COM(2008) 435

Policy Document
Strategy for the internalization of external costs. Communication from the Commission. COM(2008)435

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Internalisation of external costs Overview of all non-fuel related charges and internalisation policies for EEA countries
Expenditure on personal mobility The share of household expenditure on transport includes public transport (transport by train, bus, taxi, ferries and aircraft), operation of private vehicles and purchase of vehicles. Total expenditure is defined as total private consumption in the National Account (CP00). Transport (CP07) is defined as a sum of the National Account consumption groups for: Purchase of vehicles (CP071). Purchases cover purchases by households of new vehicles and purchases by households of second-hand vehicles from other institutional sectors, which are typically garages or car dealers. Sales of second-hand vehicles between households are not covered. Purchases are net of sales by households of second-hand vehicles to other institutional sectors. Member States may take either - a net weight for new cars (gross weight minus the trade-in value of used cars), and a net weight for second-hand cars, or - a gross weight for new cars (not taking into account the trade-in of used cars), and a weight for second-hand cars including any business sector trademargin. Purchases also cover purchases through financial leasing arrangements. Purchases of recreational vehicles such as camper vans, caravans, trailers, aeroplanes and boats are covered by (CP092.1). Operation of personal transport equipment (incl. use of petrol), (CP072). Purchases of spare parts, accessories or lubricants made by households with the intention of undertaking the maintenance, repair or intervention themselves should be shown under (CP072.1) or (CP072.2). If households pay an enterprise to carry out the maintenance, repair or fitting, the total value of the service, including the costs of the materials used, should be shown under (CP072.3). Public transport (CP073) is defined in National Account as Purchased transport services. Purchases of transport services are generally classified by mode of transport (passenger transport by railway, by road, sea and inland waterway, combined passenger transport and other purchased transport services). When a ticket covers two or more modes of transport, for example, intra-urban bus and underground or inter-urban train and ferry and the expenditure cannot be apportioned between them, then such purchases should be classified as combined passenger transport. The latter excludes holiday packages (can be found as CP096). Costs of meals, snacks, drinks, refreshments or accommodation services have to be included if covered by the fare and not separately priced. If separately priced, these costs have to be classified in Division 11. School transport services are included, but ambulance services are excluded (CP062.3). The proportion of household expenditure for private transport is defined as the sum of the private transport groups (CP071 + CP072 + CP073) divided by the total private consumption (CP00). The classification of consumption groups is made according to the COICOP classification: Classification of individual consumption by purpose (Eurostat, 2000 and Eurostat, 2009).
External costs and charges per vehicle type The external costs of transport are those affecting society, environment and economy, but that are not directly born by the transport user who has caused them (e.g. climate change, infrastructure, air pollution, accidents, noise etc).
Expenditure on personal mobility The share of household expenditure on transport includes public transport (transport by train, bus, taxi, ferries and aircraft), operation of private vehicles and purchase of vehicles. Total expenditure is defined as total private consumption in the National Account (CP00). Transport (CP07) is defined as a sum of the National Account consumption groups for: Purchase of vehicles (CP071). Purchases cover purchases by households of new vehicles and purchases by households of second-hand vehicles from other institutional sectors, which are typically garages or car dealers. Sales of second-hand vehicles between households are not covered. Purchases are net of sales by households of second-hand vehicles to other institutional sectors. Member States may take either - a net weight for new cars (gross weight minus the trade-in value of used cars), and a net weight for second-hand cars, or - a gross weight for new cars (not taking into account the trade-in of used cars), and a weight for second-hand cars including any business sector trademargin. Purchases also cover purchases through financial leasing arrangements. Purchases of recreational vehicles such as camper vans, caravans, trailers, aeroplanes and boats are covered by (CP092.1). Operation of personal transport equipment (incl. use of petrol), (CP072). Purchases of spare parts, accessories or lubricants made by households with the intention of undertaking the maintenance, repair or intervention themselves should be shown under (CP072.1) or (CP072.2). If households pay an enterprise to carry out the maintenance, repair or fitting, the total value of the service, including the costs of the materials used, should be shown under (CP072.3). Public transport (CP073) is defined in National Account as Purchased transport services. Purchases of transport services are generally classified by mode of transport (passenger transport by railway, by road, sea and inland waterway, combined passenger transport and other purchased transport services). When a ticket covers two or more modes of transport, for example, intra-urban bus and underground or inter-urban train and ferry and the expenditure cannot be apportioned between them, then such purchases should be classified as combined passenger transport. The latter excludes holiday packages (can be found as CP096). Costs of meals, snacks, drinks, refreshments or accommodation services have to be included if covered by the fare and not separately priced. If separately priced, these costs have to be classified in Division 11. School transport services are included, but ambulance services are excluded (CP062.3). The proportion of household expenditure for private transport is defined as the sum of the private transport groups (CP071 + CP072 + CP073) divided by the total private consumption (CP00). The classification of consumption groups is made according to the COICOP classification: Classification of individual consumption by purpose (Eurostat, 2000 and Eurostat, 2009).
Transport taxes and charges The infrastructure taxes and charges indicator is a complex indicator, which includes: Road transport charges (note data is only currently available for the freight sector): Taxes on the possession of freight vehicles or use of road applicable only to vehicles registered in the country (nationality based road charge); Moderately territorial charges: time based charges for the use of road or motorway networks, moderately territorial road charges; including its minimum charge (EUR) and length of minimum period of charge (days) (freight transport); Strongly territorial road charge or distance charge for freight transport; Combined distance and weight based charges for the use of road or motorway networks applied to freight only. So far only Switzerland has implemented it. The indicator could be expanded to include the revenues collected per country, e.g. total toll revenues (EUR) for some countries. Rail infrastructure charges: fixed rail charges for freight and passenger rail; variable rail freight and passenger charge. The indicator could be expanded to include total rail infrastructure charges per country as well as a sum of the total amount of rail freight charges (EUR) and total amount of rail passenger charges (EUR). Information is currently collected for infrastructure charges as well as for total charges, but due to only a few countries submitting data, the comparison is very fragmented.

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