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"plaintext": "Changing conditions (temperature, drought, heavier rains and increasing storminess) also make forests more vulnerable to insect disturbances and diseases, which affect over 10,000km 2 annually (Forzieri et al., 2023). Since 2018, due to the prolonged number and severity of drought events experienced in central Europe, forest tree health has deteriorated, leading to severe bark beetle infestation and increased tree mortality (EEA, 2023). The resulting dead trees are more flammable and are at greater risk of catching fire during the first years after dying (Hartmann et al., 2022). However, this risk is temporary. Once fallen trees decay, fire risk declines, partly because large lying deadwood in the higher stages of decay absorbs and holds water and so poses no higher threat, potentially even lowering fire risk (Larjavaara et al., 2023). Deadwood is also an important carbon store and a habitat for biodiversity (Bauhus et al., 2018).",
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"text": " annually (Forzieri et al., 2023). Since 2018, due to the prolonged number and severity of drought events experienced in central Europe, forest tree health has deteriorated, leading to severe bark beetle infestation and increased tree mortality (EEA, 2023). The resulting dead trees are more flammable and are at greater risk of catching fire during the first years after dying (Hartmann et al., 2022). However, this risk is temporary. Once fallen trees decay, fire risk declines, partly because large lying deadwood in the higher stages of decay absorbs and holds water and so poses no higher threat, potentially even lowering fire risk (Larjavaara et al., 2023). Deadwood is also an important carbon store and a habitat for biodiversity (Bauhus et al., 2018)."
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"plaintext": "Table 1. Examples of NbS for fire-resilient landscapes",
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"plaintext": "NbS can support both fire risk management and post-fire restoration. Close-to-nature forest management can greatly reduce wildfire risk by reducing the fuel load in a forest, for example through grazing, agroforestry, deadwood management and prescribed fires (related to fuel management, see Figure 1). Close-to-nature forestry also aims to have diverse species, age and forest structure, which makes the forest more resilient and less fire prone. Post-fire management requires comprehensive forest restoration that includes natural or assisted natural regeneration, reforestation with diversified species, soil rehabilitation and hydrological rehabilitation. The diversification of landscape and of tree species can also increase forest resilience to other climate change threats, including pest outbreaks. Table 1 gives examples of NbS in forests focusing on fire management. These include promoting species diversity, assisting natural regeneration and expanding protected areas; these approaches help enable forests to adapt to climate change while maintaining ecological and economic functions. The selection of specific measures should consider future proofing, for example by prioritising native tree species that are also suitable for the expected future local climatic conditions.",
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"text": " can greatly reduce wildfire risk by reducing the fuel load in a forest, for example through grazing, agroforestry, deadwood management and prescribed fires (related to fuel management, see Figure 1). Close-to-nature forestry also aims to have diverse species, age and forest structure, which makes the forest more resilient and less fire prone. Post-fire management requires comprehensive "
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"text": " that includes natural or assisted natural regeneration, reforestation with diversified species, soil rehabilitation and hydrological rehabilitation. The diversification of landscape and of tree species can also increase forest resilience to other climate change threats, including pest outbreaks. Table 1 gives examples of NbS in forests focusing on fire management. These include promoting species diversity, assisting natural regeneration and expanding protected areas; these approaches help enable forests to adapt to climate change while maintaining ecological and economic functions. The selection of specific measures should consider future proofing, for example by prioritising native tree species that are also suitable for the expected future local climatic conditions. "
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"plaintext": "The European Environment Agency (EEA) would like to thank its partners from the European Environment Information and Observation Network (the EEA member countries (with comments from Hungary, Belgium, Poland, Croatia, Germany) and European Topic Centre on Climate change adaptation and LULUCF (ETC CA)), as well as the European Commission\u2019s directorates-general for the environment (ENV), climate action (CLIMA) and European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations (ECHO) for their valuable contributions and input.",
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"text": "The European Environment Agency (EEA) would like to thank its partners from the European Environment Information and Observation Network (the EEA member countries (with comments from Hungary, Belgium, Poland, Croatia, Germany) and European Topic Centre on Climate change adaptation and LULUCF (ETC CA)), as well as the European Commission\u2019s directorates-general for the environment (ENV), climate action (CLIMA) and European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations (ECHO) for their valuable contributions and input."
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},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Climate-ADAPT case study"
}
],
"data": {
"url": "https://climate-adapt.eea.europa.eu/en/metadata/case-studies/sustainable-climate-change-adaptation-of-the-forest-sector-in-the-province-of-soria-spain"
},
"type": "link"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": " "
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
}
]
},
{
"key": "5kt5t",
"type": "data",
"value": [
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": " "
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Fire risk."
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Pest outbreaks."
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Changing the growth patterns of trees and suitability of species."
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
}
]
},
{
"key": "13o7k",
"type": "data",
"value": [
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": " "
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Close-to-nature and adaptive forestry"
}
],
"type": "b"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Establishing mixed species composition."
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "b"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Prioritising fire-resistant vegetation"
}
],
"type": "b"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Introduction of broadleaved forest species into large coniferous forest stands."
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "b"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Grazing management"
}
],
"type": "b"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Managed grazing through alternating fenced off areas."
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "b"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Pheromone traps"
}
],
"type": "b"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Monitoring presence of insects, e.g. pine processionary moth."
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "b"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Natural and assisted natural regeneration"
}
],
"type": "b"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Animals are kept away to allow natural regrowth."
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "li"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Early detection of fires, based on watchtowers with guards, thermal cameras, smoke detection and visible camera."
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "li"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Forest fire crews for continuous fire prevention."
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "li"
}
],
"type": "ul"
}
]
},
{
"key": "cmd7t",
"type": "data",
"value": [
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "ophysical conditions:"
}
],
"type": "b"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Mixed tree composition of conifers and deciduous species"
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": " "
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Dominant species: "
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Pinus sylvestris"
}
],
"type": "i"
},
{
"text": " (Scots pine), "
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Pinus pinaster"
}
],
"type": "i"
},
{
"text": " (maritime pine), "
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Pinus nigra"
}
],
"type": "i"
},
{
"text": " (black pine), "
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Juniperus"
}
],
"type": "i"
},
{
"text": " "
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "thurifera"
}
],
"type": "i"
},
{
"text": " (Spanish juniper), "
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Fagus sylvatica"
}
],
"type": "i"
},
{
"text": " (European beech), "
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Quercus ilex"
}
],
"type": "i"
},
{
"text": " (holly oak), "
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Quercus"
}
],
"type": "i"
},
{
"text": " "
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "faginea"
}
],
"type": "i"
},
{
"text": " (Portuguese oak) and "
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Quercus"
}
],
"type": "i"
},
{
"text": " "
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "pyrenaica"
}
],
"type": "i"
},
{
"text": " (Pyrenean oak)"
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Socioeconomic conditions:"
}
],
"type": "b"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "High economic value of the forest."
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "li"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Natural space for recreational activities. "
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "b"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "li"
}
],
"type": "ul"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Governance conditions:"
}
],
"type": "b"
},
{
"text": " "
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Mosaic of private, public, industry and educational institutes."
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "li"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Forest managed by a group of owners (Montes des socios)."
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "li"
}
],
"type": "ul"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Success (+) and limiting (-) factors:"
}
],
"type": "b"
},
{
"text": " "
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "(+) Preserved forest wood and non-wood products, including resin production, mushrooms, truffles, hunting and extensive domestic livestock."
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "li"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "(+) Presence of the Association of Forest Owners of Soria (ASFOSO) to save mountains from abandonment and facilitating contact between private owners and the administrative authorities."
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "li"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "(-) Presence of agricultural areas bordering the forest (competing interests)."
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "li"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "(-) Lack of formal organisation of the shared ownership, left without a management body to make decisions."
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "li"
}
],
"type": "ul"
}
]
}
],
"key": "dc6fd"
},
{
"cells": [
{
"key": "4gp6v",
"type": "data",
"value": [
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "3. Wildfire risk reduction by landscape diversification in Deurnse Peel, southern Netherlands"
}
],
"type": "b"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "b"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Sources:"
}
],
"type": "b"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "LIFE Climate Forest"
}
],
"data": {
"url": "https://www.climateforest.eu/en/climate-smart-forest-management/"
},
"type": "link"
},
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "b"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "SUPERB Project"
}
],
"data": {
"url": "http://www.forest-restoration.eu/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Workplan_Netherlands_V1.0.pdf"
},
"type": "link"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": " "
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
}
]
},
{
"key": "c6mp7",
"type": "data",
"value": [
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Fire risk."
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Pest outbreaks."
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
}
]
},
{
"key": "30el1",
"type": "data",
"value": [
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Green infrastructure, green firebreaks, green corridors and buffer zones"
}
],
"type": "b"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Ecological corridors with deciduous/broadleaved forests."
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "b"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Reforestation and afforestation with native and diverse species"
}
],
"type": "b"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "In areas hit by pests."
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "b"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Close to-nature and adaptive forestry"
}
],
"type": "b"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Creating diverse mixed forests on landscape scale - broadleaved species and pine trees."
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
}
]
},
{
"key": "378p0",
"type": "data",
"value": [
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Biophysical conditions:"
}
],
"type": "b"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Dry sandy soils, poor of nutrition."
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "li"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Pine/fir/Douglas/Lork and different species of broad-leaved deciduous trees."
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "li"
}
],
"type": "ul"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Socioeconomic conditions:"
}
],
"type": "b"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Forests both managed as investment assets and public forests."
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "li"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Forest used for recreational activities."
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "li"
}
],
"type": "ul"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Governance conditions:"
}
],
"type": "b"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Different types of property regimes, including small-scale private owners and consortia of small-scale owners. "
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "li"
}
],
"type": "ul"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "\u00a0"
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Success (+) and limiting (-) factors:"
}
],
"type": "b"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "(+) Various environmental benefits of NbS related to the increase of biodiversity (insects, birds, mammals, vegetation)."
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "li"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "(+) NGO (de Bosgroep) supporting owners for forest management."
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "li"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "(+) Forest owners are obliged to reforest areas hit by pests."
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "li"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "(+) The state authorities as well as national authorities provide subsidies for reforestation of areas destroyed by pest infestation."
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "li"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "(+) Reforestation must consider suitability of single species under different future climate regimes"
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "li"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "(+/-) Strict conservation regimes for reforesting some natural areas."
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "li"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "(-) No forest transformation is possible without the consent of the owner."
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "li"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "(-) Lack of funds for implementing measures."
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "li"
}
],
"type": "ul"
}
]
}
],
"key": "5o1jd"
},
{
"cells": [
{
"key": "8057s",
"type": "data",
"value": [
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "4. Large-scale forest restoration solutions for resilience to multiple climate stressors in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany"
}
],
"type": "b"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "b"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Source:"
}
],
"type": "b"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "SUPERB Project"
}
],
"data": {
"url": "https://forest-restoration.eu/demo-area-north-rhine-westphalia/"
},
"type": "link"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": " "
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
}
]
},
{
"key": "1aunp",
"type": "data",
"value": [
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Wind, drought and subsequent European spruce bark beetle ("
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Ips typographus"
}
],
"type": "i"
},
{
"text": ") outbreaks."
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Spruce forests no longer suitable due to changing climate."
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
}
]
},
{
"key": "3m18p",
"type": "data",
"value": [
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Reforestation and afforestation with native and diverse species"
}
],
"type": "b"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "According to the \u201cfour tree species principle\u201d, i.e. suitable compositions of tree species according to the site typology and future climate suitability."
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Natural and assisted natural regeneration"
}
],
"type": "b"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "b"
},
{
"text": "Deer management."
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
}
]
},
{
"key": "9dufh",
"type": "data",
"value": [
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Biophysical conditions:"
}
],
"type": "b"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Dominating spruce stands following the demand for pit timber in the 19th century."
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "li"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Norway spruce ("
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Picea"
}
],
"type": "i"
},
{
"text": " "
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "abies"
}
],
"type": "i"
},
{
"text": ") and Scots pine ("
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Pinus"
}
],
"type": "i"
},
{
"text": " "
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "sylvestris"
}
],
"type": "i"
},
{
"text": ") replaced previously existing beech and mountain beech forests."
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "li"
}
],
"type": "ul"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Socioeconomic conditions:"
}
],
"type": "b"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Wood harvesting and hunting are the two main economic activities."
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "li"
}
],
"type": "ul"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Governance conditions:"
}
],
"type": "b"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Different types of forest owners, ranging from public (state and local authorities), to church and private owners."
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "li"
}
],
"type": "ul"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Success (+) and limiting (-) factors:"
}
],
"type": "b"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "(+) Preservation of various ecosystem services delivered by the forest (climate regulation; water regulation and supply; erosion control; habitat provision and recreation)."
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "li"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "(+) Expected increase in wood harvest (tangible only in 30 years or beyond)."
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "li"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "(+) All restoration measures are developed in cooperation with the landowners or the forest managers representing the landowners."
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "li"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "(+) Legal obligation for reforestation, supported by subsidies."
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "li"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "(-) Resource shortages (planting materials, skilled personnel, etc.) are challenging a full and timely reforestation."
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "li"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "(-) Many forest owners are financially unable to manage reforestation and lack income from forests."
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "li"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "(-) Large deer populations cause heavy browsing, which affects restoration success."
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "li"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "(-) Rigid rules apply to conservation sites, with conflicting restoration objectives in Natura2000 area."
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "li"
}
],
"type": "ul"
}
]
}
],
"key": "71hn7"
},
{
"cells": [
{
"key": "6hm5s",
"type": "data",
"value": [
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "5. Introducing mixed species to reduce the risk of spruce bark beetles in North Karelia, eastern Finland"
}
],
"type": "b"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "b"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Source:"
}
],
"type": "b"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "North Karelia Living Lab"
}
],
"data": {
"url": "https://www.eco2adapt.eu/living-labs/finland-ll"
},
"type": "link"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
}
]
},
{
"key": "cghg7",
"type": "data",
"value": [
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Increasing risk of pest outbreaks (increasing summer temperatures and longer growing season of bark beetle)."
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Significant damage caused by fire, storms and drought."
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
}
]
},
{
"key": "5jiej",
"type": "data",
"value": [
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Reforestation and afforestation with native and diverse species"
}
],
"type": "b"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Introducing broadleaved tree species to promote resilience and biodiversity."
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Close-to-nature and adaptive forestry"
}
],
"type": "b"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Sustainable forest management and biodiversity enhancement."
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Dead biomass management"
}
],
"type": "b"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Reduce the availability of habitat for bark beetles and improve habitats for predators."
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
}
]
},
{
"key": "d6tkm",
"type": "data",
"value": [
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Biophysical conditions:"
}
],
"type": "b"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Norway spruce ("
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Picea abies"
}
],
"type": "i"
},
{
"text": ") and Scots pine ("
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Pinus sylvestris"
}
],
"type": "i"
},
{
"text": ") forming varying mixtures with birch (Betula sp.)."
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "li"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
}
],
"type": "ul"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Socio-economic conditions:"
}
],
"type": "b"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "small"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Important nature destination."
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"plaintext": " Nature-based Solutions Adaptation in the forestry sector ",
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"plaintext": " A community of practice for the sustainable management of forests surrounding the Occhito Lake in Puglia, Italy Sustainable climate change adaptation of forestry in the province of Soria, Spain ",
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"057da90d-d41f-403c-a8d7-b16468353673": {
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"plaintext": "Rodrigo-Comino, J., et al., 2024, Introduction: FIRElinks, a Community for Society and Science , in: Fire Hazards: Socio-economic and Regional Issues, Springer International Publishing, Cham, Switzerland.",
"value": [
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Rodrigo-Comino, J., et al., 2024, "
},
{
"children": [
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"text": "Introduction: FIRElinks, a Community for Society and Science"
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],
"type": "i"
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"text": ", in: Fire Hazards: Socio-economic and Regional Issues, Springer International Publishing, Cham, Switzerland."
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"09808fe5-beca-4449-84c9-d58020428b80": {
"@type": "slate",
"plaintext": "Galizia, L.F., et al., 2021, \u2018Understanding fire regimes in Europe\u2019 International Journal of Wildland Fire 31 (1), pp. 56-66.",
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{
"children": [
{
"text": "Galizia, L.F., et al., 2021, \u2018Understanding fire regimes in Europe\u2019 "
},
{
"children": [
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"text": "International Journal of Wildland Fire"
}
],
"type": "i"
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"text": " 31 (1), pp. 56-66."
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],
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}
]
},
"0da7533c-b4aa-42e5-9a27-20ab56fbb8e6": {
"@type": "slate",
"plaintext": "Oom, D., et al., 2022, Pan-European wildfire risk assessment , JRC Report No JRC130136, JRC, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg (DOI: 10.2760/9429).",
"value": [
{
"children": [
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"text": "Oom, D., et al., 2022, "
},
{
"children": [
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"text": "Pan-European wildfire risk assessment"
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],
"type": "i"
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{
"text": ", JRC Report No JRC130136, JRC, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg (DOI: 10.2760/9429). "
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],
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},
"15e5accd-f670-4a08-a097-a7bcde35f515": {
"@type": "slate",
"plaintext": "Bar-Massada, A., et al., 2023, \u2018The wildland \u2013 urban interface in Europe: Spatial patterns and associations with socioeconomic and demographic variables\u2019, Landscape and Urban Planning 235, p. 104759 (DOI: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2023.104759).",
"value": [
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Bar-Massada, A., et al., 2023, \u2018The wildland \u2013 urban interface in Europe: Spatial patterns and associations with socioeconomic and demographic variables\u2019, "
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Landscape and Urban Planning"
}
],
"type": "i"
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{
"text": " 235, p. 104759 (DOI: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2023.104759)."
}
],
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}
]
},
"17cc12ab-ac4d-40ab-a94c-f284328686aa": {
"@type": "slate",
"plaintext": "Lier, M., et al., 2022, \u2018The new EU Forest strategy for 2030: a new understanding of sustainable forest management?\u2019, Forests 13 (2), p. 245.",
"value": [
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Lier, M., et al., 2022, \u2018The new EU Forest strategy for 2030: a new understanding of sustainable forest management?\u2019, "
},
{
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"text": "Forests"
}
],
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"text": " 13 (2), p. 245. "
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]
},
"19a47385-ce51-4e4e-b364-268d8433e44b": {
"@type": "slate",
"plaintext": "Heikkala, O., et al., 2014, \u2018Effects of retention level and fire on retention tree dynamics in boreal forests\u2019, Forest Ecology and Management 328, pp. 193-201 (DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2014.05.022).",
"value": [
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Heikkala, O., et al., 2014, \u2018Effects of retention level and fire on retention tree dynamics in boreal forests\u2019, "
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Forest Ecology and Management"
}
],
"type": "i"
},
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"text": " 328, pp. 193-201 (DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2014.05.022). "
}
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]
},
"1a8f56c7-c1fa-41c6-998e-cd6fc88134fd": {
"@type": "slate",
"plaintext": "UNDRR, 2020, Evolving Risk of Wildfires in Europe , E-STAG ( https://www.undrr.org/publication/evolving-risk-wildfires-europe-thematic-paper-european-science-technology-advisory ) accessed 29 September 2025.",
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"text": "Evolving Risk of Wildfires in Europe"
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"text": ", E-STAG"
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"text": "("
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"text": "https://www.undrr.org/publication/evolving-risk-wildfires-europe-thematic-paper-european-science-technology-advisory"
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"@type": "slate",
"plaintext": "Thorning, A., 2024, \u2018Co-operative forest owner associations - harmonized values for sustainable development?\u2019, Forest Policy and Economics 164 (DOI: 10.1016/j.forpol.2024.103237).",
"value": [
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Thorning, A., 2024, \u2018Co-operative forest owner associations - harmonized values for sustainable development?\u2019, "
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"children": [
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"text": "Forest Policy and Economics"
}
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"type": "i"
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"text": " 164 (DOI: 10.1016/j.forpol.2024.103237)."
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"@type": "slate",
"plaintext": "Curran, T. J., et al., 2018, \u2018Managing Fire and Biodiversity in the Wildland-Urban Interface: A Role for Green Firebreaks\u2019, Fire 1 (1), p. 3 (DOI: 10.3390/fire1010003).",
"value": [
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"children": [
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"text": "Curran, T. J., et al., 2018, \u2018Managing Fire and Biodiversity in the Wildland-Urban Interface: A Role for Green Firebreaks\u2019, "
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{
"children": [
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"text": "Fire"
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],
"type": "i"
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"text": " 1 (1), p. 3 (DOI: 10.3390/fire1010003)."
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]
},
"287521ff-0a94-41a3-adac-26d076180a4f": {
"@type": "slate",
"plaintext": "EC, 2015, Towards an EU Research and Innovation policy agenda for Nature-Based Solutions & Re-Naturing Cities, final report of the Horizon 2020 expert group on \u2018Nature-based solutions and re-naturing cities\u2019, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg.",
"value": [
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"text": "EC, 2015, "
},
{
"children": [
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"text": "Towards an EU Research and Innovation policy agenda for Nature-Based Solutions & Re-Naturing Cities,"
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],
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"text": " final report of the Horizon 2020 expert group on \u2018Nature-based solutions and re-naturing cities\u2019, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg."
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"plaintext": "Zuazo, V. H. D. and Pleguezuelo, C. R. R., 2009, \u2018Soil-Erosion and Runoff Prevention by Plant Covers: A Review\u2019, in: Lichtfouse, E., et al. (eds), Sustainable Agriculture, Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht.",
"value": [
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"children": [
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"text": "Zuazo, V. H. D. and Pleguezuelo, C. R. R., 2009, \u2018Soil-Erosion and Runoff Prevention by Plant Covers: A Review\u2019, in: Lichtfouse, E., et al. (eds), Sustainable Agriculture, Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht."
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"@type": "slate",
"plaintext": "van Hattum, T., et al., 2023, Imagining a nature-based future for Europe in 2120 : nature-based solutions at the heart of a visionary approach for accelerating the transition to a climate resilient and nature-positive future , Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands (DOI: 10.18174/637123).",
"value": [
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"children": [
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"text": "van Hattum, T., et al., 2023, "
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"text": "Imagining a nature-based future for Europe in 2120 : nature-based solutions at the heart of a visionary approach for accelerating the transition to a climate resilient and nature-positive future"
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"text": ", Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands (DOI: 10.18174/637123)."
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"plaintext": "Silva, R.G., et al., 2025, \u2018Sustainable Harvest/Collection Optimization of Residual Agro-Forestry Biomass including Wildfire Risk\u2019, Procedia Computer Science 253, pp. 3037-3048.",
"value": [
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"children": [
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"text": "Silva, R.G., et al., 2025, \u2018Sustainable Harvest/Collection Optimization of Residual Agro-Forestry Biomass including Wildfire Risk\u2019, "
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"plaintext": "Larjavaara, M., et al., 2023, Deadwood and Fire Risk in Europe - Knowledge Synthesis for Policy , JRC Report No JRC134562, JRC, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg (DOI:10.2760/553875).",
"value": [
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"text": "Larjavaara, M., et al., 2023, "
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"children": [
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"text": "Deadwood and Fire Risk in Europe - Knowledge Synthesis for Policy"
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"type": "i"
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"text": ", JRC Report No JRC134562, JRC, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg (DOI:10.2760/553875)."
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"plaintext": "Oliveras Menor, I., et al., 2025, \u2018Integrated fire management as an adaptation and mitigation strategy to altered fire regimes\u2019, Communications Earth & Environment 6 (1), p. 202.",
"value": [
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"children": [
{
"text": "Oliveras Menor, I., et al., 2025, \u2018Integrated fire management as an adaptation and mitigation strategy to altered fire regimes\u2019, "
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"text": "Communications Earth & Environment"
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"text": " 6 (1), p. 202."
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"plaintext": "Pulla, P., et al., 2013, Mapping the distribution of forest ownership in Europe , EFI Technical Report No 88, European Forest Institute EFI, Joenessu, Finland ( https://efi.int/sites/default/files/files/publication-bank/2018/tr_88.pdf ) accessed 29 September 2025.",
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"text": "Mapping the distribution of forest ownership in Europe"
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"text": ", EFI Technical Report No 88, European Forest Institute EFI, Joenessu, Finland ("
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"text": ") accessed 29 September 2025."
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"plaintext": "Oikonomou, D., et al., 2023, Grazing as a Management Tool in Mediterranean Pastures: A Meta-Analysis Based on A Literature Review\u2019, Land 12, p. 1290 (DOI: 10.3390/land12071290).",
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"text": "Oikonomou, D., et al., 2023, Grazing as a Management Tool in Mediterranean Pastures: A Meta-Analysis Based on A Literature Review\u2019, "
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"children": [
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"text": "Land"
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"text": "Planting (possibly native) vegetation less prone to fire risk, e.g. introducing broadleaved species into forests dominated by conifers. May also include planting fire-resistant crops and using hedgerows and other natural barriers to slow fire spread (agroecology and land stewardship)."
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