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"plaintext": "EC, 2020, \u2018Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, Chemicals Strategy for Sustainability Towards a Toxic-Free Environment\u2019 ( https://environment.ec.europa.eu/strategy/chemicals-strategy_en ) accessed 20 December 2024.",
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"@type": "slate",
"plaintext": "OECD, 2024, Synthesis report on understanding Perfluoropolyethers (PFPEs) and their life cycle, OECD Series on Risk Management of Chemicals, OECD Publishing, Paris ( https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/synthesis-report-on-understanding-perfluoropolyethers-pfpes-and-their-life-cycle_99ee2d3e-en.html ) accessed 20 December 2024. ",
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"text": " OECD Series on Risk Management of Chemicals, OECD Publishing, Paris ("
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"@type": "slate",
"plaintext": "OECD, 2022, Synthesis Report on Understanding Side-Chain Fluorinated Polymers and Their Life Cycle, OECD Series on Risk Management of Chemicals, OECD Publishing, Paris ( https://one.oecd.org/document/ENV/CBC/MONO(2022)35/en/pdf ) accessed 20 December 2024.",
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"text": " OECD Series on Risk Management of Chemicals, OECD Publishing, Paris ("
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"plaintext": "Lohmann R., et al., 2020, \u2018Are Fluoropolymers Really of Low Concern for Human and Environmental Health and Separate from Other PFAS?\u2019 Environmental Science & Technology 54 (20), pp. 12820-12828 ( https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c03244 ) accessed 20 December 2024.",
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"plaintext": "ETC/WMGE & ETC/CME, 2021, Fluorinated polymers in a low carbon, circular and toxic-free economy , Technical report, Eionet Report - ETC/WMGE 2021/9 ( https://www.eionet.europa.eu/etcs/etc-wmge/products/etc-wmge-reports/fluorinated-polymers-in-a-low-carbon-circular-and-toxic-free-economy ) accessed 30 January 2025.",
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"plaintext": "Identifiers for EEA Briefing 04/2025\nTitle: PFAS polymers in focus: supporting Europe\u2019s zero pollution, low-carbon and circular economy ambitions HTML: TH-01-25-008-EN-Q - ISBN: 978-92-9480-712-0 - ISSN: 2467-3196 - doi: 10.2800/0087006",
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"plaintext": "PFAS polymers currently have important uses in a wide range of systems and specificities, including green technologies, medical devices, defence and aerospace. In general, they help increase the durability and performance of products, which creates benefits for society. However, as illustrated in this briefing, the PFAS life cycle can also potentially impact on the environment and human health, with some also being linked to climate change. These effects bring their overall benefits into question. This briefing also underlines the need to address the different types of impacts caused at the different life-cycle steps of PFAS polymer production, use and end-of-life, so that important impacts are not overlooked.",
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"plaintext": "Very few studies have investigated which substances are formed and in what quantities when PFAS containing waste is burned in incineration plants or during uncontrolled burning of waste. Laboratory studies and material performance tests clearly show that a variety of fluorinated gases and acids such as trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) are formed at temperatures below about 1000\u00b0C (ETC/WMGE & ETC/CME, 2021). These studies indicate that complete breakdown to hydrogen fluoride (HF) occurs at high temperatures (1050-1400\u00b0C). However, the EU Waste Incineration Directive (EU, 2000) only requires a temperature of just 850\u00b0C for non-hazardous waste, which suggests that PFAS polymers may not be fully degraded in waste incineration facilities. One study reports that the incineration of specific fluoropolymers could account for up to 14% of the TFA burden in rainwater (Cui et al. 2019). Another study claimed to have found a very high degree of mineralisation (complete break-down) of the PFAS polymers during incineration under optimum conditions at two temperature settings of 860\u00b0C and 1095\u00b0C (Gehrmann et al., 2024). This study, however, did not account for 30% of the PFAS contained in the incinerated waste. The conclusion is that we still don\u2019t know to what extent PFAS polymers are degraded to smaller and potentially more bioavailable PFAS compounds when burned in waste incineration facilities across Europe . TFA is now widely found in rainwater and drinking water across the globe (Arp et al., 2024). However, based on our limited knowledge and conflicting results, it is currently not known if the incineration of waste products containing PFAS is a significant contributor to this pollution.",
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"text": "Very few studies have investigated which substances are formed and in what quantities when PFAS containing\u00a0"
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"text": "waste is burned in incineration plants"
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"text": "\u00a0or during uncontrolled burning of waste. Laboratory studies and material performance tests clearly show that a variety of fluorinated gases and acids such as trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) are formed at temperatures below about 1000\u00b0C (ETC/WMGE & ETC/CME, 2021). These studies indicate that complete breakdown to hydrogen fluoride (HF) occurs at high temperatures (1050-1400\u00b0C). However, the EU Waste Incineration Directive (EU, 2000) only requires a temperature of just 850\u00b0C for non-hazardous waste, which suggests that PFAS polymers may not be fully degraded in waste incineration facilities. One study reports that the incineration of specific fluoropolymers could account for up to 14% of the TFA burden in rainwater (Cui et al. 2019). Another study claimed to have found a very high degree of mineralisation (complete break-down) of the PFAS polymers during incineration under optimum conditions at two temperature settings of 860\u00b0C and 1095\u00b0C (Gehrmann et al., 2024). This study, however, did not account for 30% of the PFAS contained in the incinerated waste. The conclusion is that we still don\u2019t know to what extent PFAS polymers are degraded to smaller and potentially more bioavailable PFAS compounds when burned in waste incineration facilities across Europe"
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"footnote": "The text on incineration of PFAS containing waste has been amended in September 2025 as a result of newer publications that challenge the conclusions in the Gehrman et al. study.",
"label": "The text on incineration of PFAS containing waste has been amended in September 2025 as a result of newer publications that challenge the conclusions in the Gehrman et al. study.",
"value": "The text on incineration of PFAS containing waste has been amended in September 2025 as a result of newer publications that challenge the conclusions in the Gehrman et al. study.",
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"text": ". TFA is now widely found in rainwater and drinking water across the globe (Arp et al., 2024). However, based on our limited knowledge and conflicting results, it is currently not known if the incineration of waste products containing PFAS is a significant contributor to this pollution."
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