends in cool nights across Europe How to read the map: Cool nights are defined as being below the 10th percentile of the daily minimum temperature. Grid boxes outlined in solid black contain at least 3 stations and so are likely to be more representative of the grid-box. Higher confidence in the long-term trend is shown by a black dot. Area averaged annual time series of percentage changes and trend lines are shown below each map for one area in northern Europe (Green line, 5.6 to 16.9 E and 56.2 to 66.2 N) and one in south-western Europe (Pink line, 350.6 to 1.9 E and 36.2 to 43.7 N).
Figure
Archived
Trends in warm days across Europe How to read the map: Warm days are defined as being above the 90th percentile of the daily maximum temperature. Grid boxes outlined in solid black contain at least 3 stations and so are likely to be more representative of the grid-box. Higher confidence in the long-term trend is shown by a black dot. Area averaged annual time series of percentage changes and trend lines are shown below each map for one area in northern Europe (Green line, 5.6 to 16.9 E and 56.2 to 66.2 N) and one in south-western Europe (Pink line, 350.6 to 1.9 E and 36.2 to 43.7 N).
Figure
Archived
Trend in annual temperature across Europe Grid boxes outlined in solid black contain at least three stations and so are likely to be more representative of the grid box. High confidence in the long-term trend is shown by a black dot. (In the map above, this is the case for all grid boxes.) Area averaged annual time series of percentage changes and trend lines are shown below each map for one area in northern Europe (green line, 5.6 ° to 16.9 °E and 56.2 ° to 66.2 °N) and one in south-western Europe (purple line, 350.6 ° to 1.9 °E and 36.2 ° to 43.7 °N).
Figure Trends in warm days and cool nights across Europe Warm days are defined as being above the 90th percentile of the daily maximum temperature and cool nights as below the 10th percentile of the daily minimum temperature (Alexander et al., 2006). Grid boxes outlined in solid black contain at least three stations and so are likely to be more representative of the grid-box. High confidence in the long-term trend is shown by a black dot. (In the maps above, this is the case for all grid boxes.) Area averaged annual time series of percentage changes and trend lines are shown below each map for one area in northern Europe (green line, 5.6 ° to 16.9 °E and 56.2 ° to 66.2 °N) and one in south-western Europe (purple line, 350.6 ° to 1.9 °E and 36.2 ° to 43.7 °N).
Figure Estimated soil erosion by water in Europe Calculated by the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE). While the overall patterns of erosion are generally sound, the validation of erosion data can be challenging. The data presented are currently being validated through comparisons with national datasets and expert judgement. In this sense, zooming in on a specific locality can give the impression of a situation that differs from reality. In addition, the model used in this exercise does not consider localised intense precipitation.
Figure
Archived
Trends in warm days across Europe How to read the map: Warm days are defined as being above the 90th percentile of the daily maximum temperature. Grid boxes outlined in solid black contain at least 3 stations and so are likely to be more representative of the grid-box. Higher confidence in the long-term trend is shown by a black dot. Area averaged annual time series of percentage changes and trend lines are shown below each map for one area in northern Europe (Green line, 5.6 to 16.9 E and 56.2 to 66.2 N) and one in south-western Europe (Pink line, 350.6 to 1.9 E and 36.2 to 43.7 N).
Figure
Archived
Trends in cool nights across Europe How to read the map: Cool nights are defined as being below the 10th percentile of the daily minimum temperature. Grid boxes outlined in solid black contain at least 3 stations and so are likely to be more representative of the grid-box. Higher confidence in the long-term trend is shown by a black dot. Area averaged annual time series of percentage changes and trend lines are shown below each map for one area in northern Europe (Green line, 5.6 to 16.9 E and 56.2 to 66.2 N) and one in south-western Europe (Pink line, 350.6 to 1.9 E and 36.2 to 43.7 N).
Figure
Archived
Trends in annual precipitation across Europe between Jan 1960 and Jan 2012 The figure shows trends in annual precipitation across Europe between Jan 1960 and Jan 2012. The trends are calculated using a median of pairwise slopes algorithm (Sen, 1968 ) (Lazante, 1996). Black dots represent high confidence in the sign of the long-term trend in the box (if the 5th to 95th percentile slopes are of the same sign). Boxes which have a thick outline contain at least three stations. Area averaged annual time series of percentage changes and trend lines are shown below each map for one area in northern Europe (Blue line, 5.6o to 16.9oE and 56.2o to 66.2oN) and one in south-western Europe (red line, 350.6o to 1.9oE and 36.2o to 43.7oN). Refer to (Met Office, 2012) for full explanation of methodology
Figure
Draft
Trends in cool nights across Europe between 1961 and 2015 How to read the map: Cool nights are defined as being below the 10th percentile of the daily minimum temperature for a given calendar day. Grid boxes outlined in solid black contain at least 3 stations and so are likely to be more representative of the grid-box. High confidence in the long-term trend is shown by a black dot.

See also

Used in indicators

Indicator Specification Use of freshwater resources in Europe The WEI+ provides a measure of total water use as a percentage of the renewable freshwater resources for a given territory and time scale. The WEI+ is an advanced geo-referenced implementation of the WEI. It quantifies how much water is  abstracted monthly or seasonally and how much water is returned after use to the environment via basins. The difference between water abstraction and return is regarded as water use. 
Indicator Specification Heating and cooling degree days This indicator looks at the following: Time series of population-weighted heating and cooling degree days averaged over Europe; Observed trends in heating and cooling degree days; Projected trends in heating and cooling degree days.
Indicator Specification Heavy precipitation in Europe Heavy precipitation is defined as the maximum annual 5-day consecutive precipitation. Trends are calculated for the period between 1960 and 2015. Projected changes in heavy precipitation are defined as changes in the 95th percentile of daily precipitation (only days with precipitation >1 mm/day are considered). Changes between the 1971-2000 and 2071-2100 are calculated using a multi-model ensemble forced by RCP8.5.
Indicator Specification Mean precipitation Observed trends in annual and summer precipitation across Europe 1960-2015 Projected changes in mean annual and summer precipitation (%) in the period 2071–2100 compared with the baseline period 1971–2000 for the forcing scenario RCP8.5. Model simulations are based on the multi-model ensemble average of many different RCM simulations from the EURO-CORDEX initiative.
Indicator Specification
Archived
Heating and cooling degree days Time series of population-weighted heating and cooling degree days averaged over Europe Trend in heating and cooling degree days
Indicator Specification
Archived
Use of freshwater resources The WEI+ provides a measure of the total water use as a percentage of the renewable freshwater resources for a given territory and time scale. The WEI+ is an advanced and geo-referenced implementation of the WEI. It quantifies how much water is monthly or seasonally abstracted and how much water is returned after use to the environment via basins. The difference between water abstraction and return is regarded as water use.
Indicator Specification
Archived
Precipitation extremes Trends in consecutive wet days and consecutive dry days Projected changes in heavy precipitation in summer and winter
Indicator Specification
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Soil erosion Estimated soil erosion by water in Europe Estimated number of days for wind erosion
Indicator Specification
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Mean precipitation Trends in annual precipitation across Europe Projected changes in annual and summer precipitation
Indicator Specification
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Precipitation extremes Trends in consecutive wet days and consecutive dry days Projected changes in 20-year maximum precipitation in summer and winter
Indicator Specification
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European precipitation Observed changes in annual precipitation 1961-2006 Modelled precipitation change between 1980-1999 and 2080-2099
Indicator Specification
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Precipitation extremes in Europe Changes in the contribution of heavy rainfall to total precipitation 1961-2006 Percentage of Europe experiencing moderate drought conditions during the 20th century Simulated land average maximum 5-day total precipitation for different European regions (1860-2100) Simulated land average maximum number of consecutive dry days for different European regions (1860-2100)

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For references, please go to https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/data/external/e-obs-gridded-dataset or scan the QR code.

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