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"plaintext": "Scientific evidence of the multiple benefits of NBS is rapidly expanding, but the approach is still new. Unfamiliarity with measures, and uncertainty about the results, may hamper uptake at a wider scale. Socio-economic aspects and cost considerations are crucial due to their key roles in securing stakeholder buy-in and attracting private investments.",
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"plaintext": "In 2021, a four-step framework for assessing the scaling potential of NBS (Figure 1) was suggested and tested on six of the 97 available cases (see figure in ETC-CA, 2022). Cases were selected based on their relevance to ecosystem restoration and stakeholder involvement (step 1). The socioeconomic barriers and enablers of scaling these cases were then identified by considering the assessed societal, economic and environmental benefits (step 2). Steps 3 and 4 require quantitative geo-physical analysis beyond the scope of this study and, therefore, were not included.",
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"text": "In 2021, a four-step framework for assessing the scaling potential of NBS (Figure 1) was suggested and tested on six of the 97 available cases (see figure in ETC-CA, 2022). Cases were selected based on their relevance to ecosystem restoration and stakeholder involvement (step 1). The socioeconomic barriers and enablers of scaling these cases were then identified by considering the assessed societal, economic and environmental benefits (step 2). Steps 3 and 4 require quantitative geo-physical analysis beyond the scope of this study and, therefore, were not included."
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"plaintext": "The case studies show that NBS are adopted across a wide range of issues and regions. Their strength lies in a stakeholder-driven multidimensional approach aimed at increasing biodiversity and, at the same time, delivering multiple socio-economic benefits. The urgent need to adapt to climate change may be a powerful driver for enhancing biodiversity in urban and rural settings, and outside protected areas. The extent to which NBS can deliver on this promise will depend on systemic application beyond the local scale.",
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"text": "The case studies show that NBS are adopted across a wide range of issues and regions. Their strength lies in a stakeholder-driven multidimensional approach aimed at increasing biodiversity and, at the same time, delivering multiple socio-economic benefits. The urgent need to adapt to climate change may be a powerful driver for enhancing biodiversity in urban and rural settings, and outside protected areas. The extent to which NBS can deliver on this promise will depend on systemic application beyond the local scale."
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"plaintext": "The briefing synthesises information from two earlier reports by the European Topic Centre on Climate Change Adaptation (ETC-CA), focusing on applied assessment frameworks (ETC/CCA, 2021) and upscaling potential (ETC-CA, 2022) for NBS.",
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"text": "The briefing synthesises information from two earlier reports by the European Topic Centre on Climate Change Adaptation (ETC-CA), focusing on applied assessment frameworks (ETC/CCA, 2021) and upscaling potential (ETC-CA, 2022) for NBS."
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"plaintext": "Figure 2. Assessment approaches in selected NBS cases",
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"text": "Figure 2. Assessment approaches in selected NBS cases"
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"plaintext": "\u2018Scaling out\u2019 replicates an NBS in a similar context with minor adjustments. \u2018Scaling up\u2019 applies where the approach needs to be substantially adapted, e.g. addressing regulatory barriers at the regional, national or European level. Finally, \u2018scaling deep\u2019 tackles the predominant socio-economic drivers of biodiversity loss and landscape degradation, and may include changes in values, policies and institutions. This is effectively a sustainability transition at landscape level.",
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"text": "\u2018Scaling out\u2019 replicates an NBS in a similar context with minor adjustments. \u2018Scaling up\u2019 applies where the approach needs to be substantially adapted, e.g. addressing regulatory barriers at the regional, national or European level. Finally, \u2018scaling deep\u2019 tackles the predominant socio-economic drivers of biodiversity loss and landscape degradation, and may include changes in values, policies and institutions. This is effectively a sustainability transition at landscape level."
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"plaintext": "More recently, the EC launched the draft Nature Restoration Law (EC, 2022) within the framework of the EU Biodiversity Strategy (EC, 2020a). It calls for legally binding restoration targets, particularly for the habitats in Annex I of the EU Habitats Directive, as well as for ecosystems with the highest potential to capture and store carbon and reduce the impacts of extreme climate events, such as forests and peatland .",
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"text": "More recently, the EC launched the draft Nature Restoration Law (EC, 2022) within the framework of the EU Biodiversity Strategy (EC, 2020a). It calls for legally binding restoration targets, particularly for the habitats in Annex I of the EU Habitats Directive, as well as for ecosystems with the highest potential to capture and store carbon and reduce the impacts of extreme climate events, such as forests and "
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"footnote": "The EC proposal was passed in the European Parliament (July 2023), with amendments. The final adoption by the European Council is pending. ",
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"plaintext": "The European Commission and international conservation organisations, e.g. the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), World Wildlife Fund (WWF), BirdLife International and Conservation International, have advocated for and supported community-led, ecosystem-based approaches for climate adaptation and/or ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction projects across the globe. The local implementation of these projects has shown that NBS require a broad range of stakeholders with different types of experience and expertise to work together. Even in the case of green roof regulations that seemingly bypass stakeholder engagement, there will typically be a pilot stage where buy-in, feasibility and effectiveness are tested.",
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"text": "The European Commission and international conservation organisations, e.g. the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), World Wildlife Fund (WWF), BirdLife International and Conservation International, have advocated for and supported community-led, ecosystem-based approaches for climate adaptation and/or ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction projects across the globe. The local implementation of these projects has shown that NBS require a broad range of stakeholders with different types of experience and expertise to work together. Even in the case of green roof regulations that seemingly bypass stakeholder engagement, there will typically be a pilot stage where buy-in, feasibility and effectiveness are tested."
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"text": "Related publications:"
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"plaintext": "Avoiding inequity",
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"plaintext": "The most common challenges for scaling are economic drivers (e.g. agricultural and forestry interests, investors and industrial development); and funding continuity, since all initiatives predominantly rely on public financial support. Furthermore, the inclusive governance and engagement of stakeholders with varying and sometimes opposing views is yet another challenge.",
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"text": "The most common challenges for scaling are economic drivers (e.g. agricultural and forestry interests, investors and industrial development); and funding continuity, since all initiatives predominantly rely on public financial support. Furthermore, the inclusive governance and engagement of stakeholders with varying and sometimes opposing views is yet another challenge."
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"plaintext": "Green roof implementation is comparably straightforward where basic conditions are met. River catchment management is more complex in terms of stakeholder buy-in, governance and coordination, and spatial planning. Paludiculture is arguably the most demanding, requiring a fundamental sectoral reorientation supported by spatial planning and infrastructure. As such, the cases represent different scaling challenges, but they all combine aspects of scaling up, scaling out and scaling deep. The Mecklenburg-West Pomerania case is at the pilot stage, while the Tullstorps\u00e5n case and the Hamburg case have started to scale out.",
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"text": "Green roof implementation is comparably straightforward where basic conditions are met. River catchment management is more complex in terms of stakeholder buy-in, governance and coordination, and spatial planning. Paludiculture is arguably the most demanding, requiring a fundamental sectoral reorientation supported by spatial planning and infrastructure. As such, the cases represent different scaling challenges, but they all combine aspects of scaling up, scaling out and scaling deep. The Mecklenburg-West Pomerania case is at the pilot stage, while the Tullstorps\u00e5n case and the Hamburg case have started to scale out."
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"text": "Gap of knowledge between private benefits to individual entities and broader social costs and benefits for communities. Time lags in achieving and observing benefits"
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"text": "Engagement with NBS technical and NBS economics experts to gather supporting evidence for robust business case development. Early cross-departmental collaboration including engaging with procurement and finance units. Consideration of alternative procurement and delivery mechanisms outside own procurement"
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"plaintext": "Assessing NBS performance (e.g. quantifying the multiple benefits and trade-offs of NBS) while following common standards, and using agreed-upon targets and indicators, is crucial for mainstreaming NBS into regulations, norms and plans (ETC/CCA, 2021). The resulting monitoring, evaluation and learning data can inform the development of policies aiming to mainstream NBS in land management and urban development. A lack of detailed and standardised assessment methods, reporting protocols and technical guidance is a major obstacle to scaling and replicating NBS. ",
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"text": "Assessing NBS performance (e.g. quantifying the multiple benefits and trade-offs of NBS) while following common standards, and using agreed-upon targets and indicators, is crucial for mainstreaming NBS into regulations, norms and plans (ETC/CCA, 2021). The resulting monitoring, evaluation and learning data can inform the development of policies aiming to mainstream NBS in land management and urban development. A lack of detailed and standardised assessment methods, reporting protocols and technical guidance is a major obstacle to scaling and replicating NBS."
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"plaintext": "What are nature-based solutions (NBS)?",
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"text": "What are nature-based solutions (NBS)?"
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"plaintext": "As climate-related hazards and their associated impacts are increasingly felt in Europe and around the globe, adaptation measures become more urgent. In 2013, the European Commission (EC) adopted its first Adaptation Strategy (EC, 2013). Building on the lessons from the 2013 strategy, the EC\u2019s second Adaptation Strategy, from 2021, calls for greater efforts to strengthen our resilience and preparedness for climate change. This includes more investments in NBS to generate benefits for climate adaptation and mitigation, disaster risk reduction, biodiversity and health (EC, 2021a; EIB, 2023).",
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"text": "As climate-related hazards and their associated impacts are increasingly felt in Europe and around the globe, adaptation measures become more urgent. In 2013, the European Commission (EC) adopted its first Adaptation Strategy (EC, 2013). Building on the lessons from the 2013 strategy, the EC\u2019s second Adaptation Strategy, from 2021, calls for greater efforts to strengthen our resilience and preparedness for climate change. This includes more investments in NBS to generate benefits for climate adaptation and mitigation, disaster risk reduction, biodiversity and health (EC, 2021a; EIB, 2023)."
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"plaintext": "Diffuse uptake of NBS has the advantage of the enabling approaches being tailored to local needs. \u00a0At the same time, this may lead to suboptimal and inconsistent approaches at the landscape scale. Furthermore, tapping into regional funding may be hampered by the lack of an overarching implementation strategy. To develop solutions on a regional scale, it is therefore essential to have a public or private coordinating body that facilitates integral planning at the regional scale, and cooperation with sectors and public authorities.",
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"plaintext": "Urbanisation exerts a variety of pressures on biodiversity (e.g. habitat fragmentation, destruction and disturbance) and may facilitate the spread of invasive species (Kronenberg et al., 2013). Green roofs can enhance urban ecosystems and thus mitigate biodiversity loss to some extent. They are also frequently implemented as part of climate adaptation plans due to their demonstrated capacity to reduce storm water run-off and mitigate heat island effects. Generally, green roofs provide benefits both to the public (e.g. rainwater storage) and to private users (e.g. thermal insulation and reduction of local stormwater fees). Hamburg is a pioneer in the development of a comprehensive Green Roof Strategy with the overall goal of developing 100 hectares (ha) of green roof surface in the metropolitan area. This will be implemented on existing and new buildings.",
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"text": "Urbanisation exerts a variety of pressures on biodiversity (e.g. habitat fragmentation, destruction and disturbance) and may facilitate the spread of invasive species (Kronenberg et al., 2013). Green roofs can enhance urban ecosystems and thus mitigate biodiversity loss to some extent. They are also frequently implemented as part of climate adaptation plans due to their demonstrated capacity to reduce storm water run-off and mitigate heat island effects. Generally, green roofs provide benefits both to the public (e.g. rainwater storage) and to private users (e.g. thermal insulation and reduction of local stormwater fees). Hamburg is a pioneer in the development of a comprehensive\u00a0"
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"plaintext": "The scaling potential of green roofs depends on awareness about this solution\u2019s economic advantages; willingness to invest and accept the corresponding legal requirements; and the availability of suitable roof surfaces. While the benefits of green roofs are well-known in the scientific community, the real estate market does not reflect or promote the long-term economic advantages of green roofs. These advantages include lower cooling and heating costs for upper floors, and lower roof maintenance costs that can compensate for the up-front cost of green roof installation (Clar and Steurer, 2021). This lack of awareness contributes to a low level of demand for such features in the real estate market, despite the incentives offered by the city. Hamburg municipality provides financial support, which partly compensates for the higher installation costs. It also offers reduced stormwater fees, recognising the public benefits of rainwater retention provided by green roofs (Clar and Steurer, 2021). However, these barriers have been addressed in new urbanisation areas, where planning regulations make green roofs obligatory for all buildings with flat roofs; but in these cases, only reduced stormwater fees are offered as incentives for their realisation (Clar and Steurer, 2021). Scaling green roof implementation is physically limited by the availability of adequate surfaces with the correct inclination and suitable construction. This restrains the widespread implementation of green roofs in existing urban areas, even in the case of planning regulations or bylaws. In fact, such obligations would become effective only in the case of re-building, restructuring or other building works requiring building licences.",
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"plaintext": "Paludiculture could, in theory, be implemented in many degraded peatlands. However, reversing agricultural land use is not easy, and some agricultural transformations may be irreversible. This calls for a clear assessment framework to evaluate the feasibility of paludiculture. Paludiculture remains a very recent NBS which has mostly been implemented in Germany and the Nordic countries. The scaling out of paludiculture is currently restrained by the limited demand for this new system and its products. Scaling up is limited by a few constraints, too. Specifically, rewetting peatland requires coordinated water management rules across all land users. Scaling up depends on market valorisation and value chains for the produced commodities (food, feed, fuel and fibre), and it requires specialised farming practices and technology. For scaling deep, paludiculture deployment would require support from a variety of actors. New policies could and should support transformation into paludiculture through a mix of regulations, subsidies and market instruments. Holistic approaches to value chain development, including financial incentives, would need to be designed and implemented. The public sector could also play a role in supporting private investment and risk-taking by developing guarantee mechanisms. Carbon markets can be a significant economic lever based on the mitigation benefits of peatland rewetting. Guidance on how to transfer criteria and quantification methods to other regions, in order to use extended carbon credits as a new instrument for financing peatland protection, is described in MoorFutures (Joosten et al., 2016).",
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"text": "Paludiculture could, in theory, be implemented in many degraded peatlands. However, reversing agricultural land use is not easy, and some agricultural transformations may be irreversible. This calls for a clear assessment framework to evaluate the feasibility of paludiculture. Paludiculture remains a very recent NBS which has mostly been implemented in Germany and the Nordic countries. The scaling out of paludiculture is currently restrained by the limited demand for this new system and its products. Scaling up is limited by a few constraints, too. Specifically, rewetting peatland requires coordinated water management rules across all land users. Scaling up depends on market valorisation and value chains for the produced commodities (food, feed, fuel and fibre), and it requires specialised farming practices and technology. For scaling deep, paludiculture deployment would require support from a variety of actors. New policies could and should support transformation into paludiculture through a mix of regulations, subsidies and market instruments. Holistic approaches to value chain development, including financial incentives, would need to be designed and implemented. The public sector could also play a role in supporting private investment and risk-taking by developing guarantee mechanisms. Carbon markets can be a significant economic lever based on the mitigation benefits of peatland rewetting. Guidance on how to transfer criteria and quantification methods to other regions, in order to use extended carbon credits as a new instrument for financing peatland protection, is described in MoorFutures (Joosten et al., 2016)."
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"plaintext": "In the federal state of Mecklenburg-West Pomerania, 291,361 ha are peatlands. Currently, 57% of the state\u2019s peatland area is used for agriculture and therefore drained, causing greenhouse gas emissions of 4.5MtCO 2 per year. Moreover, lowering the groundwater table leads to a large loss of water, exacerbating climate change impacts e.g. droughts. To address this situation, a technical strategy for implementing paludiculture was developed by the Mecklenburg-West Pomerania Ministry of Agriculture and the Environment in 2016/2017 (Greifswald Mire Centre, 2017). An interdisciplinary working group from nature conservation and agriculture, among others, discussed and accompanied the development process (Greifswald Mire Centre, 2017).",
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"text": "In the federal state of Mecklenburg-West Pomerania, 291,361 ha are peatlands. Currently, 57% of the state\u2019s peatland area is used for agriculture and therefore drained, causing greenhouse gas emissions of 4.5MtCO"
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"text": "\u00a0per year. Moreover, lowering the groundwater table leads to a large loss of water, exacerbating climate change impacts e.g. droughts. To address this situation, a technical strategy for implementing paludiculture was developed by the Mecklenburg-West Pomerania Ministry of Agriculture and the Environment in 2016/2017 (Greifswald Mire Centre, 2017). An interdisciplinary working group from nature conservation and agriculture, among others, discussed and accompanied the development process (Greifswald Mire Centre, 2017)."
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"plaintext": "As defined by the Greifswald Mire Center, \u2018paludiculture\u2019 is the productive land use of wet and rewetted peatlands that preserves peat soil and thereby minimises CO 2 emissions and subsidence (EU Peatlands & CAP Network, 2021). Paludiculture provides multiple benefits related to soil restoration, water retention and water quality by cultivating plants suited to very wet conditions. These include reeds, sedges, willows and peatland species. The produced biomass can be used for food, construction materials, biofuels and pharmaceuticals. Paludiculture has the potential to generate important climate mitigation and adaptation effects, as the restoration of water storage functions helps prevent inundations and droughts.",
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"plaintext": "The Tullstorp Stream Project is a stream catchment restoration project. Uniquely, it is operated by an association of all landowners along the stream, i.e. the Tullstorp Stream Economic Association (TSEA) (Tullstorps\u00e5 Projektet, 2023). Located in the southern plains of Sweden, a region known for its agricultural potential, the Tullstorp Stream (or Tullstorps\u00e5) is 30km long. The project takes a holistic approach to the entire 6,300ha catchment area. Since its inception in 2009, 39 wetlands and 10km of the stream have been restored by re-meandering, riverbed restoration, levelling riverbanks, creating buffer strips, flooding areas and planting trees. The project also led to the construction of multifunctional water reservoirs, recirculating irrigation and customising drainage. The goal of the Tullstorp restoration project is to achieve ecological benefits (consistent with the Water Framework Directive objectives) and economic benefits for landowners by making the territory more resilient to climate change. For this, several NBS have been implemented to reduce nutrient leaching into the Baltic Sea, protect the area from flooding and drought, improve ecological conditions in the catchment area, and make river management easier for landowners. While inundated floodplain areas can cause local crop losses, increased water retention can benefit agricultural production during long periods without rainfall (Wamsler et al., 2016).",
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"text": "The Tullstorp Stream Project is a stream catchment restoration project. Uniquely, it is operated by an association of all landowners along the stream, i.e. the Tullstorp Stream Economic Association (TSEA) (Tullstorps\u00e5 Projektet, 2023). Located in the southern plains of Sweden, a region known for its agricultural potential, the Tullstorp Stream (or Tullstorps\u00e5) is 30km long. The project takes a holistic approach to the entire 6,300ha catchment area. Since its inception in 2009, 39 wetlands and 10km of the stream have been restored by re-meandering, riverbed restoration, levelling riverbanks, creating buffer strips, flooding areas and planting trees. The project also led to the construction of multifunctional water reservoirs, recirculating irrigation and customising drainage. The goal of the Tullstorp restoration project is to achieve ecological benefits (consistent with the Water Framework Directive objectives) and economic benefits for landowners by making the territory more resilient to climate change. For this, several NBS have been implemented to reduce nutrient leaching into the Baltic Sea, protect the area from flooding and drought, improve ecological conditions in the catchment area, and make river management easier for landowners. While inundated floodplain areas can cause local crop losses, increased water retention can benefit agricultural production during long periods without rainfall (Wamsler et al., 2016)."
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"plaintext": "The scalability potential for this type of project is high, both in Sweden and across parts of northern Europe subject to similar climate challenges (EEA, 2021). The TSEA is already assisting landowners in another catchment area (the St\u00e5storp Stream) to scale out the approach. However, in different conditions, e.g. in drier areas or areas subjected to more extreme events, this approach may not be appropriate, or may come at a higher cost with lower benefits. To promote this type of NBS project, a multi-actor approach is needed to develop integrated catchment programmes and agree with landowners on compensations for potential yield loss. In the Tullstorps\u00e5n case, bottom-up processes driven by landowners from the start guaranteed a strong sense of ownership and buy-in, which enabled large-scale restoration measures to be implemented. The main barrier to scaling the project was the lack of funding: the measures taken are costly, and irrigation and drainage projects are not always considered in national funding programs (TSEA, 2020). With sufficient external funding, scaling out and scaling up is feasible. Large, publicly funded wetland restoration programs exist in the Netherlands, the UK and Germany, for example. Scaling deep, i.e. the structural integration of the measures in mainstream agricultural practice, would require fundamentally different economic incentives and consumption patterns, as well as corresponding regulations. This would contribute to climate-proofing agriculture on a larger scale and to food security.",
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"text": "The scalability potential for this type of project is high, both in Sweden and across parts of northern Europe subject to similar climate challenges (EEA, 2021). The TSEA is already assisting landowners in another catchment area (the St\u00e5storp Stream) to scale out the approach. However, in different conditions, e.g. in drier areas or areas subjected to more extreme events, this approach may not be appropriate, or may come at a higher cost with lower benefits. To promote this type of NBS project, a multi-actor approach is needed to develop integrated catchment programmes and agree with landowners on compensations for potential yield loss. In the Tullstorps\u00e5n case, bottom-up processes driven by landowners from the start guaranteed a strong sense of ownership and buy-in, which enabled large-scale restoration measures to be implemented. The main barrier to scaling the project was the lack of funding: the measures taken are costly, and irrigation and drainage projects are not always considered in national funding programs (TSEA, 2020). With sufficient external funding, scaling out and scaling up is feasible. Large, publicly funded wetland restoration programs exist in the Netherlands, the UK and Germany, for example. Scaling deep, i.e. the structural integration of the measures in mainstream agricultural practice, would require fundamentally different economic incentives and consumption patterns, as well as corresponding regulations. This would contribute to climate-proofing agriculture on a larger scale and to food security."
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"plaintext": "EIB, 2023, Investing in nature-based solutions: state of play and way forward for public and private financial measures in Europe, European Investment Bank.",
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"text": "EIB, 2023, Investing in nature-based solutions: state of play and way forward for public and private financial measures in Europe, European Investment Bank."
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