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A decline in pH corresponds to an increase in the acidity of ocean water. Data originate from the Aloha station pH time series (adapted from Dore, J.E., et al., 2009, 'Physical and biogeochemical modulation of ocean acidification in the central North Pacific', Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106:12235-12240). Changes here are similar to those that are observed over a shorter time frame in Europe (see here: http://www.climatechange2013.org/images/figures/WGI_AR5_Fig3-18.jpg). In figure, "In situ measurement (Aloha station)" corresponds to data based on in-situ measurements, while "Calculated (Aloha station)" corresponds to calculated data. Global annual average of surface ocean pH from the Copernicus Marine Service, based on a reconstruction method using in situ data and remote sensing data, as well as empirical relationships. Indicator is available at annual resolution, and from the year 1985 onwards. The error on each yearly value varies, and is added to the data file sheet. The estimated yearly uncertainty envelope shown in the figure is defined as the annual mean of pH ± 2 standard deviations, which corresponds to a 95% confidence interval of the mean estimate.
The figure shows the share of green bonds to total bonds issued in the EU and the share of green bonds of total bonds issued in the EU per issuer, such as corporates, governments, supranationals and subnationals.
The figure shows the annual average population weighted concentration of PM₂.₅ in the poorest quintile (upper line) and richest quintile (lower line) of NUTS3 regions in the EU, as measured by Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita at purchasing power standard.
The graph shows the ratio of the annual average population weighted concentration of PM₂.₅ in the poorest quintile divided by that of the richest quintile of NUTS3 regions in the EU, as measured by Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita at purchasing power standard, per year.
Policies to reduce air pollution have led to improved air quality in Europe over the last three decades. However, in some European cities air pollution still poses risks to health. You can use the European city air viewer to check how the air quality was in your city over the past two years and to compare it with air quality in other cities across Europe.
The figure shows the trend in total emissions of the main air pollutants, indexed as a percentage of their value in the reference year 2005
For references, please go to https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/find/global or scan the QR code.
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