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Veterinary antimicrobials in Europe’s environment: a One Health perspective: Antimicrobials are an essential tool to prevent or treat disease in humans and animals. In food systems, they help to ensure the health and welfare of animals raised for food. However, their use can also lead to environmental pollution and potentially affect human health, including by contributing to the threat of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). This briefing summarises the latest knowledge on how antimicrobials used in food-producing animals may impact the health of humans, animals and ecosystems, and reviews progress in reducing their use in Europe’s food system.

Water pollutant releases changes from 2010 to 2022 for the EU Member States: The table show the top five emission reduction changes in pollutant releases into water in EU-27 Member States from 2010 to 2022.

Industrial releases of pollutants to water and economic activity in the EU-27: The figure shows the trend of pollutant releases into water in the EU-27 from 2010 to 2022 by using 2010 releases values as reference. In addition, gross value added (GVA) from the industry sector is presented.

JRA-3Q (Japanese Reanalysis for Three Quarters of a Century): JMA is currently conducting the Japanese Reanalysis for Three Quarters of a Century (JRA-3Q), which covers the period from September 1947 onward to extend the current period of data coverage and improve the quality of long-term reanalysis. The project involves a sophisticated data assimilation system (based on the operational set-up as of December 2018) incorporating development results from the operational NWP system and sea surface temperature analysis achieved since JRA-55 (based on the operational set-up as of December 2009). New datasets of past observations are also assimilated, including rescued historical observations and reprocessed satellite data supplied by meteorological and satellite centers worldwide. Many of the deficiencies of JRA-55 are alleviated in JRA-3Q, providing a high-quality homogeneous reanalysis dataset that covers the previous 75 years.

Decline in ocean pH measured at the Aloha station and yearly mean surface seawater pH reported on a global scale: Aloha station: a decline in pH corresponds to an increase in the acidity of ocean water. Changes here are similar to those that are observed over a shorter time frame in Europe. In figure, "In situ measurement (Aloha station)" corresponds to data based on in-situ measurements, while "Calculated (Aloha station)" corresponds to calculated data. Data originate from the Aloha station pH time series (adapted from Dore, J.E., R. Lukas, D.W. Sadler, M.J. Church, and D.M. Karl. 2009. Physical and biogeochemical modulation of ocean acidification in the central North Pacific. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106:12235-12240). CMEMS: global average of surface ocean pH from the Copernicus Marine Service, based on a reconstruction method using in situ data and remote sensing data, as well as empirical relationships. Indicator is available at annual resolution, and from the year 1985 onwards, up to 2022. Error on each yearly value varies, and is added in the data file sheet. Trend and uncertainty are defined as the slope and its residual standard deviation estimated with a linear least-squares regression.

European Climate Risk Assessment: The first European Climate Risk Assessment (EUCRA) identifies 36 climate risks that pose a threat to Europe’s energy and food security, ecosystems, infrastructure, water resources, financial stability, and people’s health. It shows that many of these risks have already reached critical levels and can become catastrophic without urgent and decisive action. The knowledge in this first-of-its-kind assessment is synthesised to support strategic policymaking.