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"plaintext": "The EU soil strategy for 2030 reiterates the general zero pollution ambition: by 2050, soil pollution should be reduced to levels no longer considered harmful to human health and the environment ( EC, 2021 ). It also prioritises pollution prevention at source, aligning with the zero pollution hierarchy. Moreover, the European Commission is preparing to propose a soil health law with legally binding provisions, such as the requirement to identify and remediate contaminated sites.",
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"text": "\u00a0reiterates the general zero pollution ambition: by 2050, soil pollution should be reduced to levels no longer considered harmful to human health and the environment ("
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"text": "). It also prioritises pollution prevention at source, aligning with the zero pollution hierarchy. Moreover, the European Commission is preparing to propose a soil health law with legally binding provisions, such as the requirement to identify and remediate contaminated sites."
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"plaintext": "Map 7 shows the areas in which soil metal content exceeds critical levels in terms of ecotoxicological effects on soil organisms. Critical limits for copper and zinc are exceeded in 23% and 18% of the EU-27\u2019s arable lands assessed, respectively. This means that the amounts of these metals in soils are too high in a significant area ( De Vries et al., 2022 ).",
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"text": "Map 7 shows the areas in which soil metal content exceeds critical levels in terms of ecotoxicological effects on soil organisms. Critical limits for copper and zinc are exceeded in 23% and 18% of the EU-27\u2019s arable lands assessed, respectively. This means that the amounts of these metals in soils are too high in a significant area ("
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"plaintext": "Orgiazzi, A., et al., 2022, \u2018LUCAS soil biodiversity and LUCAS soil pesticides, new tools for research and policy development\u2019, European Journal of Soil Science 73(5), e13299 ( https://doi.org/10.1111/ejss.13299 ).",
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"plaintext": "Zhu, Y., et al., 2020, \u2018Accumulation and potential sources of heavy metals in soils of the Hetao area, Inner Mongolia, China\u2019, Pedosphere 30(2), pp. 244-252 ( https://doi.org/10.1016/S1002-0160(17)60306-0 ).",
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"plaintext": "Soil is essential for all terrestrial ecosystems and their biodiversity. An active and healthy biological soil ecosystem with a diversity of soil animals and microbes is needed to make sufficient nutrients available, and to decompose, filter and/or immobilise pollutants. Soil\u2019s biochemical capacity is key to allowing terrestrial ecosystems to thrive; it also largely determines how contaminants are transported to lower soil layers with the percolating soil water.",
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"text": "Soil is essential for all terrestrial ecosystems and their biodiversity. An active and healthy biological soil ecosystem with a diversity of soil animals and microbes is needed to make sufficient nutrients available, and to decompose, filter and/or immobilise pollutants. Soil\u2019s biochemical capacity is key to allowing terrestrial ecosystems to thrive; it also largely determines how contaminants are transported to lower soil layers with the percolating soil water."
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"text": "Pollutants can enter soil through various pathways, including atmospheric deposition (e.g. of heavy metals, nitrogen), direct application (e.g. of synthetic fertilisers, manure, pesticides, sludges, waste) and accidents (e.g. spills at industrial sites). These contaminants affect soil in four ways:"
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"plaintext": " Cadmium is a toxic heavy metal that largely contaminates soil via mineral fertilisers (which account for around 43% of contamination). It does not exceed critical limits ( De Vries et al., 2022 ). However, soil cadmium levels are slightly increasing in areas with calcareous soils and/or low precipitation inputs (Map 8). This may lead to long-term negative effects on the quality of food, groundwater and surface waters.",
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"plaintext": "It is clear that soil ecosystems play an important role in transporting these pollutants into waterways; for example, only 60-65% of the nitrogen applied to agricultural land in Europe is taken up by crops ( De Vries et al., 2022 ). Nutrient deposition (primarily ammonia from agriculture) on land also harms a significant proportion of EU terrestrial habitats.",
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