fig2 draft

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fig2 draft
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Air Quality e-Reporting (AQ e-Reporting) European air quality information reported by EEA member countries, including all EU Member States, as well as EEA cooperating countries. The EEA’s air quality database consists of a multi-annual time series of air quality measurement data and calculated statistics for a number of air pollutants. It also contains meta-information on the monitoring networks involved, their stations and measurements.
Air Quality e-Reporting (AQ e-Reporting) European air quality information reported by EEA member countries, including all EU Member States, as well as EEA cooperating countries. The EEA’s air quality database consists of a multi-annual time series of air quality measurement data and calculated statistics for a number of air pollutants. It also contains meta-information on the monitoring networks involved, their stations and measurements.
AirBase - The European air quality database AirBase is the European air quality database maintained by the EEA through its European topic centre on Air pollution and Climate Change mitigation. It contains air quality monitoring data and information submitted by participating countries throughout Europe. The air quality database consists of a multi-annual time series of air quality measurement data and statistics for a number of air pollutants. It also contains meta-information on those monitoring networks involved, their stations and their measurements. The database covers geographically all EU Member States, the EEA member countries and some EEA collaborating countries. The EU Member States are bound under Decision 97/101/EC to engage in a reciprocal exchange of information (EoI) on ambient air quality. The EEA engages with its member and collaborating countries to collect the information foreseen by the EoI Decision because air pollution is a pan European issue and the EEA is the European body which produces assessments of air quality, covering the whole geographical area of Europe.

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Exceedance of air quality standards in urban areas Air quality in Europe is slowly improving. However, between 2000 and 2014, a significant proportion of the urban population in the EU-28 was exposed to concentrations of certain air pollutants above the EU limit or target values. The numbers of people exposed were even higher in relation to the more stringent World Health Organization (WHO) air quality guideline values set for the protection of human health.    For fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ), 8 - 17 % of the urban population were exposed to concentrations in excess of the EU target value, while 85 - 97 % were exposed to concentrations above the WHO guideline value (for 2006-2014 only). For particulate matter (PM 10 ), the respective exposure estimates were 16 - 42% for the EU limit value and 50 - 92 % for the WHO guideline value. For ozone (O 3 ), estimates was 8 - 55 % for the EU target value and 94 - 99 % for the WHO guideline value. For nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ), estimates were 7 - 31 % in both cases (EU limit value and WHO guideline). For benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), estimates were 17 - 24 % for the EU target value and 81 - 91 % for the estimated reference level (for 2008-2014 only).
Air pollution due to ozone: health impacts and effects of climate change There was no discernible trend in European ozone concentrations between 2003 and 2012, in terms of the annual mean of the daily maximum eight hour average measured at any type of station. It is difficult to attribute observed ozone exceedences, or changes therein, to individual causes such as climate change. Future climate change is expected to increase ozone concentrations, but this increase should not exceed 5 µg/m 3 by the middle of the century and would therefore likely be outweighed by reductions in ozone levels due to planned future emissions reductions. End of the century projections for the effects of climate change involve an increase  of up to 8 µg/m 3   in ozone concentrations .
Exceedance of air quality standards in urban areas Air quality in Europe is slowly improving. However, between 2000 and 2013, a significant proportion of the urban population in the EU28 was exposed to concentrations of certain air pollutants above the EU limit or target values. The numbers of people exposed were even higher in relation to the more stringent World Health Organization (WHO) air quality guideline values  set for the protection of human health .     For fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ),  4-14% of  t he urban population were exposed to concentrations in excess of the EU target value, while 87-98% were exposed to concentrations above the WHO guideline value (for 2006-2013 only) . For particulate matter (PM 10 ), the respective exposure estimates were  17-41% for the EU limit value and 61-92% for the WHO guideline value . For ozone (O 3 ), 14-58% for the EU target value and 93-99% for the WHO guideline value . For nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ), 8-27% in both cases (limit value and WHO guideline). For benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), 20-28% for EU target value and 85-91% for the estimated reference level (for 2008-2013 only).

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For references, please go to https://www.eea.europa.eu/airs/2018/environment-and-health/outdoor-air-quality-urban-areas/fig2-draft or scan the QR code.

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