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Case Study 1: France: Agreement on the Treatment of End-of-Life Vehicles (ELVs) |
|
---|---|
The Environmental Issue | The treatment of end-of-life vehicles, and design of cars, to improve the recovery, re-use and recycling of materials |
Target | No more than 15% of total car weight
landfilled by 2002 (maximum of 200kg) No more than 5% in the long term From 2002, new models must allow 90% recovery, re-use or recycling |
Start Date | 1993 |
Timescale | 9 years — to be reviewed for long-term target date |
Number of Signatories | 24 signatories |
Parties | - Ministries of Industry and
Environment - 2 French car manufacturers and 12 importers - 8 trade associations covering the dismantlers, shredders and recyclers, material producers and equipment suppliers |
Type of EA | Target-setting EA, with distribution of responsibilities, for a widely accepted target |
Sanctions/ Enforcement Mechanisms | Implicit threat of legislation, no explicit
sanctions
Certification Schemes are being developed for dismantlers and shredders. Certification will be required to do business with other large actors (e.g. car companies and insurers) |
Other provisions/ principles | - Distributed responsibility between parties
for meeting targets - Respect for market forces - Free choice between material re-use, re-cycling and energy recovery |
Legal Basis | Moral Obligation |
In the late 1980s there was a commercial battle between the car manufacturers, based on claims of the recyclability of their cars (an example was the announcement that BMW were developing a database on the disassembly and recycling of different car models). The ever more ambitious claims led to a backlash from the public, in particular from the Greens in Germany, who demanded proof to back up these claims.
In the late 1980s the European Commission initiated work on Priority Waste Streams (PWS). One of these waste streams was end-of-life Vehicles (ELVs). The French took the lead in co-ordinating this work at EU level. The PWS work was important in defining the scale of the waste stream, in identifying solutions being developed across Europe and in setting the baseline for action. It also brought together some of the actors who are involved in the French EA. A working group on ELVs was set up in France.
There has traditionally been a close relationship between the large car manufacturers in France and the Ministry of Industry. It is also estimated that 20% of employment in France is associated with the car sector. With increased interest from policy makers at Member State and EU level in the environmental impacts of ELV, the impact of potential legislation on the sector became an increasingly important issue.
As the number of cars in use increases, there are growing concerns about the impact on the environment of their manufacture, use and disposal. Since the late 1980s there has been a greater focus on the disposal of cars and a range of different issues have been raised. These include the methods of treatment, re-cycling and disposal, the allocation of res-ponsibility for disposal (who should bear the cost of appropriate treatment) and car design.
On average 1.5 to 1.8 million vehicles are scrapped (dismantled, shredded) every year in France. A further 100,000 cars are abandoned in public areas (CNPA, 1992). When the EA on the treatment of end-of-life vehicles was signed in 1993, 75% of the total weight of an end-of-life vehicle was recycled. This percentage consisted mainly of re-used/spare parts and of the metal making up the car. Most of this went into metal recycling.
However, the trend for increased use of plastics in cars has been reducing the recyclability of end-of-life vehicles. Projections presented in the Information docu-ment from the EC’s Priority Waste Stream’s Working group on ELVs suggested that the plastic component would rise from 10% in 1985 to 13% in 1995, with a corresponding decrease in the iron and steel content from 68% to 63% by 1995 (see Table 1.1). A number of other environmental pressures reinforced the need for action. A law passed in 1992 (Law no: 92-646 of 13 June 1992) imposed a tax on landfilling and a ban on the landfilling of all waste except ‘final waste’ (déchets ultimes) from the year 2002. The law also places a priority on treatment and recovery. A law passed in 1995 introduced modifications to the tax provisions and imposed a tax on landfilling of 25 FRF (4 ECU) per tonne from January 1995. This will rise to 40 FRF (6.6 ECU) by 1998 and will then remain fixed until 2002.
Table 1.1: Materials Composition of European Cars, in % of Total Weight
Materials |
1965 |
1985 |
1995 |
---|---|---|---|
Plastics |
2 |
10 |
13 |
Aluminium |
2 |
4.5 |
6.5 |
Lead, Copper, Zinc |
4 |
3 |
3 |
Steel and Iron |
76 |
68 |
63 |
Others (Glass, Rubber, Paint) |
16 |
14.5 |
14.5 |
Total |
100 |
100 |
100 |
Source: Menges 1988, presented in the Information document from the EC’s Priority Waste Streams Group on End-of-Life Vehicles
The car dismantlers, who receive the ELV from the final user, have a poor performance record on environmental issues. Although under the 1975 Law on Classified Installations, car dismantling sites should be approved by the DRIRE (the regional environmental regulator). In practice, many sites are not classified. The sector has many small actors (a total of 2,000 to 3,000), which are difficult to regulate due to the high costs of enforcement. There are about 900 classified sites in France, but the estimated total number of sites is in the region of 2,000 to 3,000 (Etienne Leroy, Pers. Comm., 1997).
There was also a need to address the growing problems faced by the scrap yards/shredders. The materials recovered were fetching an increasingly low price, while the increasing amount of plastic in cars was reducing the amount of material which could be recovered for re-sale. In addition, the price of landfill was rising and this put even more economic pressure on the sector. There were concerns about the effects of these pressures on the medium-term viability of the shredding companies. The collapse of this sector would have been disastrous for the supply chain as a whole (Interviews with Etienne Leroy, ADEME, and Mr de Tournemire, Ministry of Industry, 1996).
The agreement covers all sectors involved in the manufacture and disposal of vehicles: material suppliers (steel, iron, plastics), components manufacturers, car manufacturers and importers, dismantlers, shredders and recyclers.
There are two large French car manufacturers – Renault and PSA (including Peugeot and Citroën) – which have about 60% of the market for new vehicles. However, since 1995, car importers have also been signatories to the agreement.
The steel sector is involved in the car chain, both as a materials supplier and as a user of recovered energy and material. The car sector is the largest user of steel in France, accounting for four million tonnes of steel per annum. Usinor is the only steel producer in France, and is one of the largest producers in the EU (in 1994, it was the third-largest steel producer in the world). The car sector is its largest customer and accounts for 30% of sales. The Steel Makers Association (Fédération Française de l’Acier), which is a signatory to the EA, insisted on being included in the negotiations, when, initially, it seemed as though the steel manufacturers would not be required to participate.
The steel industry is involved in the recycling and recovery of steel from scrapped vehicles and energy from shredded waste (shredded waste from ELVs is used as a fuel to fire furnaces and the waste must meet certain criteria in terms of composition, if the sites using this fuel are to avoid classification as waste incinerators). Usinor Sacilor now have a controlling share in CFF (Compagnie Française de la Feraille). It is believed that the steel industry could benefit from increasing its control over the shredders to ensure a better quality of material for recovery and recycling.
Car manufacture accounts for 15% of sales of plastic in France. Plastic manufacturers are represented by the Syndicat des Producteurs de Matières Plastiques (SPMP) which is a signatory to the EA. The association has 25 members in France and 25 associated members who are importers. Between them, they account for 95% of the French market for plastics (in tonnes). Of the members, Elf Atochem is the largest, accounting for 50% of the market.
Plastic transformation and moulding is covered by the Fédération de la Plasturgie. Members include a few large companies (e.g. Plastic Omnium). In total, the association represents 1,500 companies, which have a labour force of around 100,000 people. There are many other companies in the sector who are not members of this association.
The car dismantlers are represented in the agreement by the Conseil National des Professions de l’Automobile (CNPA), a large organisation covering 18 different professions involved in the car sector including dealers, garages, dismantlers, car rental firms, driving schools and so on. Overall, the association has 30,000 members, out of a total 60,000 actors in the professions covered. The members include 500 dismantlers, out of 900 registered sites. There are also a number of small, unregistered sites operating outside the law. This brings the estimated total number of actors in the dismantling sector to between 2,000 and 3,000 (Etienne Leroy, Pers. Comm., 1997). There is an overcapacity in the dismantling sector. Restructuring is inevitable, and this will lead to an increase in the proportion of dismantlers covered by the agreement.
The shredders and recyclers are represented by the FEDEREC (Fédération Française de la Récupération pour la Gestion Industrielle de l’Environnement et du Recyclage). There are about 45 companies operating shredders in France. About 300 sites deal with ELVS, of which 20 have a large capacity. A large number of these sites are operated by one company, the CFF, which has around 50% of the market. The FEDEREC through its members covers about 95% of the shredding market.
It is also important to consider the main sources of ELVs entering the disposal chain. The rough breakdown by ‘final owner’ is given in Table 1.2 below. Insurance companies, the car dealer network and independent garages account for a large proportion of these ELVs. The dismantlers treat about 80% of these ELVs.
Table 1.2: Sources of ELVs — Last Owners
Last Owner | Number of ELVs per year | Percentage of Total (%) |
---|---|---|
Car Dealers | 300,000 | 16.7 |
Individuals | 300,000 | 16.7 |
Insurance Companies | 500,000 | 27.7 |
Independent Garages | 300,000 | 16.7 |
Car Pound | 300,000 | 16.7 |
Government/Public Sector | 100,000 | 5.6 |
Two important initiatives influenced the negotiation of the EA on ELVs in France: the EC’s Priority Waste Streams Work on ELVs, and the threat of stringent legislation on ELVs in Germany.
Prior to the negotiations, a number of experts from organisations that are now signatories to the agreement were involved in the national or EU working groups on ELVs set up under the EC’s Priority Waste Streams Work. The French government took the lead in co-ordinating this work at European level, and established a shadow working group in France. This work allowed discussion and data collection on the issue of ELVs at EU level, and resulted in the production of a strategy document making recommendations at EU level for the car sector. This was published in 1994 and included targets to be met at EU level:
- a maximum of 15% landfilling of waste per car, for all cars, by 2002 at the latest;
- for models produced from 2002, no more than 10% landfilling of waste; andno more than 5% disposal by 2015.
These targets include the use of energy recovery, but the emphasis is on material recovery.
While this work on PWS was being undertaken, there were moves in Germany to introduce a regulation on ELVs. In 1990, there were indications that the German Environment Ministry was preparing legislation aimed at obliging car manufacturers to take back ELVs free of charge. A draft proposal, which contained these provisions, and required as much material recycling as possible, was issued in the summer of 1992. The French Ministry of the Environment, in a move to pre-empt German legislation, began preparing a decree on ELVs. The threat of this legislation and the need to address the threat posed by the German approach led car manufacturers to push for discussions on an EA with the French government (Whitson and Glachant, 1996).
The analysis of the French EA on ELVs by Aggeri and Hatchuel suggests that a regulatory approach to tackling the ELV problem would have been hindered by the uncertainties and complexities surrounding the issue and the possible approaches to tackling it. Industry and government faced ‘shared uncertainty’ with respect to the treatment of ELVs (Aggeri and Hatchuel, 1996). There was insufficient knowledge for the formulation of effective regulation and the situation was in a permanent state of flux. The treatment of ELVs requires the development of new technologies, sectors and firms and co-operation between the various actors involved while detailed technical and economic knowledge is required for the laying down of effective regulation. In this case, there were uncertainties about the effects of a strict regulatory approach, in particular in terms of restructuring the car chain, but also as regards the technical responses required to meet the targets agreed in the PWS work, especially as far as quality issues for material substitution, re-use of parts and the economic viability of dismantling, recovery and recycling options were concerned.
For the French government, the need to minimise intervention and reduce the administrative costs associated with new regulations were also important incentives for the adoption of EAs (Pers. Comm., de Tournemire, 1996).
Other actors in the car chain are sensitive to the requirements of car manufacturers, who are important clients both through the purchase of materials and parts for the manufacture of vehicles and as a source of ELVs entering the disposal chain through their networks of dealerships and garages. In addition, the pattern of distribution of responsibilities for meeting the targets for ELVs has important implications for different groups of actors in the car chain because of the restructuring of the sector that such a distribution encourages (Whitson and Glachant, 1996).
There are 24 signatories to the agreement, representing all stages of the supply chain:
- the Ministries of Industry and Environment;
- French car manufacturers and 12 importers;
- trade associations covering the dismantlers, shredders and recyclers, material producers and equipment suppliers.
The agreement is based on the following three principles:
- a distribution of responsibility for meeting the objectives between the actors;
- respect for the free market;
- free choice between the treatment options: recycling, re-use or energy recovery.
The objectives cover the three main stages in the life of a vehicle:
- the design of new vehicles;
- the treatment of ELVs;
- the re-use or recycling of the waste materials.
The EA establishes quantitative targets for reductions in the weight of ELVs going to landfill. According to the definitions used for this study, this EA can be classified as a target-setting agreement, as the targets are not set by French legislation. However, they do correspond to those established in the EC-initiated work on Priority Waste Streams and were not altered through negotiation. The targets for 2002, of 15% disposal of landfilling for the average car (up to a maximum of 200kg) and of 90% recyclability of new cars correspond to the targets laid down in the strategy developed by the Priority Waste Streams working group on ELVs. The further target, of reduction to 5%, has been set for the long term, but no date has been set for achieving this. The targets indicated in the PWS ELV group strategy which suggests that they should be implemented across the EU, are as follows:
- a maximum of 15% landfilling of waste per car, for all cars, by 2002 at the latest;
- no more than 10% landfilling of waste for models produced from 2002, and
- no more than 5% disposal by 2015.
These targets include the use of energy recovery but the emphasis is on material recovery. The EA does not prescribe the means by which the targets must be achieved but deliberately leaves the choice open.
The agreement sets out objectives for the different groups of actors: the car and equipment manufacturers, the dismantlers, shredders and recyclers, material producers, and the authorities.
The EA does not have a legal basis. By signing the agreement, the industry associations and car manufacturing companies have made a moral commitment to reach the targets. However, there is an implicit threat of action by the government in case of non-compliance with the targets and this could take the form of a regulation or tax.
The focus is on distributed, rather than shared, responsibility. This implies that actors undertake actions in their own field of expertise. A number of joint actions, involving different actors with different responsibilities in the car chain, are also taking place under the EA. Some joint actions were already underway before the EA was signed but since the start of the agreement, additional investments have been made. Renault, for example, has a specialised recycling unit with three main sections: the logistics of the waste treatment systems (dismantlers, shredders and recyclers); material and energy recovery and, in particular, the promotion of markets for the end products; and design. PSA has taken a different approach, that of co-ordinating the work of experts from the different departments in its two constituent companies, Peugeot and Citroen. It has concentrated its activities on the design of vehicles to increase the level of recycling and recovery possible. Both Renault and PSA are involved in joint ventures with other actors in the supply chain.
Many actors, especially the large companies, are driven by the threat of legislation in case of non-achievement of the targets. It is also in their interest to ensure the success of the EA and, thereby, to safeguard their own public image. The large manufacturers put pressure on the other actors to ensure that the criteria laid down are met. The car manufacturers have stated that their distribution and garage networks will use only those dismantlers who have obtained certification, and who are, therefore, considered to be complying with the EA on the disposal of ELVs. A similar commitment has been obtained from the insurance companies, although there are some concerns that the current practice of auctioning damaged cars for the best offer may offer greater financial rewards than improved control of the dismantling sector (which would help reduce car crime). Together, the insurance companies and dealer networks account for over half the supply of ELVs for disposal. The PSA networks have recently issued a call for tender to dismantling companies and intermediaries to guarantee proper treatment of their end-of-life vehicles. Certification schemes have been established for the dismantlers, are being developed for the shredders, and are important in binding these sectors to the terms of the agreement.
Certification of the dismantlers is a key element in the success of the EA as it provides a means of, largely, excluding free-riders. The progress in certifying dismantlers is not as fast as was hoped; of the 700 to 800 companies targeted for certification, only about 20-25 (3-4%) have been certified to date . Therefore, those dismantlers who have invested in certification are not yet obtaining any benefits from their investment. Although the car manufacturers and insurance companies have stated that they will only deal with certified dismantlers, a critical mass of dismantlers must be certified so that the volume of ELVs generated by these groups can be handled effectively. The turning point will be reached when there are about 100 certified companies. Rapid progress is required to reach this critical mass.
The certification is for a `contrat de service` rather than EMAS/ ISO14001and, as such, focuses more on the service provided to the client than on environmental objectives but this has been modified, following recommendations from the ADEME, to include certain environmental requirements.
It is estimated that dismantlers will be required to invest between 400,000 and 1,500,000 French Francs to reach the standards required for certification. Many small companies will need to spread this investment over several years. The CNPA help scrap yards put together the paperwork for certification, with a pre-audit offered for a fee. Although dismantlers must be certified to ensure survival, there are still concerns about their being able to obtain a sufficient return on their investment. If the critical mass of certified dismantlers is not reached, or if insufficient ELVs are available to certified dismantlers, an alternative solution must be considered. The following have been suggested by Aggeri (Pers. Comm., 1997): (i) a subsidy for investments required for certification, and (ii) mandatory certification to ensure that a critical mass is reached.
The Ministries have an important role to play through the threat of legislation and through the enforcement of existing legislation, particularly as far as the enforcement of certification requirements and ensuring the quality of the independent assessment body for the certification schemes for dismantlers and shredders are concerned. They also have an interest in controlling the sector to avoid the sale of scrap cars abroad, the re-use of registration papers from scrapped vehicles for stolen cars etc.
A monitoring committee (Instances de Suivie) has been established to follow the progress of the agreement. Representatives of each of the signatories sit on the committee. Recently, following criticism of the lack of public scrutiny, a number of NGOs have been invited to attend certain meetings, as observers,.
The provisions for monitoring progress under the EA are poor. Although the first progress report was produced at the end of 1996, it did not include any comprehensive data for the sector on progress towards the targets. The information contained in the report refers to the actions undertaken by the parties, both individually and as joint actions, with some figures on technical progress through work at demonstration installations. Monitoring is being improved with the development of indicators of progress (developed with the assistance of the ADEME). There are two main indicators: the proportion of ELVs being recycled and the recyclability of new models entering the market. From 1997 on, these will be used to monitor progress under the EA.
There is no monitoring data available that provides sector-wide information on progress towards meeting the targets set in the EA. The first monitoring report, produced by the monitoring committee at the end of 1996, describes the actions undertaken by the parties to the agreement.
There has been a substantial increase in the activities to address the issue of ELVs since the signing of the EA, although a number of joint actions were already underway before that date. The following provides an overview of the types of activity undertaken.
The actors are working in collaboration in this area. The progress being made is described below. However, it is difficult to assess the impacts of the changes that are being introduced:
- Development of a Standard for Design of new cars – A French (AFNOR) Standard on the ‘design of vehicles to optimise their recycling/re-use at end-of-life’ is currently in the pilot stage (Standard R10.402, disseminated in 1996). This standard is aimed at simplifying and enabling de-pollution (draining of fluids..),removal of parts prior to crushing, crushing and separation of materials, and treatment of the various fractions obtained. The manufacturers are producing technical guidance sheets on the dismantling of non-metallic components.
- Labeling of components – according to the ISO standard developed to aid recovery at EU level.
- Facilitating and speeding up the dismantling of pieces – to make recovery economically viable.
- Choice of materials for use in cars on the basis of their recyclability.
- Integration of recycled materials into new cars.
As described in Section 1.2.2, the French dismantling sector is generally considered to have a poor environmental performance record. The sector includes a large number of small, unlicensed sites which do not comply with legal environmental requirements. Dismantlers treat 80% of ELVs.
The car sales networks and insurance companies have stated that they will use only certified dismantlers. A certification system is currently being implemented (see Section 1.5). The EA is considered to have led to the more rapid implementation of the certification system for dismantlers (French Ministry of Industry). A certification scheme would have been adopted without an EA, but over a much longer timescale.
Restructuring of the dismantling sector is inevitable, with or without the EA, if environmental improvements are to be achieved. The dismantlers have to make substantial efforts (including significant investments – see Section 1.5) to reach the requirements of the EA. It is clear that the EA has required more openness and this has the benefit of increasing the exchange of information. It has also led to increased recognition of the dismantler’s role in the chain, especially by the larger companies. However, it may make dismantlers more vulnerable to attempts by the car manufacturers to control the market for spare parts. In addition, the shredders have an interest in integrating the dismantlers’ activities into their own sector. This has happened in the Paris region.
Car manufacturers are trying to make cars easier to dismantle, and are producing technical guides for individual models for dismantlers, to allow easier identification and recovery of valuable and recoverable parts. There is a trade-off between the weight of a part and the time needed to remove it from an ELV. If it the part is too light, it is not worth the time spent in recovery in terms of the price of the material recovered.
A variety of activities have been undertaken to improve the profitability of recycling and re-use of different components and materials, including work on separation to improve the quality of materials recovered and of fuel for energy recovery and actions to guarantee markets for recovered materials and energy. A specific example includes the work carried out by the CFF at a pilot centre at St Pierre de Chandieu (a joint venture with PSA).
Table 1.3: Results from Tests Carried Out at St Pierre de Chandieu on ELV Treatment
Proportion of weight (%), excluding fuel (petrol/diesel) |
|
---|---|
De-pollution (draining fluids, removing battery) |
2.5 |
Disassembly (removing spare parts) |
9 |
Metal recovery |
75 |
Fuel-substitutes for combustion |
7.5 |
Landfilled |
6 |
Between 6,000 and 7,000 vehicles have been treated at the centre, demonstrating that it is technically possible to recycle or recover 94% of the components of an ELV. The breakdown of components is given in Table 1.3. However, efforts are still required to make the techniques used economically viable.
Other specific examples of measures aimed at developing re-cycling and re-use include:
- Usinor-Sacilor have been carrying out research into shredding and the recovery of energy from waste. They have also been involved in the development of a common code for different types of steel, including scrap from cars, to facilitate its sale and re-use across the EU.
- Car material and parts suppliers are also working with the shredders to improve the quality of shredded material for energy recovery. This is in the interest of the waste-users and the shredders.
- Plastic manufacturers are making contractual agreements to buy steam produced through the combustion of plastic waste, to guarantee a market for the energy recovered.
There is also a certain amount of overlap between the three areas of activity reviewed above. For example, the Renault recycling unit has been working on a variety of projects involving different actors from the car chain, aimed at increasing the economic viability of re-use and recovery. This has included the development of a number of specialised tools to facilitate and speed up the manual disassembly of parts, reducing the dismantling time and increasing the profitability of re-use and recycling.
Although there has been information exchange and dissemination between the parties to the EA and their members (e.g. through joint actions, quality standards relating to the design of vehicles, and the technical guides developed for individual car models for use by dismantlers), the information made available to the public has been limited. Recently, following pressure for more transparency, some NGOs (environmental and consumer groups) have been invited to act as observers at meetings.
1.7.1.1 The Reference Situation
Prior to the signature of the agreement in 1993, a maximum of 75% of the weight of an ELV was recycled.
1.7.1.2 The Target
Although the targets in the EA are not set in French legislation, the targets for 2002, of 15% disposal of landfilling for the average car and of 90% recyclability of new cars, correspond with the targets in the ELV strategy from the Priority Waste Streams initiated by the European Commission. The ELV expert group set up in 1991 (and coordinated by the French) published a strategy in 1994 which indicated the following targets for the sector at EU level:
- a maximum of 15% landfilling of waste per car, for all cars, by 2002 at the latest;
- for models produced from 2002, no more than 10% landfilling of waste; and
- no more than 5% disposal by 2015.
These targets include the use of energy recovery but the emphasis is on material recovery. No date has been set as yet under the French agreement for achievement of the long-term target of 95% recovery.
1.7.1.3 The Baseline
Business as Usual
The EA addresses the responsibilities of different actors in the car chain. The baseline must cover both the proportion of vehicles currently reaching their end-of-life which is being re-used/re-cycled and changes in the design of vehicles to improve their re-use and recyclability at end-of-life.
There are data available on past and expected future, changes in the materials used in cars by weight (for example see Table 1.1 in Section 1.2.2) and these give some indication of the amount which can be recycled under current technical and economic conditions. However, at present, there are no quantitative monitoring data on improvements in the design of new vehicles.
The data available are insufficient to establish a pattern over time in the proportion of end-of-life vehicles being recycled and re-used. This is likely to vary slightly with changes in the price of recycled materials, which make dismantling and recovery more or less profitable, and with technical developments in separation and recycling techniques.
The baseline will be influenced by two factors, which have opposite effects:
- the trend towards the increased use of plastics in cars which would reduce the recyclability of end-of-life vehicles. Projections presented in the Information document from the EC’s Priority Waste Stream’s Working group on ELVs suggested that the plastic component would rise from 10% in 1985 to 13% in 1995, with a corresponding decrease in the iron and steel content from 68% to 63% by 1995.
- a law passed in 1992 (Law no: 92-646, of 13 June 1992, modified in February 1995) which established a tax on landfilling of 25 FRF (4 ECU) per tonne from January 1995, rising to 40 FRF (6.6 ECU) by 1998, and a ban on the landfilling of all except ‘final waste’ from the year 2002. This will promote the incineration of shredder residues from end-of-life vehicles, with some energy recovery (which is recognised as one means of achieving the targets set in the EA).
It is not possible to determine the scale of these different, contradictory effects. In addition, although the environmental agreement was negotiated as a result of the threat of regulation by the Ministry of the Environment, there is no information available about the provisions that would have been adopted if there had been regulation.
Alternative Policies
The EA was negotiated in response to a threat of regulation in the form of a decree from the Ministry of the Environment. However, there is no information available on the effects that decree would have had.
1.7.1.4 Environmental Effectiveness
There are no quantitative monitoring data at present that allow measurement of progress against the business-as-usual baseline for the average ELV. However, results from trials and demonstration activities, undertaken by the parties to the EA, demonstrate the technological possibilities and progress towards the achievement of the objectives for a small sample of vehicles. Tests have shown that it is technically possible to recover or recycle about 94% of the weight of ELVs. Many measures are underway to improve the recyclability of cars but the impact of these is difficult to assess in quantitative terms.
The EA has led to the creation of new working relationships between actors from different branches of the car sector. These actors did not work together in the past. The process of the EA (signing an agreement along with other actors and holding regular monitoring meetings) opens up new possibilities for an exchange of ideas and information.
1.7.2.1 Cost Effectiveness
The EA distributes responsibility for meeting the objectives between the parties, according to their areas of expertise, in order to make the best use of the knowledge and skills available. The EA represents a voluntary commitment on behalf of the parties. Some trade associations (CNPA) consider that greater producer responsibility should be introduced because of the relative financial strength of producers. Producers consider that an imposed measure would not generate the same level of collaboration and commitment. All respondents agree that the EA has led to increased co-operation and trust between actors in the car chain.
The focus of the EA is on changes in car design to improve the recovery of materials and on incremental improvements to the existing, mainly manual, dismantling approach, to improve the technical and economic feasibility of ELV recycling (e.g. changes in car design and dismantling tools to reduce the cost of recovering parts). This contrasts strongly with the mechanised dismantling chains being developed in Germany and the Netherlands. It requires less capital investment and is, arguably, better adapted to the diversity of ELVs entering the dismantling chain.
Through the increased collaboration between actors, described above, it is expected that cost savings can be achieved. However, there have been no estimates of these savings. The EA allows for cost-sharing, in as much as each actor has responsibility for initiatives in its area of expertise. However, one of the large car manufacturers has adopted a more integrated approach. This could have the effect of co-ordinating actions to a greater extent and reducing costs further. Efforts are also underway to assess and develop new markets for recycled products, to improve the incentives for recycling and to introduce solutions which are economically viable.
There will be some restructuring of the dismantlers’ and shredders’ sectors. This is inevitable and would also have been required for the successful implementation of a tax or regulation. Other sectors may benefit from this. For example, the steel company USINOR-SACILOR will benefit from increased control over shredders, as this will help them to ensure that the recycled metal entering their systems is of a higher quality.
1.7.2.2 Technical Change/ Innovation
The approach taken under the French agreement has been to focus on improving the recyclability of new models through design and incremental improvements to the existing labour intensive dismantling and treatment processes. This has resulted, for example, in the development of new tools to speed up the dismantling of recoverable parts, and simplifying car construction to ease dismantling. This contrasts with the approach taken in the Netherlands and Germany where new mechanical dismantling chains have been developed. The parties interviewed consider that a manual approach is better suited to dealing with the diversity of ELVs for disposal.
1.7.2.3 Other Outcomes
The ELV dismantling and recycling industries are an important source of employment for unskilled workers in France. Maintaining employment in the sector is an important objective for the French government since 20% of employment in France is associated with the car sector as a whole.
Certification schemes, being implemented for dismantlers and being developed for shredders, will favour more responsible agents. The French EA has served as a model for similar EAs on ELVs in a number of other EU Member States. (e.g. Spain and Portugal). It may also serve as an example for other EAs in France.
A certification scheme is being developed for the shredders, as described in Section 1.5. When this scheme and the certification scheme for dismantlers are running as planned, a large proportion of the ELVs generated in France will be treated by certified dismantlers and shredders meeting minimum environmental requirements and this will lead to an improvement in environmental performance for the treatment of ELVs. However, until now, progress in certifying has not been as fast as expected (see Section 1.5) and only 3-4% of the dismantlers are certified.
The monitoring provisions under the agreement have been improved, with expert assistance from the ADEME, to develop quantitative indicators of progress. However, the first measurement of these indicators will be made this year to give a baseline, so that the first estimates of progress will be available next year.
The policies adopted for ELVs at European level and in other Member States will affect the development of recycling and recovery options under the French agreement. The Dutch and German agreements are considered by many French actors to pose a threat to the French agreement (Pers. Comm. de Tournemire, Ministry of Industry, 1997; Pers. Comm. Vallat, Renault, 1996). The German charge on disposal of ELVs, paid by the final owner, will, it is thought, lead to imports of ELVs into France.
Quantitative assessment of environmental effectiveness is not possible because of a lack of monitoring data. However, monitoring arrangements are being improved. Tests on a pilot scale show that the targets for recycling, re-use and energy recovery for 2002 are technically feasible and that current technology is close to making the long-term targets of 5% landfilling possible. However, some trade associations and independent experts are more sceptical as to economic feasibility. A number of actions are underway to improve the economic viability of re-use, recycling and energy recovery.
The EA provides a new policy approach, which has resulted in increased consultation between partners, greater information exchange and many joint actions. It is also likely to achieve environmental improvements and cost savings. It is not possible, however, to determine whether it is more cost-effective than alternative policy measures.
(I= face-to-face interview, T= telephone)
NGOs | Companies |
---|---|
Mr Bonnemains (T) Robin des Bois |
Mr Bernard Gros (I) Usinor Sacilor Direction Centrale Ferailles et Recyclage Responsable Recyclage |
Public Authorities | Mr Vallat (I) Régie Nationale des Usines Renault SA Recycling Unit |
Mr Appriou Ministère de l’Environnement (T) |
Mr Eric Georges (I) PSA Peugeot Citroën Direction de la Division Automobile |
Mr de Tournemire Ministère de l’Industrie |
Mr Derek Wilkins (T) Programme Manager Care Programme Rover Group |
Mr Etienne Leroy (I) ADEME Direction Industrie Secteur Automobile |
Trade/Industry Associations |
Academics/Researchers | Mr Thierry Legait (I) FEDEREC Président |
Mlle Ysé Serret (T) Centre International de Recherche sur l’Environnement et le Développement (CIRED) |
Mr Roland Rugliano (I) Commission Technique, Délégué Environnement Syndicat des Producteurs de Matières Plastique (SPMP) |
Frank Aggeri (Written
Communication) Centre de Gestion Scientifique (CGS) Ecole de Mines de Paris |
Mr Guillaume de Bodard
(I) Responsable Qualité de l’Environnement Conseil National des Professions de l’Automobile (CNPA) |
Agreement text, 1993, Accord Cadre sur le retraitement des véhicules hors d’usage, 10 March, Paris.
Aggeri, F. & Hatchuel, A., 1994, Regulation as a Learning Process of Economy Creation: the Car waste Case, Paper for the conference ‘The Greening of Industry’, November 13-15, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Aggeri, F. & Hatchuel, A., 1996, A Dynamic Model of Environmental Policies, Paper for the Conference on ‘The Economics and Law of Voluntary Approaches in Environmental Policies’, November 18-19, Venice.
CFF Groupe, 1996, CFF et l’automobile, Compagnie Française des Férailles, Paris.
CNPA, 1992, Le Plan Vert du CNPA, in Automobiles Infos- supplément du no. 930/931.
Gros B. Contribution de l’Acier au Recyclage et à la Recyclabilié des VHU, Usinor Sacilor.
Renault Recyclage, 1996, La deuxième vie de l’automobile, Régie Nationale des Usines Renault SA, Paris.
Whitson T and Glachant M, 1996,Voluntary Agreements between industry and government — the case of recycling regulations, in Lévèque F ed, Environment Policy in Europe: Industry, Competition and the Political Process, Published by Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, UK.
*: The case study was revised by Frank Aggeri (CERNA, Ecole des Mines, Paris)
For references, please go to https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/92-9167-052-9-sum/page004.html or scan the QR code.
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