Data services overview

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Left panel: Observed annual mean temperature change from 1960 to 2020 calculated from the E-OBS dataset. Right pannels: - Left map: Projected temperature change between the WMO reference period 1981–2010 and the end of the 21st century (period 2081–2100) under the scenario SSP1-2.6. - Right map: Projected temperature change between the WMO reference period 1981–2010 and the end of the 21st century (period 2081–2100) under the scenario SSP5-8.5.

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Left chart: Global annual averages of near-surface temperature of land and ocean expressed as the anomaly relative to the pre-industrial period 1850-1900 according to the datasets used by the Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S): ERA5 (C3S/ECMWF), JRA-55 (JMA), GISTEMPv4 (NASA), HadCRUT5 (Met Office Hadley Centre), NOAAGlobalTempv5 (NOAA) and Berkeley Earth. Right chart: European annual averages of near-surface temperature expressed as the anomaly relative to the pre-industrial period 1850-1900 according to the datasets used by the Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S): ERA5 (C3S/ECMWF), JRA-55 (JMA), GISTEMPv4 (NASA), HadCRUT5 (Met Office Hadley Centre), NOAAGlobalTempv5 (NOAA).

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Time series of sea surface temperature anomalies (°C), referenced to the average temperature between 1981 and 2010, in each of the European seas and in the Global Ocean. Data sources: SST datasets from the Met Office (HadISST1, HadSST.4.0.0.0 and OSTIA), the US National Ocean and Atmosphere Administration (ERSSTv5), ESA SST CCI analysis version 2.1.

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Climate change assessment of the Fire Weather Index (FWI) aggregated component, computed daily from 1980 to 2100 for five models (see Table 4 of de Rigo et al., 2017 https://doi.org/10.2760/13180 ). The daily FWI is computed for each scenario realisation based on a corresponding model. The entire time series has been estimated (from the end of the control period, the scenario RCP8.5 has been used) and the 90 % quantile of each time period has been computed. The median of the five model ensemble is shown for each period.

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Aggregated data on 'Consumption of ozone-depleting substances (ODS)'. Data reported by companies to the European Environment Agency (EEA) under Article 27 of Regulation (EC) No 1005/2009 (EU Ozone Regulation). Data reported by companies on the production, import, export, destruction, and use of ozone-depleting substances in the EU-27 plus United Kingdom, 2006-2020.

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Ocean surface pH declined from 8.2 to below 8.1 over the industrial era as a result of an increase in atmospheric CO 2 concentrations. This decline corresponds to an increase in oceanic acidity of about 30%. Reductions in surface water pH are observed across the global ocean. Ocean acidification has impacts on marine organisms and has already affected the deep ocean, particularly at high latitudes. Models project further ocean acidification worldwide. The target under United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 14.3 is to minimise the impacts of this by 2030.

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This dataset presents the projected changes in the percentage of summer days (May-September) classified as heatwaves days between the historical period (1951–2000) and the future period (2051–2100) in 571 European cities therefore indicating the projected future risks to human health.

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All European seas have warmed considerably since 1870, particularly since the late 1970s. During the period for which comprehensive data are available (1981-2018), sea surface temperature increased by between 0.2 °C, in the North Atlantic, and 0.5 °C, in the Black Sea, per decade. This increase is projected to continue, although more slowly than that of air temperature over land. The frequency and magnitude of marine heatwaves has also increased significantly globally and in European seas and is projected to continue, with increasing impacts on ecosystems and climate expected.

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New technology and tools are opening up new possibilities for environmental monitoring and analysis. For example, citizen science, satellite observations, big data and artificial intelligence present opportunities for improving the timeliness, comparability, granularity and integration of data.

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These maps present a story about how Europe might be affected by key climate hazards such as droughts, floods, forest fires and sea level rise during the 21st century and beyond. These maps are based on different greenhouse gas emissions scenarios and climate models and have been published already in various EEA reports and indicators.

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New technology and tools are opening up new possibilities for environmental monitoring and analysis. For example, citizen science, satellite observations, big data and artificial intelligence present opportunities for improving the timeliness, comparability, granularity and integration of data.

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Ocean surface pH declined from 8.2 to below 8.1 over the industrial era as a result of an increase in atmospheric CO 2 concentrations. This decline corresponds to an increase in oceanic acidity of about 30%. Reductions in surface water pH are observed across the global ocean. Ocean acidification has impacts on marine organisms and has already affected the deep ocean, particularly at high latitudes. Models project further ocean acidification worldwide. The target under United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 14.3 is to minimise the impacts of this by 2030.

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All European seas have warmed considerably since 1870, particularly since the late 1970s. During the period for which comprehensive data are available (1981-2018), sea surface temperature increased by between 0.2 °C, in the North Atlantic, and 0.5 °C, in the Black Sea, per decade. This increase is projected to continue, although more slowly than that of air temperature over land. The frequency and magnitude of marine heatwaves has also increased significantly globally and in European seas and is projected to continue, with increasing impacts on ecosystems and climate expected.

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Climate change has increased forest fire risk across Europe. Even so, the burnt area of the Mediterranean region has decreased slightly since 1980, indicating that fire control efforts have been effective. However, in recent years, forest fires have affected regions in central and northern Europe not typically prone to fires, and, in 2018, more countries suffered large fires than ever before, coinciding with record droughts and heatwaves. An expansion of fire-prone areas and longer fire seasons are projected in most European regions, so additional adaptation measures are needed.

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These maps present a story about how Europe might be affected by key climate hazards such as droughts, floods, forest fires and sea level rise during the 21st century and beyond. These maps are based on different greenhouse gas emissions scenarios and climate models and have been published already in various EEA reports and indicators.

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Left panel: Observed annual mean temperature change from 1960 to 2020 calculated from the E-OBS dataset. Right pannels: - Left map: Projected temperature change between the WMO reference period 1981–2010 and the end of the 21st century (period 2081–2100) under the scenario SSP1-2.6. - Right map: Projected temperature change between the WMO reference period 1981–2010 and the end of the 21st century (period 2081–2100) under the scenario SSP5-8.5.

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Climate change assessment of the Fire Weather Index (FWI) aggregated component, computed daily from 1980 to 2100 for five models (see Table 4 of de Rigo et al., 2017 https://doi.org/10.2760/13180 ). The daily FWI is computed for each scenario realisation based on a corresponding model. The entire time series has been estimated (from the end of the control period, the scenario RCP8.5 has been used) and the 90 % quantile of each time period has been computed. The median of the five model ensemble is shown for each period.

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Trends: The arrows show the observed trend in sea level relative to land since 1970 for those tide gauges along the Europe coastline with sufficiently long time series. Projections: European sea level change for 2081–2100 for SSP5-8.5 in metres. Results use CMIP6 model projections for long term scenario (2081-2100), for SSP5-8.5, and with respect to a baseline of 1995-2014.

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Left chart: Global annual averages of near-surface temperature of land and ocean expressed as the anomaly relative to the pre-industrial period 1850-1900 according to the datasets used by the Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S): ERA5 (C3S/ECMWF), JRA-55 (JMA), GISTEMPv4 (NASA), HadCRUT5 (Met Office Hadley Centre), NOAAGlobalTempv5 (NOAA) and Berkeley Earth. Right chart: European annual averages of near-surface temperature expressed as the anomaly relative to the pre-industrial period 1850-1900 according to the datasets used by the Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S): ERA5 (C3S/ECMWF), JRA-55 (JMA), GISTEMPv4 (NASA), HadCRUT5 (Met Office Hadley Centre), NOAAGlobalTempv5 (NOAA).

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Time series of sea surface temperature anomalies (°C), referenced to the average temperature between 1981 and 2010, in each of the European seas and in the Global Ocean. Data sources: SST datasets from the Met Office (HadISST1, HadSST.4.0.0.0 and OSTIA), the US National Ocean and Atmosphere Administration (ERSSTv5), ESA SST CCI analysis version 2.1.

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Maximum extent of ice cover in the Baltic Sea in the winters 1719/20 – 2020/21 (blue bars) and 15 year moving average (red line). Source: Jouni Vainio, Finnish Meteorological Institute (updated from Seinä and Palosuo 1996; Seinä et al. 2001).

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