Soil

Soil

Soil is a vital component of natural capital, hosting rich biodiversity and providing critical ecosystem services, such as food production, water purification and carbon storage. However, the majority of EU soils are considered unhealthy, with potentially 2.8 million sites being contaminated.

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Title Soil
Description Soil is a vital component of natural capital, hosting rich biodiversity and providing critical ecosystem services, such as food production, water purification and carbon storage. However, the majority of EU soils are considered unhealthy, with potentially 2.8 million sites being contaminated.
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Creators fullname jaeglmar
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"children": [ { "text": "source of greenhouse gas emissions" } ], "type": "strong" }, { "text": ", but through management, it is possible to reduce these emissions and instead enhance the removal of CO" }, { "children": [ { "text": "2" } ], "type": "sub" }, { "text": " from the atmosphere. " } ], "type": "p" } ] }, "1ec8b4ac-0637-4a0d-9a4b-4fc71a6e8932": { "@type": "slate", "plaintext": "These natural processes are under threat from pollutants released by industry, transport and other economic activities. Unsustainable farming practices, fertilisers and pesticides also contaminate the soil. Eventually, this pollution affects plants, animals and human health. Soil degradation in the EU also comes with an economic cost of more than EUR 50 billion per year.", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "These natural processes are " }, { "children": [ { "text": "" }, { "children": [ { "text": "under threat" } ], "data": { "url": "https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC137600" }, "type": "link" }, { "text": "" } ], "type": "strong" }, { "text": " from pollutants released by industry, transport and other economic activities. " }, { "children": [ { "text": "Unsustainable farming practices, fertilisers and pesticides" } ], "type": "strong" }, { "text": " also contaminate the soil. Eventually, this " }, { "children": [ { "text": "pollution" } ], "data": { "url": "../../../../resolveuid/ebae6eb0682b4787b999105e0b8f9d75" }, "type": "link" }, { "text": " affects plants, animals and human health. " }, { "children": [ { "text": "Soil degradation" } ], "type": "strong" }, { "text": " in the EU also comes with an economic cost of more than EUR 50 billion per year.\r" } ], "type": "p" } ] }, "4fcc3846-7b7a-48fc-a877-4ea45f94c411": { "@type": "slate", "plaintext": "Soil is one of the essential components of land, playing a crucial role in nature\u2019s cycles, particularly water and nutrient cycles . Soil is the source of 90% of all food, feed, fibre and fuel production in the EU \u2014 and it also provides valuable raw material for the horticulture and construction sectors.", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "Soil is one of the essential components of land, playing a crucial role in nature\u2019s cycles, particularly " }, { "children": [ { "text": "water and nutrient cycles" } ], "type": "strong" }, { "text": ". Soil is the source of 90% of all food, feed, fibre and fuel production in the EU \u2014 and it also provides valuable raw material for the horticulture and construction sectors. \r" } ], "type": "p" } ] }, "678b5873-d764-4d32-abb9-ce482e3cfd34": { "@type": "slate", "plaintext": "The way we use soil is also linked to climate change . Soil contains carbon and nitrogen, which can be released into the atmosphere depending on how we use the land. Clearing rainforests for cattle grazing or planting forests can tilt the global greenhouse gas emission balance one way or the other. The melting of permafrost \u2014 soil meant to be permanently frozen \u2014 due to rising global temperatures can also release greenhouse gases and accelerate temperature rise. Climate change can also substantially alter what European farmers can produce and where.", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "The way we use soil is also linked to " }, { "children": [ { "text": "climate change" } ], "type": "strong" }, { "text": ". Soil contains carbon and nitrogen, which can be released into the atmosphere depending on how we use the land. Clearing rainforests for cattle grazing or planting forests can tilt the global greenhouse gas emission balance one way or the other. The " }, { "children": [ { "text": "melting of permafrost" } ], "type": "strong" }, { "text": " \u2014 soil meant to be permanently frozen \u2014 due to rising global temperatures can also release greenhouse gases and accelerate temperature rise. Climate change can also substantially alter what European farmers can produce and where.\r" } ], "type": "p" } ] }, "b6f9dd97-aa3b-4234-9b11-775b46a05141": { "@type": "slate", "plaintext": "Even a small patch of soil can teem with life, ranging from tiny organisms to fungi and earthworms , all playing a vital role in the functioning of the soil ecosystem. In this space, nutrients are also turned into forms that plants can take up, allowing biomass to form and store carbon. It is here that drinking water starts its natural purification process.", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "Even a small patch of soil can teem with life, ranging from " }, { "children": [ { "text": "tiny organisms to fungi and earthworms" } ], "type": "strong" }, { "text": ", all playing a vital role in the functioning of the soil ecosystem. In this space, nutrients are also turned into forms that plants can take up, allowing biomass to form and store carbon. It is here that " }, { "children": [ { "text": "drinking water" } ], "type": "strong" }, { "text": " starts its natural purification process. \r" } ], "type": "p" } ] } }, "blocks_layout": { "items": [ "4fcc3846-7b7a-48fc-a877-4ea45f94c411", "b6f9dd97-aa3b-4234-9b11-775b46a05141", "1ec8b4ac-0637-4a0d-9a4b-4fc71a6e8932", "678b5873-d764-4d32-abb9-ce482e3cfd34", "01795cce-c3e7-4506-ae25-cb0c9aa186ed" ] }, "title": "Overview" }, "e3e6b879-fef4-4a88-9436-5f0064698270": { "@type": "tab", "blocks": { "30f02c83-c081-4929-b62d-fbc9ecbe2b77": { "@type": "callToActionBlock", "href": "../../../../resolveuid/39d2d9c2742849aeb504f553a85b576d", "styles": { "align": "right", "theme": "secondary" }, "text": "See the EU policies we support" }, "c31a45a4-7961-4ebf-aeb6-3a1249a80f43": { "@type": "slate", "plaintext": "Some of these policies fall short of setting targets and commitments. This is especially true when it comes to protecting the condition of the soil. In other areas where targets do exist, including those related to protecting nature and biodiversity, the EU is not achieving policy goals. ", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "Some of these policies fall short of setting targets and commitments. This is especially true when it comes to protecting the condition of the soil. In other areas where targets do exist, including those related to protecting nature and biodiversity, the EU is not achieving policy goals. \r" }, { "children": [ { "text": "" } ], "data": { "url": "https://environment.ec.europa.eu/topics/soil-and-land/soil-health_en" }, "type": "link" }, { "text": "" } ], "type": "p" } ] }, "d267d46b-3be9-4e16-8e3b-1865526fe0c8": { "@type": "slate", "plaintext": "The EU\u2019s biodiversity strategy for 2030 is a long-term plan to protect nature and reverse ecosystem degradation. The soil strategy is a crucial element of this. The EU soil strategy for 2030 provides the framework and concrete steps towards protecting and restoring soils, and ensuring that they are used sustainably. As a deliverable under the soil strategy, the European Commission proposed in July 2023 a new Soil Monitoring Law to protect and restore soils and ensure that they are used sustainably.", "value": [ { "children": [ { "children": [ { "text": "\rThe " }, { "children": [ { "text": "EU\u2019s biodiversity strategy for 2030" } ], "data": { "url": "https://environment.ec.europa.eu/strategy/biodiversity-strategy-2030_en#:~:text=The%20EU's%20biodiversity%20strategy%20for,contains%20specific%20actions%20and%20commitments." }, "type": "link" }, { "text": " is a long-term plan to protect nature and reverse ecosystem degradation. The soil strategy is a crucial element of this." } ], "type": "li" }, { "children": [ { "text": "The\u00a0" }, { "children": [ { "text": "EU soil strategy for 2030" } ], "data": { "url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52021DC0699" }, "type": "link" }, { "text": "\u00a0provides the framework and concrete steps towards protecting and restoring soils, and ensuring that they are used sustainably. " } ], "type": "li" }, { "children": [ { "text": "As a deliverable under the soil strategy, the European Commission proposed in July 2023 a new\u00a0" }, { "children": [ { "text": "Soil Monitoring Law" } ], "data": { "url": "https://environment.ec.europa.eu/publications/proposal-soil-monitoring-law_en" }, "type": "link" }, { "text": "\u00a0to protect and restore soils and ensure that they are used sustainably.\r" } ], "type": "li" } ], "type": "ul" } ] }, "d3dbb445-86e6-477a-a52a-1f01942807fe": { "@type": "slate", "plaintext": "Given soil\u2019s vital importance, many EU and global policy frameworks directly and indirectly address land and soil. European policies aim to protect and restore soils and ensure that they are used sustainably. Soil-related EU policies include:", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "Given soil\u2019s vital importance, many EU and global policy frameworks directly and indirectly address land and soil. European policies aim to protect and restore soils and ensure that they are used sustainably. Soil-related EU policies include:\r" } ], "type": "p" } ] } }, "blocks_layout": { "items": [ "d3dbb445-86e6-477a-a52a-1f01942807fe", "d267d46b-3be9-4e16-8e3b-1865526fe0c8", "c31a45a4-7961-4ebf-aeb6-3a1249a80f43", "30f02c83-c081-4929-b62d-fbc9ecbe2b77" ] }, "title": "EU action" }, "fa515f0c-9ab0-493c-b4cd-58a32dfaae0a": { "@type": "tab", "blocks": { "26ca9c04-6874-4af9-a201-c5a889d9976d": { "@type": "slate", "plaintext": "Around 2.8 million contaminated sites are found in Europe. Industrial activities and waste disposal are primary sources of contamination. Nutrient imbalances are estimated to affect 74% of agricultural land. For example, nitrogen surplus is increasing and can be harmful to human health, crops, eco-systems, and the climate. Heavy metals and mineral oil are the most frequent contaminants at European investigated sites. Over 80% of soils tested in one study contained pesticide residues , with 58% containing two or more types of residues . Overall soil erosion is estimated to amount to 1 billion tonnes per year across the EU. At present date, approximately a quarter (24%) of EU soils are affected by water erosion, mainly in cropland, with projections referring to a possible increase of 13-25% by 2050. In 2019, EU Member States reported net greenhouse gas emissions of 64 MtCO 2 e from soils to the atmosphere, which is equivalent to just under 2% of the total net emissions reported in that year. ", "value": [ { "children": [ { "children": [ { "text": "Around 2.8 million " }, { "children": [ { "text": "contaminated sites" } ], "type": "strong" }, { "text": " are found in Europe. Industrial activities and " }, { "children": [ { "text": "waste disposal" } ], "type": "strong" }, { "text": " are primary sources of contamination.\u00a0" } ], "type": "li" }, { "children": [ { "text": "" }, { "children": [ { "text": "Nutrient imbalances" } ], "type": "strong" }, { "text": "" }, { "children": [ { "text": " " } ], "type": "b" }, { "text": "are estimated to affect " }, { "children": [ { "text": "74% of agricultural land." } ], "data": { "url": "https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC137600" }, "type": "link" }, { "text": " For example, nitrogen surplus is increasing and can be harmful to human health, crops, eco-systems, and the climate. " } ], "type": "li" }, { "children": [ { "text": "" }, { "children": [ { "text": "Heavy metals and mineral oil" } ], "type": "strong" }, { "text": " are the most frequent contaminants at European investigated sites.\u00a0" } ], "type": "li" }, { "children": [ { "text": "Over 80% of soils tested in one study contained " }, { "children": [ { "text": "pesticide residues" } ], "type": "strong" }, { "text": ", with " }, { "children": [ { "text": "58% containing two or more types of residues" } ], "data": { "url": "https://www.eea.europa.eu/signals/signals-2020/articles/land-and-soil-pollution" }, "type": "link" }, { "text": "." } ], "type": "li" }, { "children": [ { "text": "Overall " }, { "children": [ { "text": "soil erosion" } ], "type": "strong" }, { "text": " is estimated to amount to " }, { "children": [ { "text": "1 billion tonnes per year " } ], "data": { "url": "https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC137600" }, "type": "link" }, { "text": "across the EU. At present date, approximately a quarter (24%) of EU soils are affected by water erosion, mainly in cropland, with projections referring to a possible increase of 13-25% by 2050. " } ], "type": "li" }, { "children": [ { "text": "" }, { "children": [ { "text": "" } ], "type": "strong" }, { "text": "In 2019, EU Member States reported net " }, { "children": [ { "text": "greenhouse gas emissions " } ], "type": "strong" }, { "text": "of 64 MtCO" }, { "children": [ { "text": "2" } ], "type": "sub" }, { "text": "e from soils to the atmosphere, which is equivalent to just under 2% of the total net emissions reported in that year." }, { "children": [ { "text": "" } ], "data": { "url": "#_ftn1" }, "type": "link" }, { "text": "" } ], "type": "li" } ], "type": "ul" } ] }, "f3529d3a-d6f7-4d3d-8002-c675a5b4edf0": { "@type": "slate", "plaintext": "Our assessments highlight that:", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "Our assessments highlight that:" } ], "type": "p" } ] } }, "blocks_layout": { "items": [ "f3529d3a-d6f7-4d3d-8002-c675a5b4edf0", "26ca9c04-6874-4af9-a201-c5a889d9976d" ] }, "title": "Key facts" } }, "blocks_layout": { "items": [ "07e50b68-8bf2-4641-ba6b-eda1afd544be", "fa515f0c-9ab0-493c-b4cd-58a32dfaae0a", "e3e6b879-fef4-4a88-9436-5f0064698270" ] }, "iconSize": "small", "imageSize": "icon" }, "disableNewBlocks": true, "fixed": true, "menuFluid": false, "menuPointing": true, "menuPosition": "top", "menuSecondary": true, "menuText": false, "readOnlySettings": true, "required": true, "template": "accordion", "theme": "light", "verticalAlign": "flex-start" }, "4f92f8b1-314b-4e7a-bc2d-c63152b07f80": { "@type": "tabs_block", "data": { "blocks": { "07e50b68-8bf2-4641-ba6b-eda1afd544be": { "@type": "tab", "blocks": { "86a09bdb-1776-4baa-85c0-d8ce164df3d7": { "@type": "slate", "plaintext": "Climate change is happening now \u2013 and even if we effectively reduce global emissions, it will worsen. Flooding, droughts, heatwaves and other climate-related hazards will become commonplace.", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "Climate change is happening now \u2013 and even if we effectively reduce global emissions, it will worsen. Flooding, droughts, heatwaves and other climate-related hazards will become commonplace.\u00a0 " } ], "type": "p" } ] }, "8a0c9bde-f8c5-43bd-8add-dc1996d88cab": { "@type": "slate", "plaintext": "While all Europeans will be affected by climate change, some communities and geographical areas will be more vulnerable. To reduce future climate risks and damage throughout the EU, we must start adapting today.", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "While all Europeans will be affected by climate change, some communities and geographical areas will be more vulnerable. To reduce future climate risks and damage throughout the EU, we must start adapting today. " } ], "type": "p" } ] } }, "blocks_layout": { "items": [ "86a09bdb-1776-4baa-85c0-d8ce164df3d7", "8a0c9bde-f8c5-43bd-8add-dc1996d88cab" ] }, "title": "Overview" }, "a13d89ed-795c-472e-a8bd-6603547a5953": { "@type": "tab", "blocks": { "08c107b7-6f28-47ed-a2ed-c5f18e8a36d8": { "@type": "callToActionBlock", "styles": { "theme": "link" }, "target": "_blank", "text": "More on extreme weather" }, "1e99bb2f-b2ad-42f1-811c-4306d198c95f": { "@type": "slate", "plaintext": " Climate impacts are already felt across the EU ", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "" }, { "children": [ { "text": "Climate impacts are already felt across the EU " } ], "type": "strong" }, { "text": "" } ], "type": "p" } ] }, "2eaa9f33-745a-4d6c-aae9-27fac6d9f0b8": { "@type": "slate", "plaintext": "Arctic sea ice declined on average 76,000 km 2 in summer and 32,000 km 2 in winter annually since 1979, increasing coastal erosion and elevating storm surges. Severe droughts caused a 3% annual productivity loss in affected areas from 2000-2019. Forest fires coinciding with record droughts and heatwaves affected central and northern Europe regions that are not typically prone to fires. Soil moisture in the growing season was several times below the long-term average in the EEA member countries plus the UK from 2000-2019.", "value": [ { "children": [ { "children": [ { "children": [ { "text": "Arctic sea ice declined on average 76,000 km" }, { "sup": true, "text": "2" }, { "text": "\u202fin summer and 32,000 km" }, { "sup": true, "text": "2" }, { "text": " in winter annually since 1979, increasing coastal erosion and elevating storm surges. " } ], "type": "p" } ], "type": "li" }, { "children": [ { "children": [ { "text": "Severe droughts caused a 3% annual productivity loss in affected areas from 2000-2019.\u00a0" } ], "type": "p" } ], "type": "li" }, { "children": [ { "children": [ { "text": " Forest fires coinciding with record droughts and heatwaves affected central and northern Europe regions that are not typically prone to fires. " } ], "type": "p" } ], "type": "li" }, { "children": [ { "children": [ { "text": "Soil moisture in the growing season was several times below the long-term average in the EEA member countries plus the UK from 2000-2019. 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Severe droughts caused a 3% annual productivity loss in affected areas from 2000-2019. Forest fires coinciding with record droughts and heatwaves affected central and northern Europe regions that are not typically prone to fires. Soil moisture in the growing season was several times below the long-term average in the EEA member countries plus the UK from 2000-2019.", "value": [ { "children": [ { "children": [ { "children": [ { "text": "Arctic sea ice declined on average 76,000 km" }, { "sup": true, "text": "2" }, { "text": "\u202fin summer and 32,000 km" }, { "sup": true, "text": "2" }, { "text": " in winter annually since 1979, increasing coastal erosion and elevating storm surges. 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Settings
Versioning enabled yes
Navigation title
Short name soil
workflow
Content responsible Head of Group
EEA core metadata
Topics Soil
Temporal coverage {}
Geographical coverage { "geolocation": [ { "value": "geo-783754", "label": "Albania", "group": [ "EEA32", "EEA33", "EEA39", "Pan-Europe" ] }, { "value": "geo-2782113", "label": "Austria", "group": [ "EEA32", "EEA33", "EEA39", "EU15", "EU25", "EU27", "EU28", "Pan-Europe" ] }, { "value": "geo-2802361", "label": "Belgium", "group": [ "EEA32", "EEA33", "EEA39", "EU15", "EU25", "EU27", "EU28", "Pan-Europe" ] }, { "value": "geo-732800", "label": "Bulgaria", "group": [ "EEA32", "EEA33", "EEA39", "EU27", "EU28", "Pan-Europe" ] }, { "value": "geo-3202326", "label": "Croatia", "group": [ "EEA32", "EEA33", "EEA39", "EU28", "Pan-Europe" ] }, { "value": "geo-146669", "label": "Cyprus", "group": [ "EEA32", "EEA33", "EEA39", "EU25", "EU27", "Pan-Europe" ] }, { "value": "geo-3077311", "label": "Czechia", "group": [ "EEA32", "EEA33", "EEA39", "EU25", "EU27", "EU27", "EU28", "Pan-Europe" ] }, { "value": "geo-2623032", "label": "Denmark", "group": [ "EEA32", "EEA33", "EEA39", "EU15", "EU25", "EU28", "Pan-Europe" ] }, { "value": "geo-453733", "label": "Estonia", "group": [ "EEA32", "EEA33", "EEA39", "EU25", "EU27", "EU28", "Pan-Europe" ] }, { "value": "geo-660013", "label": "Finland", "group": [ "EEA32", "EEA33", "EEA39", "EU15", "EU25", "EU27", "EU28", "Pan-Europe" ] }, { "value": "geo-3017382", "label": "France", "group": [ "EEA32", "EEA33", "EEA39", "EU15", "EU25", "EU27", "EU28", "Pan-Europe" ] }, { "value": "geo-2921044", "label": "Germany", "group": [ "EEA32", "EEA33", "EEA39", "EU15", "EU25", "EU27", "EU28", "Pan-Europe" ] }, { "value": "geo-390903", "label": "Greece", "group": [ "EEA32", "EEA33", "EEA39", "EU15", "EU25", "EU27", "EU28", "Pan-Europe" ] }, { "value": "geo-719819", "label": "Hungary", "group": [ "EEA32", "EEA33", "EEA39", "EU25", "EU27", "EU28", "Pan-Europe" ] }, { "value": "geo-2629691", "label": "Iceland", "group": [ "EEA32", "EEA33", "EEA39", "EFTA4", "Pan-Europe" ] }, { "value": "geo-2963597", "label": "Ireland", "group": [ "EEA32", "EEA33", "EEA39", "EU15", "EU25", "EU27", "EU28", "Pan-Europe" ] }, { "value": "geo-3175395", "label": "Italy", "group": [ "EEA32", "EEA33", "EEA39", "EU15", "EU25", "EU27", "EU28", "Pan-Europe" ] }, { "value": "geo-831053", "label": "Kosovo (UNSCR 1244/99)", "group": [ "EEA32", "EEA33", "EEA39" ] }, { "value": "geo-458258", "label": "Latvia", "group": [ "EEA32", "EEA33", "EEA39", "EU25", "EU27", "EU28", "Pan-Europe" ] }, { "value": "geo-3042058", "label": "Liechtenstein", "group": [ "EEA32", "EEA33", "EEA39", "EFTA4", "Pan-Europe" ] }, { "value": "geo-597427", "label": "Lithuania", "group": [ "EEA32", "EEA33", "EEA39", "EU25", "EU27", "EU28", "Pan-Europe" ] }, { "value": "geo-2960313", "label": "Luxembourg", "group": [ "EEA32", "EEA33", "EEA39", "EU15", "EU25", "EU27", "EU28", "Pan-Europe" ] }, { "value": "geo-2562770", "label": "Malta", "group": [ "EEA32", "EEA33", "EEA39", "EU25", "EU27", "EU28", "Pan-Europe" ] }, { "value": "geo-3194884", "label": "Montenegro", "group": [ "EEA32", "EEA33", "EEA39", "Pan-Europe" ] }, { "value": "geo-2750405", "label": "Netherlands", "group": [ "EEA32", "EEA33", "EEA39", "EU15", "EU25", "EU27", "EU28", "Pan-Europe" ] }, { "value": "geo-718075", "label": "North Macedonia", "group": [ "EEA32", "EEA33", "EEA39", "Pan-Europe" ] }, { "value": "geo-3144096", "label": "Norway", "group": [ "EEA32", "EEA33", "EEA39", "EFTA4", "Pan-Europe" ] }, { "value": "geo-798544", "label": "Poland", "group": [ "EEA32", "EEA33", "EEA39", "EU25", "EU27", "EU28", "Pan-Europe" ] }, { "value": "geo-2264397", "label": "Portugal", "group": [ "EEA32", "EEA33", "EEA39", "EU15", "EU25", "EU27", "EU28", "Pan-Europe" ] }, { "value": "geo-798549", "label": "Romania", "group": [ "EEA32", "EEA33", "EEA39", "EU27", "EU28", "Pan-Europe" ] }, { "value": "geo-6290252", "label": "Serbia", "group": [ "EEA32", "EEA33", "EEA39", "Pan-Europe" ] }, { "value": "geo-3057568", "label": "Slovakia", "group": [ "EEA32", "EEA33", "EEA39", "EU25", "EU27", "EU28", "Pan-Europe" ] }, { "value": "geo-3190538", "label": "Slovenia", "group": [ "EEA32", "EEA33", "EEA39", "EU25", "EU27", "EU28", "Pan-Europe" ] }, { "value": "geo-2510769", "label": "Spain", "group": [ "EEA32", "EEA33", "EEA39", "EU15", "EU25", "EU27", "EU28", "Pan-Europe" ] }, { "value": "geo-2661886", "label": "Sweden", "group": [ "EEA32", "EEA33", "EEA39", "EU15", "EU25", "EU27", "EU28", "Pan-Europe" ] }, { "value": "geo-2658434", "label": "Switzerland", "group": [ "EEA32", "EEA33", "EEA39", "EFTA4", "Pan-Europe" ] }, { "value": "geo-298795", "label": "Turkey", "group": [ "EEA32", "EEA33", "EEA39", "Pan-Europe" ] }, { "value": "geo-2635167", "label": "United Kingdom", "group": [ "EEA32", "EEA33", "EEA39", "EU15", "EU25", "EU27", "EU28", "Pan-Europe" ] } ] }
Publisher European Environment Agency
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