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"plaintext": "EC, 2021b, 2021 Strategic Foresight Report \u2014 the EU\u2019s capacity and freedom to act, European Commission ( https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/default/files/strategic_foresight_report_2021_en.pdf ) accessed 10 October 2022.",
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"text": "EC, 2021b, 2021 Strategic Foresight Report \u2014 the EU\u2019s capacity and freedom to act, European Commission ("
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"text": "https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/default/files/strategic_foresight_report_2021_en.pdf"
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"text": ") accessed 10 October 2022."
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"@type": "slate",
"plaintext": "EEA, 2022, \u2018National air pollutant emissions data viewer\u2019, European Environment Agency ( https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/dashboards/national-air-pollutant-emissions-data ) accessed 7 October 2022.",
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"text": "EEA, 2022, \u2018National air pollutant emissions data viewer\u2019, European Environment Agency ("
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"text": "https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/dashboards/national-air-pollutant-emissions-data"
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"text": ") accessed 7 October 2022."
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"@type": "slate",
"plaintext": "IRP, 2019, Global resources outlook 2019: natural resources for the future we want, International Resource Panel, Paris ( https://www.resourcepanel.org/reports/global-resources-outlook ) accessed 10 October 2022.",
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"text": "IRP, 2019, Global resources outlook 2019: natural resources for the future we want, International Resource Panel, Paris ("
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"text": "https://www.resourcepanel.org/reports/global-resources-outlook"
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"text": ") accessed 10 October 2022."
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"6c790d14-ff6e-4296-b8d7-d54b504e8443": {
"@type": "slate",
"plaintext": "Bide, T. et al., 2019, Deliverable 1.3 \u2014 report on the datasets available relating to social and environmental dimensions of extraction, Optimizing Quality of Information in Raw Material Data Collection across Europe \u2014 ORAMA, European Union ( https://orama-h2020.eu/wp-content/uploads/ORAMA_WP1_DEL1.3_20190329_BGS_v1.0.pdf ) accessed 10 October 2022.",
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"text": "Bide, T. et al., 2019, Deliverable 1.3 \u2014 report on the datasets available relating to social and environmental dimensions of extraction, Optimizing Quality of Information in Raw Material Data Collection across Europe \u2014 ORAMA, European Union ("
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"text": "https://orama-h2020.eu/wp-content/uploads/ORAMA_WP1_DEL1.3_20190329_BGS_v1.0.pdf"
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"text": ") accessed 10 October 2022."
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"85ccd4fd-4038-4ff6-91ba-f1d367c51834": {
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"plaintext": "Van Liedekerke, M., et al., 2013, Progress in the Management of Contaminated Sites in Europe, Publications Office of the European Union ( https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC85913 ) accessed 27 October 2022.",
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"text": "Van Liedekerke, M., et al., 2013, Progress in the Management of Contaminated Sites in Europe, Publications Office of the European Union ("
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"text": ") accessed 27 October 2022."
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"ac64e3d0-7e3e-4d50-9b05-d51466ce2a2c": {
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"plaintext": "JRC, 2022, Zero pollution outlook 2022, JRC129655, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, Joint Research Centre ( https://joint-research-centre.ec.europa.eu/zero-pollution-outlook-2022_en ) accessed 1 December 2022.",
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"text": "JRC, 2022, Zero pollution outlook 2022, JRC129655, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, Joint Research Centre ("
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"plaintext": "EC, 2021a, 3rd raw materials scoreboard, Directorate-General for Internal Market, Industry, Entrepreneurship and SMEs, European Commission, Brussels ( https://op.europa.eu/s/we5N ) accessed 10 October 2022.",
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"d12ffb89-f5c0-42ab-9c79-7bfdbae59b43": {
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"plaintext": "Dolega, P., et al., 2016, Outlining environmental challenges in the non-fuel mining sector, STRADE European Policy Brief No 04/2016, European Union ( http://stradeproject.eu/fileadmin/user_upload/pdf/PolicyBrief_04-2016_Sep2016_FINAL.pdf ) accessed 10 October 2022.",
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"text": "Dolega, P., et al., 2016, Outlining environmental challenges in the non-fuel mining sector, STRADE European Policy Brief No 04/2016, European Union ("
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"plaintext": "Schueler, D., et al., 2018, Socio-economic and environmental challenges in EU mineral supply: status-quo and fields of EU action, Paper for the Final STRADE conference, European Union ( https://www.stradeproject.eu/fileadmin/user_upload/pdf/STRADE__synthesis_env_social_challenges.pdf ) accessed 10 October 2022.",
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"plaintext": "Pay\u00e1 P\u00e9rez, A. and Rodriguez Eugenio, N., 2018, Status of local soil contamination in Europe: revision of the indicator \u2018Progress in the management contaminated sites in Europe\u2019, JRC Technical Report JRC107508, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg ( http://dx.doi.org/10.2760/093804 ).",
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"plaintext": "Finally, specific pollution incidents caused by accidents can be serious and difficult to quantify, and such cases have some of the highest environmental impacts ( Dolega et al., 2016 ). This is the case for oil spills (see further information in the zero pollution \u2018Signal\u2019 on oil spills ) and tailings dam failures (see GRID-Arendal and UN-Spider portal for further information).",
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"text": " identifies increased risks to health for people living near contaminated sites. Mining materials, oil extraction and oil storage are important sources of contamination, as shown by Figure 5. The figure shows the percentage of contaminated sites that are linked to these extractive activities, compared to the total number of sites where soil contamination has been verified by site investigations. However, these data should be interpreted with caution, since the efforts in identifying and registering contaminated sites vary among countries. For the moment, data that can be used to monitor trends are scarce ("
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"text": "Effective waste management, proper reclamation, and good management and monitoring systems are key to reducing pollution from resource extraction. These elements should be supported by other measures, including improved material use efficiency. Overall, reducing raw material consumption and improving resource efficiency and recycling are critical for minimising pollution. To support this, the uptake of circular business models (as set out in the circular economy agenda) should be prioritised."
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"plaintext": "The increased demand for materials and the move towards greater self-sufficiency within the EU have complex implications for pollution. On the one hand, these two phenomena are likely to increase pollution from extractive industries in Europe. On the other hand, switching from imported to EU-sourced raw materials could result in lower global levels of pollution. Moreover, the EU is promoting better resource efficiency and the circular use of materials, which will reduce the demand for virgin material extraction \u2014 and, ultimately, reduce the resulting pollution.",
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"text": "The increased demand for materials and the move towards greater self-sufficiency within the EU have complex implications for pollution. On the one hand, these two phenomena are likely to increase pollution from extractive industries in Europe. On the other hand, switching from imported to EU-sourced raw materials could result in lower global levels of pollution. Moreover, the EU is promoting better resource efficiency and the circular use of materials, which will reduce the demand for virgin material extraction \u2014 and, ultimately, reduce the resulting pollution."
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"plaintext": "In this context, one of the pillars of EU raw materials policy is to boost domestic material production from both virgin and recycled sources. New projects for mining precious metals, graphite, zinc, copper, tungsten and manganese have been developed. Numerous exploration activities are taking place and the EU has potential for even more ( EC, 2021a ). Because of the increasing demand for batteries \u2014 which play a key role in meeting the net-zero climate targets \u2014 four lithium mines have recently become active in the EU ( EC, 2021a ). In addition, the European Commission\u2019s 2021 strategic foresight report suggests that novel ways of material sourcing, such as seabed mining, should be explored ( EC, 2021b ). However, this gives rise to environmental concerns, as the impacts of seabed mining are difficult to predict.",
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"text": "In this context, one of the pillars of EU raw materials policy is to boost domestic material production from both virgin and recycled sources. New projects for mining precious metals, graphite, zinc, copper, tungsten and manganese have been developed. Numerous exploration activities are taking place and the EU has potential for even more ("
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"text": "). Because of the increasing demand for batteries \u2014\u00a0"
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"text": "which play a key role in meeting the net-zero climate targets"
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"text": "\u00a0\u2014 four lithium mines have recently become active in the EU ("
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"text": "). In addition, the European Commission\u2019s\u00a0"
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"text": "\u00a0suggests that novel ways of material sourcing, such as seabed mining, should be explored ("
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"text": "). However, this gives rise to environmental concerns, as the impacts of seabed mining are difficult to predict."
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"plaintext": "For heavy metals, zinc, nickel and cadmium are currently the main pollutants emitted to air from the extractive sector, followed by chromium (Figure 4). In the 1990s, mercury and lead emissions were among the main releases. Zinc, nickel and cadmium emissions result from venting and flaring in the extraction of oil and gas. Emissions also come from mining and quarrying, and oil and natural gas exploration. Emissions decreased significantly between 1990 and about 2005, but significant increases occurred between 2006 and 2008 for some heavy metals. Over the last decade, and especially between 2019 and 2020, releases have increased for all heavy metals covered here.",
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"text": "For heavy metals, zinc, nickel and cadmium are currently the main pollutants emitted to air from the extractive sector, followed by chromium (Figure 4). In the 1990s, mercury and lead emissions were among the main releases. Zinc, nickel and cadmium emissions result from venting and flaring in the extraction of oil and gas. Emissions also come from mining and quarrying, and oil and natural gas exploration. Emissions decreased significantly between 1990 and about 2005, but significant increases occurred between 2006 and 2008 for some heavy metals. Over the last decade, and especially between 2019 and 2020, releases have increased for all heavy metals covered here."
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"plaintext": "The EU is almost self-sufficient regarding non-metallic minerals, such as construction materials. However, it relies heavily on extraction from other parts of the world for other materials, including fossil fuels and metals ( EC, 2021a ). For example, 68% of the EU\u2019s cobalt is sourced from the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and, prior to the war in Ukraine, 30% of the EU\u2019s fuel was\u00a0sourced from Russia. As a result, EU demand for resources extracted in other parts of the world contributes to pollution in other global regions. Part of the problem is that environmental practices elsewhere\u00a0can be\u00a0less stringent than those in the EU. It is estimated that, globally, the toxicity-related impacts of extracting and processing metal\u00a0ores and extracting non-metallic minerals increased, respectively, by around 50% and 40% between 2000 and 2015 ( IRP, 2019 ).",
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"text": "The EU is almost self-sufficient regarding non-metallic minerals, such as construction materials. However, it relies heavily on extraction from other parts of the world for other materials, including fossil fuels and metals ("
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"text": "). For example, 68% of the EU\u2019s cobalt is sourced from the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and, prior to the war in Ukraine, 30% of the EU\u2019s fuel was\u00a0sourced from Russia. As a result, EU demand for resources extracted in other parts of the world contributes to pollution in other global regions. Part of the problem is that environmental practices elsewhere\u00a0can be\u00a0less stringent than those in the EU. It is estimated that, globally, the toxicity-related impacts of extracting and processing metal\u00a0ores and extracting non-metallic minerals increased, respectively, by around 50% and 40% between 2000 and 2015 ("
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