Water

Water

People, nature and the economy all need water and water is many things: a vital need, a local and global resource, a transport corridor, a climate regulator and home and provider to many species. Europe's rivers, lakes, seas and groundwater are under pressure from pollution, eutrophication, over-exploitation and climate change.

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Title Water
Description People, nature and the economy all need water and water is many things: a vital need, a local and global resource, a transport corridor, a climate regulator and home and provider to many species. Europe's rivers, lakes, seas and groundwater are under pressure from pollution, eutrophication, over-exploitation and climate change.
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This results from water use and pollution from the intensive use of nutrients and pesticides, according to Member States\u2019 own monitoring. Agriculture is by far the highest net water consumer in Europe and, without changes in practices, demand from irrigated agriculture is likely to increase with climate change.", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "" }, { "children": [ { "text": "Agriculture" } ], "type": "b" }, { "text": "\u00a0is the\u00a0" }, { "children": [ { "text": "most significant pressure\u00a0" } ], "type": "b" }, { "text": "impacting both surface and groundwaters, according to the EEA report \u2018" }, { "children": [ { "text": "" }, { "children": [ { "text": "Europe's state of water 2024: the need for improved water resilience" } ], "data": { "url": "../../../../resolveuid/553ece28c83441d6bb2e942442c4fb13" }, "type": "link" }, { "text": "" } ], "type": "b" }, { "text": "\u2019. This results from water use and pollution from the intensive use of nutrients and pesticides, according to Member States\u2019 own monitoring. 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Europeans use billions of cubic metres of water every year for drinking, farming, manufacturing, heating and cooling, electricity generation, tourism and other service sectors. Population growth, urbanisation, pollution and the effects of climate change, such as persistent droughts, are putting a growing strain on Europe\u2019s freshwater supplies and its quality .", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "" }, { "children": [ { "text": "F" } ], "type": "strong" }, { "text": "" }, { "children": [ { "text": "resh" } ], "type": "strong" }, { "text": "" }, { "children": [ { "text": "water resources " } ], "type": "strong" }, { "text": "are finite. Europeans use billions of cubic metres of water every year for drinking, farming, manufacturing, heating and cooling, electricity generation, tourism and other service sectors. Population growth, urbanisation, pollution and the effects of climate change, such as persistent droughts, are putting a " }, { "children": [ { "text": "growing strain " } ], "data": { "url": "https://www.eea.europa.eu/ims/use-of-freshwater-resources-in-europe-1" }, "type": "link" }, { "text": "on Europe\u2019s " }, { "children": [ { "text": "freshwater supplies" } ], "type": "strong" }, { "text": " and its " }, { "children": [ { "text": "quality" } ], "type": "strong" }, { "text": ". \r" } ], "type": "p" } ] }, "70e1b83e-b285-46d3-a474-5f7f36d1dfc0": { "@type": "slate", "plaintext": "Europe\u2019s seas cover more than 11 million km 2 and range from shallow, semi-enclosed seas to vast expanses of the deep ocean. They host a wide and highly diverse range of coastal and marine ecosystems with a large variety of habitats and species. Even though EU countries have managed to reduce some pressures, the conservation status of marine ecosystems also remains critical. Similarly, pollution, over-exploitation of marine resources and economic activities also impact marine life.", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "Europe\u2019s seas cover more than 11 million km" }, { "children": [ { "text": "2" } ], "type": "sup" }, { "text": "\u00a0and range from shallow, semi-enclosed seas to vast expanses of the deep ocean. They host a wide and highly diverse range of " }, { "children": [ { "text": "coastal and marine" } ], "data": { "url": "../../../../resolveuid/75beea971a174937a68a6ce9e6fc0559" }, "type": "link" }, { "text": " ecosystems with a large variety of habitats and species. Even though EU countries have managed to reduce some pressures, the conservation status of " }, { "children": [ { "text": "marine ecosystems " } ], "type": "strong" }, { "text": "also remains critical. Similarly, pollution, over-exploitation of marine resources and economic activities also impact marine life. " } ], "type": "p" } ] }, "bfd153ec-dcf9-49a1-b24f-945a5d9b9c02": { "@type": "slate", "plaintext": "From melting glaciers, lakes, and rivers to ground water and seas, water is an interconnected and vital resource. Pollution , over-exploitation , physical alterations to water habitats and climate change continue to impact Europe's water bodies and life dependent on them.", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "From melting glaciers, lakes, and rivers to ground water and seas, water is an interconnected and vital resource. " }, { "children": [ { "text": "Pollution" } ], "type": "strong" }, { "text": ", " }, { "children": [ { "text": "over-exploitation" } ], "type": "strong" }, { "text": ", " }, { "children": [ { "text": "physical alterations" } ], "type": "strong" }, { "text": " to water habitats and " }, { "children": [ { "text": "climate change" } ], "type": "strong" }, { "text": " continue to impact Europe's water bodies and life dependent on them. " } ], "type": "p" } ] }, "e2b84173-b58e-4b54-975c-e7e71edba832": { "@type": "slate", "plaintext": "The European Union and its Member States have been putting in place policies and measures to improve water quality, reduce pollution and improve the state of aquatic ecosystems. In some cases, like the bathing water quality , drinking water and urban wastewater treatment, there have been remarkable achievements. In other areas, such as conservation of wetlands, plastic litter in seas , the latest trends continue to cause concern.", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "The European Union and its Member States have been putting in place policies and measures to improve water quality, reduce pollution and improve the state of aquatic ecosystems. In some cases, like the " }, { "children": [ { "text": "bathing water quality" } ], "data": { "url": "../../../../resolveuid/ab4642afce124331b11dc9ef399a785f" }, "type": "link" }, { "text": ", drinking water and urban " }, { "children": [ { "text": "" }, { "children": [ { "text": "wastewater" } ], "data": { "url": "../../../../resolveuid/5f6df9aea78341db8d96e4a99f939733" }, "type": "link" }, { "text": "" } ], "type": "strong" }, { "text": " treatment, there have been remarkable achievements. In other areas, such as conservation of wetlands, " }, { "children": [ { "text": "plastic litter in seas" } ], "data": { "url": "https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/european-marine-litter-assessment/from-source-to-sea-the" }, "type": "link" }, { "text": ", the latest trends continue to cause concern." } ], "type": "p" } ] } }, "blocks_layout": { "items": [ "bfd153ec-dcf9-49a1-b24f-945a5d9b9c02", "582b8f52-b2fd-45e6-810c-7583ad1e61db", "4b2c03fb-5bdc-4ca6-ab25-627a7e9e908b", "70e1b83e-b285-46d3-a474-5f7f36d1dfc0", "e2b84173-b58e-4b54-975c-e7e71edba832" ] }, "title": "Overview" }, "e3e6b879-fef4-4a88-9436-5f0064698270": { "@type": "tab", "blocks": { "0d447e0a-77ef-456a-8dff-0debfb07c774": { "@type": "callToActionBlock", "href": "../../../../resolveuid/39d2d9c2742849aeb504f553a85b576d", "styles": { "align": "right", "theme": "secondary" }, "text": "See the EU policies we support" }, "231c634d-96cd-4f1f-a367-0b5056437796": { "@type": "slate", "plaintext": "The EEA supports these policies through a wide range of knowledge products, including assesments on the state of water, monitoring progress towards policy targets, and indicators as well as information systems on freshwater and marine.", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "The EEA supports these policies through a wide range of knowledge products, including assesments on the state of water, monitoring progress towards policy targets, and indicators as well as information systems on freshwater and marine. \r" } ], "type": "p" } ] }, "89ab3b02-620f-4360-9a62-0577a4d2143e": { "@type": "slate", "plaintext": "In the last four decades, Europe has made significant progress in regulating its water quality, treating its wastewater and protecting its marine and freshwater habitats and species. EU policies address a wide range of water issues, including drinking water, urban waste water, protection of habitats, marine protection and bathing water quality. Legislation regarding single-use plastics, industrial emissions and restrictions on the use of hazardous chemicals also ensure clean water supplies. Recently, the European water legislation has been revised to reflect the current situation.", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "In the last four decades, Europe has made " }, { "children": [ { "text": "significant progress" } ], "type": "strong" }, { "text": " in regulating its water quality, treating its wastewater and protecting its marine and freshwater habitats and species. EU policies address a wide range of water issues, including drinking water, urban waste water, protection of habitats, marine protection and bathing water quality. Legislation regarding single-use plastics, industrial emissions and restrictions on the use of hazardous chemicals also ensure clean water supplies. Recently, the European water legislation has been revised to reflect the current situation. \r" } ], "type": "p" } ] }, "bc1c0647-fe89-4764-8bf0-145c7fca1332": { "@type": "slate", "plaintext": " The Water Framework Directive (WFD) is the main legislative framework protecting European waters. One key purpose of the WFD is that all water bodies should be at \u201cgood status\u201d \u2014 to prevent further deterioration of aquatic ecosystems and their water needs and protect and enhance their status. The Floods Directive , which encourages the development of flood risk management plans, also significantly supports the objectives of the WFD. Other relevant directives include the Urban Waste Water Directive, the Nitrates Directive, the Drinking Water Directive and the Groundwater Directive. ", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "" }, { "children": [ { "text": "The Water Framework Directive (WFD)" } ], "data": { "url": "https://water.europa.eu/freshwater/europe-freshwater/water-framework-directive" }, "type": "link" }, { "text": " is the main legislative framework protecting European waters. One key purpose of the WFD is that all water bodies should be at \u201cgood status\u201d \u2014 to prevent further deterioration of aquatic ecosystems and their water needs and protect and enhance their status. " }, { "children": [ { "text": "The Floods Directive" } ], "data": { "url": "https://water.europa.eu/freshwater/europe-freshwater/floods-directive" }, "type": "link" }, { "text": ", which encourages the development of flood risk management plans, also significantly supports the objectives of the WFD. Other relevant directives include " }, { "children": [ { "text": "the Urban Waste Water Directive, " } ], "data": { "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/environment/water/water-urbanwaste/legislation/directive_en.htm" }, "type": "link" }, { "text": "" }, { "children": [ { "text": "the Nitrates Directive," } ], "data": { "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/environment/water/water-nitrates/index_en.html" }, "type": "link" }, { "text": " " }, { "children": [ { "text": "the Drinking Water Directive" } ], "data": { "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/environment/water/water-drink/legislation_en.html" }, "type": "link" }, { "text": " and " }, { "children": [ { "text": "the Groundwater Directive. " } ], "data": { "url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:02006L0118-20140711" }, "type": "link" }, { "text": "" } ], "type": "p" } ] }, "fb9384d5-10a5-41fa-83c3-2e691de73f2c": { "@type": "slate", "plaintext": "Protection of Europe's seas is ensured mainly through the Marine Strategy Framework Directive and supported by more targeted legislation such as the Bathing Water Directive . As most of the pressures originate from economic activities, other EU iniatives, including those on circular economy, clean energy and safe chemics under the European Green Deal, play a key role in ensuring a sustainable use of marine and freshwater resources. ", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "Protection of Europe's seas is ensured mainly through " }, { "children": [ { "text": "the Marine Strategy Framework Directive " } ], "data": { "url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32008L0056" }, "type": "link" }, { "text": "and supported by more targeted legislation such as " }, { "children": [ { "text": "" }, { "children": [ { "text": "" } ], "type": "strong" }, { "text": "" } ], "data": { "url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32008L0056" }, "type": "link" }, { "text": "" }, { "children": [ { "text": "the Bathing Water Directive" } ], "data": { "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/environment/water/water-bathing/index_en.html" }, "type": "link" }, { "text": ". As most of the pressures originate from economic activities, other EU iniatives, including those on circular economy, clean energy and safe chemics under the European Green Deal, play a key role in ensuring a sustainable use of marine and freshwater resources." }, { "children": [ { "text": "" } ], "data": { "url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32008L0056" }, "type": "link" }, { "text": "\r" } ], "type": "p" } ] } }, "blocks_layout": { "items": [ "89ab3b02-620f-4360-9a62-0577a4d2143e", "bc1c0647-fe89-4764-8bf0-145c7fca1332", "fb9384d5-10a5-41fa-83c3-2e691de73f2c", "231c634d-96cd-4f1f-a367-0b5056437796", "0d447e0a-77ef-456a-8dff-0debfb07c774" ] }, "title": "EU action" }, "fa515f0c-9ab0-493c-b4cd-58a32dfaae0a": { "@type": "tab", "blocks": { "264cc7d8-147d-4757-8b3b-ea682f4bff01": { "@type": "slate", "plaintext": "Only 37% of Europe\u2019s surface water bodies achieved \u2018good\u2019 or \u2018high\u2019 ecological status, a measure of aquatic ecosystem health, under EU\u2019s Water Framework Directive and only 29% achieved \u2018good\u2019 chemical status over the 2015-2021 period, according to data reported by EU Member States. 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Average sea surface temperature increased by between 0.2\u00b0C ad 0.5\u00b0C per decade since 1981.", "value": [ { "children": [ { "children": [ { "text": "Only " }, { "children": [ { "text": "37% of Europe\u2019s surface water bodies" } ], "data": { "url": "../../../../resolveuid/60017dc70b094a45b1196d8e6edf1494" }, "type": "link" }, { "text": " achieved \u2018good\u2019 or \u2018high\u2019\u00a0" }, { "children": [ { "text": "ecological status," } ], "type": "b" }, { "text": "\u00a0a measure of aquatic ecosystem health, under EU\u2019s Water Framework Directive and only 29% achieved \u2018good\u2019\u00a0" }, { "children": [ { "text": "chemical status" } ], "type": "b" }, { "text": "\u00a0over the 2015-2021 period, according to data reported by EU Member States.\u00a0" } ], "type": "li" }, { "children": [ { "text": "Europe\u2019s\u00a0" }, { "children": [ { "text": "groundwaters" } ], "type": "b" }, { "text": "\u00a0fare better than surface waters, with 77% being in good chemical status and in terms of supply, 91% of groundwaters are reported to be in good quantitative status. But problems remain in terms of pollution by pesticides and nutrients.\u00a0" }, { "children": [ { "text": "" } ], "type": "strong" }, { "text": "" } ], "type": "li" }, { "children": [ { "text": "" }, { "children": [ { "text": "" } ], "type": "strong" }, { "text": "" }, { "children": [ { "text": "Agriculture" } ], "type": "strong" }, { "text": " remains an important user and source of pollution. It was responsible for 59% of total freshwater use in Europe in 2017. 22% of Europe\u2019s surface water bodies and 28% of the groundwater area are " }, { "children": [ { "text": "significantly affected by diffuse pollution from agriculture, both by nutrients and pesticides." } ], "data": { "url": "https://www.eea.europa.eu/highlights/pollution-and-barriers-are-key" }, "type": "link" }, { "text": " " } ], "type": "li" }, { "children": [ { "text": "" }, { "children": [ { "text": "Groundwater" } ], "data": { "url": "https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/europes-groundwater/europes-groundwater" }, "type": "link" }, { "text": " supplies 65%\u00a0of drinking water and 25%\u00a0of water for agricultural irrigation in the 27 EU Member States." } ], "type": "li" }, { "children": [ { "text": "" }, { "children": [ { "text": "" } ], "type": "strong" }, { "text": "" }, { "children": [ { "text": "Ocean acidity" } ], "data": { "url": "../../../../resolveuid/322a65aed6224538b4aae23b1d93fcad" }, "type": "link" }, { "text": " increased by 30% since the 1980s due to " }, { "children": [ { "text": "climate change" } ], "type": "strong" }, { "text": ", and models predict further acidification. Average sea surface temperature increased by between 0.2\u00b0C ad 0.5\u00b0C per decade since 1981. \r" } ], "type": "li" } ], "type": "ul" } ] }, "2a588b2a-e54f-42dd-844c-77edec6a9c6f": { "@type": "slate", "plaintext": "Compared with many parts of the world, Europe has still relatively abundant freshwater resources. However, these resources are not evenly distributed across the continent. In fact, according to our state of water report , water stress is already occurring in Europe, where the demand exceeds the available supply for a certain period. Water stress affects 20% of Europe's territory and 30% of the population every year, figures that are likely to increase in the future due to climate change.", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "Compared with many parts of the world, Europe has still relatively abundant " }, { "children": [ { "text": "freshwater " } ], "type": "strong" }, { "text": "resources. However, these resources are not evenly distributed across the continent. In fact, according to our " }, { "children": [ { "text": "" }, { "children": [ { "text": "state of water report" } ], "type": "strong" }, { "text": "" } ], "data": { "url": "https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/analysis/publications/europes-state-of-water-2024?activeTab=803123fd-75c0-4752-b7b6-793e28895722" }, "type": "link" }, { "text": ", water stress is already occurring in Europe," }, { "children": [ { "text": "" } ], "type": "strong" }, { "text": " where the demand exceeds the available supply for a certain period. Water stress affects 20% of Europe's territory and 30% of the population every year, figures that are likely to increase in the future due to climate change.\r" } ], "type": "p" } ] }, "65a3fb97-5a2e-436d-9a10-c4a26d33f3d0": { "@type": "callToActionBlock", "href": "https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/advanced-search?size=n_10_n&filters%5B0%5D%5Bfield%5D=topic&filters%5B0%5D%5Bvalues%5D%5B0%5D=Water&filters%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=any&filters%5B1%5D%5Bfield%5D=readingTime&filters%5B1%5D%5Bvalues%5D%5B0%5D%5Bname%5D=All&filters%5B1%5D%5Bvalues%5D%5B0%5D%5BrangeType%5D=fixed&filters%5B1%5D%5Btype%5D=any&filters%5B2%5D%5Bfield%5D=language&filters%5B2%5D%5Bvalues%5D%5B0%5D=en&filters%5B2%5D%5Btype%5D=any&filters%5B3%5D%5Bfield%5D=objectProvides&filters%5B3%5D%5Bvalues%5D%5B0%5D=Indicator&filters%5B3%5D%5Btype%5D=any&filters%5B4%5D%5Bfield%5D=issued.date&filters%5B4%5D%5Bvalues%5D%5B0%5D=All%20time&filters%5B4%5D%5Btype%5D=any&sort-field=issued.date&sort-direction=desc", "styles": { "align": "right", "theme": "secondary" }, "text": "See our water indicators" }, "aecac1e1-15ad-4860-a5b8-b7fc03046126": { "@type": "slate", "plaintext": "", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "\r" } ], "type": "p" } ] }, "c323906f-96c7-49aa-8374-d8b7589d8c63": { "@type": "slate", "plaintext": " Climate change is also projected to decrease the availability of water in Europe, putting additional pressure on southern regions already facing water stress. Other parts of Europe are expected to face more frequent flooding events , while low-lying regions are at risk from storm surges and sea level rise. Cities and regions are at the forefront of actions on the ground and are implementing measures ranging from leakage reduction and water reuse to incorporating blue and green areas in urban areas to minimise flooding risks and water damage.", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "" }, { "children": [ { "text": "Climate change" } ], "type": "strong" }, { "text": " is also projected to decrease the availability of water in Europe, putting additional pressure on southern regions already facing water stress. Other parts of Europe are expected to face more frequent " }, { "children": [ { "text": "flooding events" } ], "type": "strong" }, { "text": ", while low-lying regions are at risk from storm surges and sea level rise. 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Navigation title
Short name water
workflow
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EEA core metadata
Topics Water
Temporal coverage {}
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Urban waste water treatment

Here you can find an overview of information about urban waste water treatment (or “sewage treatment”). Map and data products are based on reporting under the Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive.