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Find content across the European environment - state and outlook 2010
Modelled change of the flowering date for winter planted wheat, 1975–2007

Changes of the flowering date for winter planted wheat between 1975 and 2007

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Potential tipping elements with direct impacts on Europe

Colours show population density

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Observed and projected change in sea level 1970–2008, relative to the sea level in 1990

The solid lines are based on observations smoothed to remove the effects of interannual variability (light lines connect data points). Data in most recent years are obtained via satellite based sensors. The envelope of IPCC (2001) projections is shown for comparison; this includes the broken lines as individual projections and the shading as the uncertainty around the projections.

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Annual damage in terms of GDP loss (million EUR) and welfare change (%)

Annual damage and welfare change due to climate change

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Sectoral decomposition of regional welfare changes

Sectoral decomposition of regional welfare changes due to climate change

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Occurrence of assessed butterfly and amphibian species of different vulnerability categories in bio-geographical regions, 2050, A2 scenario

Vulnerability of assessed butterfly and amphibian species of different vulnerability categories in bio-geographical regions

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Expected impact of climate change on future flood damage

Expected impact of climate change on future flood damage

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Riverine flood damage potential

This map presents riverine flood damage potential for a 100-year return period, current climate and no defences; catchments and sub-catchments of less than 500 km2 are not included

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Normalised flood losses in Europe from major disasters

Losses from major flood disasters in Europe between 1970 and 2008

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Major flood disasters in the EU, Switzerland and Norway, 1950–2009

Major flood disasters according to flood types and spatial relevance

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Coastal flood damage potential

Damage potential of coastal flooding in Europe

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Normalised windstorm losses in Europe from major windstorm disasters

Losses from major windstorm disasters in Europe between 1970 and 2008

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Modelled conditions for summer tourism in Europe for 1961–1990 and 2071–2100

Conditions for summer tourism in Europe for 1961–1990 and 2071–2100

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Potential climatic tipping elements

Tipping elements are regional-scale features of the climate that could exhibit threshold-type behaviour in response to human-driven climate change – that is, a small amount of climate change at a critical point could trigger an abrupt and/or irreversible shift in the tipping element. The consequences of such shifts for societies and ecosystems are likely to be severe. Question marks indicate systems whose status as tipping elements is particularly uncertain. There are other potential tipping elements that are missing from the map, for example shallow-water coral reefs (Veron et al. 2009) threatened in part by ocean acidification

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Arctic summer sea-ice age 1981–2000 compared with 2007, 2008, and 2009

These images compare ice age, a proxy for ice thickness, in 2007, 2008, 2009, and the 1981–2000 average. 2009 saw an increase in second-year ice over 2008. At the end of summer 2009, 32% of the ice cover was second-year ice and three-year and older ice were 19% of the total ice cover, the lowest in the satellite record.

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Observed and projected global mean surface temperatures from 1900, for three IPCC scenarios and the 'Year 2000 constant concentration' pathway

If global greenhouse gas emissions would not be reduced, the 2°C target will be exceeded towards the middle of the 21st century. The horizontal 2°C target line takes into account warming of about 0.6 °C from pre-industrial to 1990. “Likely” ranges in average 2090-2099 warming for all six IPCC scenarios are shown on the right

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Projected global average sea-level rise, 1990–2100

Past observed and projected sea level rise from various information sources

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GHG emissions avoided due to better management of municipal waste in the EU-27 plus Norway and Switzerland

This figure shows avoided net emissions of greenhouse gases from the waste management sector in EU-27 (minus Cyprus), Norway and Switzerland. More detailed, the figure shows the difference in the net emissions in years 2008 and 2020 scenarios to the base year’s (1995) net emissions

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Trends and outlook for management of municipal waste in the EU-27 (excluding Cyprus) plus Norway and Switzerland, baseline scenario

This figure shows the waste generation in the EU-27 (without Cyprus) plus Norway and Switzerland and the distribution between treatment paths from 1990 to 2020.

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