Table of Contents
Inland Waters - Europe's Environment: The Dobris Assessment (Chapter 05)
- 5.1 - Introduction
- 5.2 - The Water Resource
- 5.2.1 - The hydrological cycle
- 5.2.2 - Water resources
- 5.2.3 - River flow characteristics in Europe
- 5.2.3.1 - Average annual runoff
- 5.2.3.2 - Seasonal river flow regimes
- 5.2.3.3 - Inter-annual variability
- 5.2.3.4 - Human influences on river flow regimes
- 5.2.3.5 - Main sources of water abstraction
- 5.2.3.2 - Seasonal river flow regimes
- 5.2.2 - Water resources
- 5.3 - Groundwater
- 5.3.1 - Characteristics and distribution
- 5.3.2 - Recharge and loads
- 5.3.3 - Groundwater quantity
- 5.3.3.1 - Abstraction
- 5.3.3.2 - Potential wetland damage
- 5.3.3.3 - Raising of groundwater levels
- 5.3.3.2 - Potential wetland damage
- 5.3.4 - Groundwater pollution
- 5.3.4.1 - Point sources
- 5.3.4.2 - Nitrate leaching
- 5.3.4.3 - Pesticides
- 5.3.4.4 - Acidification
- 5.3.4.2 - Nitrate leaching
- 5.3.2 - Recharge and loads
- 5.4 - Rivers, Reservoirs and Lakes
- 5.4.1 - Introduction
- 5.4.2 - Characteristics of European rivers, reservoirs and lakes
- 5.4.2.1 - European rivers
- 5.4.2.1.1 - Major European river catchments
- 5.4.2.1.2 - Major rivers in European cities
- 5.4.2.2 - European lakes and reservoirs
- 5.4.2.2.1 - Natural lakes in Europe
- 5.4.2.2.2 - Human-made lakes
- 5.4.2.2.3 - Large lakes and reservoirs in Europe
- 5.4.2.2.4 - Deep and shallow lakes and reservoirs
- 5.4.2.2.2 - Human-made lakes
- 5.4.2.1.1 - Major European river catchments
- 5.4.3 - Regulation of European rivers
- 5.4.3.1 - Reservoirs
- 5.4.3.1.1 - Reservoir usage
- 5.4.3.1.2 - Environmental problems related to reservoirs
- 5.4.3.2 - River channelisation
- 5.4.3.2.1 - Physical and biological effects
- 5.4.3.1.1 - Reservoir usage
- 5.4.4 - Organic pollution of rivers
- 5.4.4.1 - Organic matter contents in European rivers
- 5.4.4.2 - Human activities and organic matter
- 5.4.4.3 - Assessment of river quality
- 5.4.4.4 - Trends in organic matter discharge to rivers
- 5.4.4.2 - Human activities and organic matter
- 5.4.5 - Nutrients in European rivers and lakes
- 5.4.5.1 - Nutrient concentrations in European rivers
- 5.4.5.1.1 - Phosphorus in rivers
- 5.4.5.1.2 - Nitrogen in rivers
- 5.4.5.2 - Nutrient concentration in European lakes
- 5.4.5.2.1 - Phosphorus in lakes
- 5.4.5.2.2 - Nitrogen in lakes
- 5.4.5.2.3 - Phosphorus concentration in large lakes
- 5.4.5.2.2 - Nitrogen in lakes
- 5.4.5.3 - Impact of nutrients on lake water quality
- 5.4.5.3.1 - Blue-green algae and phosphorus
- 5.4.5.4 - Trends in nutrient concentrations
- 5.4.5.4.1 - Phosphorus trends
- 5.4.5.4.2 - Nitrogen trends
- 5.4.6 - Acidification of surface waters
- 5.4.6.1 - Acidification of surface waters in Europe
- 5.4.6.2 - Impact of acidification
- 5.4.6.3 - Acidification trends
- 5.4.6.4 - Critical loads
- 5.4.6.2 - Impact of acidification
- 5.4.7 - Heavy metals, organic micropollutants, radioactivity and other hazards
- 5.4.7.1 - Heavy metals
- 5.4.7.1.1 - Cadmium
- 5.4.7.1.2 - Copper
- 5.4.7.1.3 - Zinc
- 5.4.7.1.2 - Copper
- 5.4.7.2 - Organic micropollutants
- 5.4.7.2.1 - Accidents and leakage from waste disposal sites
- 5.4.7.3 - Radioactivity
- 5.4.7.3.1 - Nuclear power production and radioactive waste
- 5.4.7.3.2 - Accidents
- 5.4.7.4 - Other hazards
- 5.4.7.4.1 - Pathogens
- 5.4.7.4.2 - Salinisation
- 5.4.7.1.1 - Cadmium
- 5.4.5.1.1 - Phosphorus in rivers
- 5.5 - Conclusions
- 5.5.1 - The water resource
- 5.5.2 - Groundwater
- 5.5.3 - Rivers and lakes in Europe
- 5.5.4 - Endpiece
- 5.5.2 - Groundwater
- 5.4.2 - Characteristics of European rivers, reservoirs and lakes
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