B1050vs1.3.pdf

MANURE MANAGEMENT REGARDING ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

ag100500

Activities 100501 - 100511

Emission Inventory Guidebook

November, 2002

B1050-1

SNAP CODES:

100501

100508

100502 100509

100503 100510

100504 100511

100505 100512

100506

100513

100507 100514

100515

SOURCE ACTIVITY TITLES:

M

ANURE

M

ANAGEMENT

R

EGARDING

O

RGANIC

C

OMPOUNDS

Dairy cows Broilers

Other cattle

Other poultry

Fattening pigs Goats

Sows Fur animals

Sheep

Mules and Asses

Horses

Camels

Laying hens Buffalos

Other animals

NOSE CODE:

110.05.01

110.05.08

110.05.02 110.05.09

110.05.03 110.05.10

110.05.04 110.05.11

110.05.05 110.05.12

110.05.16 110.05.13

110.05.07 110.05.14

110.05.15

NFR CODE:

4B1a

4B9

4B1b 4B9

4B8 4B4

4B8 4B13

4B3 4B7

4B6 4B5

4B9 4B2

4B13

1 ACTIVITIES INCLUDED

VOCs comprise both methane (CH

4

) and non-methane volatile organic compounds

(NMVOCs). NMVOCs are defined as “all those

artificial organic compounds different from

methane which can produce photochemical oxidant

s by reaction with nitrogen oxides in the

presence of sunlight”.

MANURE MANAGEMENT REGARDING ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Activities 100501 – 100511

ag100500

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November, 2002

Emission Inventory Guidebook

Methane emissions from enteric fermentation and

animal waste management are considered in

SNAP code 100400; emissions from unfertilized

agricultural land and land fertilized with N-

containing fertilizer are considered under SNAP codes 100200 and 100100 respectively.

This chapter considers the emission of meth

ane and non-methane volatile organic compounds

(NMVOCs) from the excreta of agricultural an

imals deposited in buildings and collected as

either liquid slurry or solid manure, including

emissions from animal excreta at all stages:

animal housing, manure storage and from land sp

reading of manures. Emissions from excreta

deposited in fields by grazing animals s

hould be dealt with under SNAP codes 100100

(Cultures with fertilizers) and 100200 (Cultures without fertilizers) in this Guidebook.

However, no NMVOC emission factors are available there.

2 CONTRIBUTIONS TO TOTAL EMISSIONS

2.1 Methane

Each microbial fermentation of digestible

organic matter under anaerobic conditions results

in methane formation. In agriculture, these cond

itions are met in the animal digestive systems

and during the storage of animal wastes. Overall,

agriculture’s contribution adds up to nearly

50 % of the total (EU15 for 1999, EEA 2001). An

imal husbandry is the major agricultural

source (96 % of the agriculture total).

2.2 Non-methane volatile organic compounds

In the CORINAIR90 inventory (29 countries),

emissions of NMVOCs from agriculture

account for only 2% of total NMVOC emissions

; the greatest proportion (98%) is emitted by

other activities.

The contribution to total NMVOC emissions fr

om cultures with and without fertilizers and

from stubble burning is very low (0.2 % for both)

and almost nil from enteric fermentation.

Emission estimates for manure management acc

ount for 1.6 % (with 1.4 % for pigs) but even

this value is not of great significance.

The estimates of the NMVOC emission for each Eu

ropean Country show a wide variations in

the percentage of VOC emissions attributed to agriculture.

3 GENERAL

3.1 Description

3.1.1 Methane

Methane is produced from the decomposition of

organic components in animal waste. The

amount of released methane depends on the quan

tity of waste produced

and the portion of the

waste that decomposes anaerobically. When the an

imal waste is stored or treated as a liquid

(as in lagoons and pits) it tends to decompose anaerobically and methane can be produced.

When the waste is handled as a solid (as in stacked piles) or when it is deposited on pastures,

it tends to decompose aerobically and little or no methane is produced.

MANURE MANAGEMENT REGARDING ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

ag100500

Activities 100501 - 100511

Emission Inventory Guidebook

November, 2002

B1050-3

3.1.2 Non-methane volatile organic compounds

A list of the principal NMVOCs, from the main

emission sources, and a classification of the

VOCs according to their importance, is included

in the protocol regarding the fight against

emissions of volatile organic compounds and thei

r transnational flows, drafted in Geneva on

18/11/1991 during the congress on Long-Distance

Transnational Atmospheric Pollution of

1979.

The protocol classifies NMVOCs into three

groups, according to their importance in the

formation of ozone episodes. Both the globa

l quantity emitted and the VOCs reactivity with

OH-radicals are considered.

There is very little information about NMVOCs emissions from animal manure which can be

used to make quantitative estimates and identifi

cation of emission factors. However, because

NMVOCs are responsible for odour emissions and nuisance, both the compounds in the air

of livestock buildings and in manure and the techniques to measure the odour emissions have

been investigated.

An exhaustive list of organic compounds identified in livestock buildings was compiled by

O’Neill and Phillips (1992) on the basis of

a literature review. The compounds most

frequently reported in these investigations, which are heavily biased towards piggeries, are

p

-

cresol, volatile fatty acids and phenol. Concentrations of these compounds in the atmosphere

display wide variations; e.g. the concentration of

p

-cresol varies from 4.6

⋅

10

-6

to 0.04 mg m

-3

and of phenol from 2.5

⋅

10

-6

to 0.001 mg m

-3

.

An attempt to estimate quantitative gas emissions from pig housing in former West Germany

has been done by Hartung and Phillips (1994) base

d on concentration data for 23 trace gases

measured in piggeries. Fatty acids (acetic, propionic,

i

- and

n

-butyric,

i

- and

n

-valeric,

i

- and

n

-hexanoic, heptanoic, octanoic and pela

rgonic acids), phenols and indoles (phenol,

p

-cresol,

indole, skatole), methylamines and other ga

ses as acetone were measured, assuming an

average ventilation rate of 150 m

3

LU

-1

h

-1

.

3.2 Controls

3.2.1 Methane

There are two strategies to decrease the methan

e emissions from animal wastes: Firstly, the

formation of methane is reduced by frequen

tly removing settled sludge and solid material

from the manure storage. This results in a lo

w density of methane producing bacteria in the

storage. Secondly, methane emissions increase by creating favourable conditions for the

methane producing bacteria in a bio-gas plant.

The produced bio-gas has to be collected and

can be used for different purposes (heating,

producing electricity). There is very little

emission of methane to the atmosphere.

3.2.2 Non-methane volatile organic compounds

Techniques which reduce ammonia and odour emissi

ons can also be considered effective in

reducing the emission of NMVOCs from animal ma

nure. Hence, in order to reduce emissions

from livestock buildings, techniques menti

oned for ammonia (SNAP code 100900) can be

applied (e.g. immediate removal of urine from c

ubicles for cattle, fast removal of slurry for

MANURE MANAGEMENT REGARDING ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Activities 100501 – 100511

ag100500

B1050-4

November, 2002

Emission Inventory Guidebook

pigs and belt drying of manure inside the pou

ltry houses for laying hens). Other techniques

which result in a reduction of the emission

of NMVOCs are covering the slurry storage

outside the building, and collecting and burning th

e bio-gas generated. The latter is the most

effective way, however, systems already desc

ribed for reducing ammonia emissions from

storage such as natural and artificial floati

ng crust and floating mats may give some odour

reduction due to reduction of the emission of VOC

s (Mannebeck, 1986). Injection of slurry is

an effective way to reduce emission of

NMVOCs during spreading. Odour emission

reduction by these methods has been measured, but these data are not directly applicable to

NMVOCs.

4 SIMPLER METHODOLOGY

4.1 Methane

The simpler approach for estimating methane emission from animal husbandry is to use an

average emission factor per animal for each class

of animal and to multip

ly this factor with

the number of animals counted in the annual ag

ricultural census. For enteric fermentation and

for animal waste management Table 2 of SNAP 100400 presents the recommended IPCC

methane emission factors for the different classes of animals (IPCC, 1997, 2000).

4.2 Non-methane volatile organic compounds

Compared to the total emission of NMVOCs fr

om other sectors, the contribution from

agriculture (animal manure) seems to be neg

ligible. At present, data of NMVOC emission

from animal manure (livestock buildings, storag

e and spreading) do not allow to estimate any

average emission factors for these compounds. Expe

rimental work on direct measurements to

estimate NMVOC emission factors is definitely needed.

5 DETAILED METHODOLOGY

In their Tier 2 approach, IPCC (1997, 2000)

also provide a detailed methodology for the

calculation of methane emissions from manur

e management as a function of animal

performance and the frequency distribution of animal waste storage facilities.

Calculations describing the amount of volatile solids (i.e. the amount of degradable organic

material in livestock manure) have to fit th

e respective amounts of digestible energy needed

for calculations made under SNAP code 100500.

The frequency distributions of manure

management systems has to coincide with the data used within SNAP code 100900.

6

RELEVANT ACTIVITY STATISTICS

For the simpler methodology, data is required on

animal numbers for each of the categories

listed in SNAP code 100400, Table 2. The annual

agricultural census can supply these data.

Otherwise the statistical information from

Eurostat can be used or the FAO Production

Yearbook.

MANURE MANAGEMENT REGARDING ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

ag100500

Activities 100501 - 100511

Emission Inventory Guidebook

November, 2002

B1050-5

For the detailed methodology, the data is require

d on animal numbers of the relevant sub-

categories as well as matching data sets desc

ribing the excretion of volatile solids as a

function of animal performan

ce and feed, as well as the frequency distribution of the

respective manure management systems.

Once emissions have been calculated at whatever

is determined by the national experts to be

the most appropriate level of detail, results should also be aggregated up to the minimum

standard level of information as given

in SNAP 100400, Table 3. This will allow for

comparability of results among all participating

countries. The data and assumptions used for

finer levels of detail should be reported to en

sure transparency and replicability of results

among all participating countries.

7

POINT SOURCE CRITERIA

Emission from this sub-sector should be considered as area sources.

8

EMISSION FACTORS, QUALITY CODES AND REFERENCES

9 SPECIES PROFILES

10 UNCERTAINTY ESTIMATES

Uncertainties in methane emission factors are in the magnitude of 30%.

Uncertainties in animal numbers per class of animals are in the magnitude of 10%.

11 WEAKEST ASPECTS/PRIORITY

AREAS FOR IMPROVEMENT IN

CURRENT METHODOLOGY

Lack of measurements of VOC emissions from manure management is a major weakness.

12

SPATIAL DISSAGGREGATION CRITERIA FOR AREA SOURCES

The detailed methodology will provide spatially resolved emission data for methane on the

scale for which matching activity data and fre

quency distributions of storage systems and

grazing times are available.

13

TEMPORAL DISAGGREGATION CRITERIA

14 ADDITIONAL COMMENTS

MANURE MANAGEMENT REGARDING ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Activities 100501 – 100511

ag100500

B1050-6

November, 2002

Emission Inventory Guidebook

15 SUPPLEMENTARY DOCUMENTS

No supplementary documents are needed to cal

culate national methane emissions, as outlined

for the simpler methodology. The scientific basis of

the emission factors is described in detail

in IPCC (1997, 2000).

16 VERIFICATION PROCEDURES

17 REFERENCES

EEA, 2001. Annual European Community

Greenhouse Gas Inventory 1990-1999.

Submission to the Secretariate of

the UNFCCC. Technical Report No. 60. EEA,

Copenhagen.

Hartung J., Phillips V.R., 1994. Control of gaseous emissions from livestock buildings and

manure stores. J. Agric. Eng. Res. 57, 173-189.

IPCC, 1997. Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories.

Volume 1 (Reporting Instructions), Volu

me 2 (Workbook) and Volume 3 (Reference

Manual). OECD, Paris.

IPCC, 2000. Good Practice Guidance and Uncerta

inty Management in National Greenhouse

Gas Inventories. OECD, Paris.

Mannebeck H., 1986. Covering manure storing ta

nks to control odour. In: Odour prevention

and control of organic sludge and livestock farming. Elsevier, London., pp. 188-193.

O’Neill D.H., Phillips V.R., 1992. A review of th

e control of odour nuisance from livestock

buildings: Part 3, Properties of the odorous s

ubstances which have been identified in

livestock wastes or in the air around them. J. Agric. Eng. Res. 53, 23-50.

18 BIBLIOGRAPHY

19

RELEASE VERSION, DATE AND SOURCE

Version: 1.3

Date: November 2002

Updated by:

Ulrich Dämmgen

Federal Agricultural Research Centre, Institute of Agroecology,

Germany

Contribution

from:

This chapter originally formed

parts of chapters 1040 “Enteric

fermentation” and 1050 “Manure Ma

nagement Regarding Organic

Compounds” including both carbon and nitrogen compounds, from

which it was extracted.

Original authors:

Klaas Van Der Hoek, RIVM, The Netherlands

Sue Couling, Silsoe Research Institute, UK

MANURE MANAGEMENT REGARDING ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

ag100500

Activities 100501 - 100511

Emission Inventory Guidebook

November, 2002

B1050-7

20

POINT OF ENQUIRY

Any comments on this chapter or enquiries should be directed to:

Ulrich Dämmgen

Institut für Agrarökologie

Bundesforschungsanstalt für Landwirtschaft

Bundesallee 50

38116 Braunschweig

Germany

Tel: +49 531 596 2601

Fax: +49 531 596 2599

Email: ulrich.daemmgen@fal.de

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