How are European forest ecosystems doing?

How are European forest ecosystems doing?

To sustain their multiple services, forests must be both resistant and resilient. Resistance refers to a forest’s ability to resist or withstand external pressures such as pests, disease or natural disturbances. Resilience refers to a forest’s ability to recover and adapt after a disturbance. Maintaining healthy forests requires a combination of strategies, including sustainable management practices, landscape-scale planning, and proactive efforts to address the impacts of climate change. This way, forests can continue to provide the many benefits that society depends on, both now and in the future.

Title How are European forest ecosystems doing?
Description To sustain their multiple services, forests must be both resistant and resilient. Resistance refers to a forest’s ability to resist or withstand external pressures such as pests, disease or natural disturbances. Resilience refers to a forest’s ability to recover and adapt after a disturbance. Maintaining healthy forests requires a combination of strategies, including sustainable management practices, landscape-scale planning, and proactive efforts to address the impacts of climate change. This way, forests can continue to provide the many benefits that society depends on, both now and in the future.
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It is equivalent to 1% of the EU-27 forest area dying yearly." } ], "type": "light" }, { "text": "" } ], "type": "p" } ], "icon": "ri-arrow-right-circle-line", "iconSize": "tiny", "imageSize": "big", "theme": "tertiary", "verticalAlign": "top" }, "41edc266-8cb2-46f5-bd50-c0461defebcc": { "@type": "item", "assetType": "icon", "description": [ { "children": [ { "text": "" }, { "children": [ { "text": "The current state of European forests is a mixed picture of improvement and deterioration." } ], "type": "light" }, { "text": "" } ], "type": "p" } ], "icon": "ri-arrow-right-circle-line", "iconSize": "tiny", "imageSize": "big", "theme": "tertiary", "verticalAlign": "top" }, "8e983c40-6248-456b-8c5a-052267d348d8": { "@type": "item", "assetType": "icon", "description": [ { "children": [ { "text": "" }, { "children": [ { "text": "Forest health monitoring at the European level estimates that one out of four trees shows moderately to severely damaging levels of defoliation. It also reveals that defoliation is increasing, which points to a critical condition." } ], "type": "light" }, { "text": "" } ], "type": "p" } ], "icon": "ri-arrow-right-circle-line", "iconSize": "tiny", "theme": "tertiary", "verticalAlign": "top" }, "97441611-c5a4-4109-bf13-7321a1683ae9": { "@type": "slate", "plaintext": " Key messages ", "styles": { "style_name": null }, "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "" }, { "children": [ { "style-primary": true, "style-secondary": true, "text": "Key messages" } ], "type": "light" }, { "text": "" } ], "type": "h2" } ] }, "d1fdb953-632c-4569-acd7-c22841a00692": { "@type": "item", "assetType": "icon", "description": [ { "children": [ { "text": "" }, { "children": [ { "text": "Recent management practices have been somewhat effective in improving forest conditions. 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Maes et al. (2020) identified improving trends for four forest indicators: deadwood, forest area, biomass volume and productivity (Figure 1). However, the authors also estimated that 47% of the EU\u2019s forests are exposed to at least three degradation drivers and 20% to at least four. The evaluation points to increased defoliation, supporting the estimates provided by ICP Forests for the last 20 years. Only 20% of forests are exposed to one or no degradation drivers.", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "Efforts are being made to improve forest conditions, with 42% of forests exhibiting at least four improvement indicators. Maes et al. (2020) identified improving trends for four forest indicators: deadwood, forest area, biomass volume and productivity (Figure 1). However, the authors also estimated that 47% of the EU\u2019s forests are exposed to at least three degradation drivers and 20% to at least four. 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{ "@type": "slate", "plaintext": "Poto\u010di\u0107, N., et al., 2021, Tree health is deteriorating in the European forests, ICP Forests Brief No 5, Programme Co-ordinating Centre of ICP Forests, Th\u00fcnen Institute of Forest Ecosystems ( https://doi.org/10.3220/ICP1638780772000 ).", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "Poto\u010di\u0107, N., et al., 2021, Tree health is deteriorating in the European forests, ICP Forests Brief No 5, Programme Co-ordinating Centre of ICP Forests, Th\u00fcnen Institute of Forest Ecosystems (" }, { "children": [ { "text": "https://doi.org/10.3220/ICP1638780772000" } ], "data": { "url": "https://doi.org/10.3220/ICP1638780772000" }, "type": "link" }, { "text": ")." } ], "type": "p" } ] }, "21c0b176-be4f-4afd-8722-fe809d1b1c9c": { "@type": "slate", "plaintext": "Senf, C., et al., 2021, \u2018Increasing canopy mortality affects the future demographic structure of Europe\u2019s forests\u2019, One Earth 4(5), pp. 749-755.", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "Senf, C., et al., 2021, \u2018Increasing canopy mortality affects the future demographic structure of Europe\u2019s forests\u2019, One Earth 4(5), pp. 749-755." } ], "type": "p" } ] }, "239acc89-e974-43e8-a042-691efba125a3": { "@type": "slate", "plaintext": "Kr\u00fcger, I. et al., 2020, Increased evidence of nutrient imbalances in forest trees across Europe, ICP Forests Brief No 4, Programme Co-ordinating Centre of ICP Forests, Th\u00fcnen Institute of Forest Ecosystems ( https://doi.org/10.3220/ICP1597824383000 ).", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "Kr\u00fcger, I. et al., 2020, Increased evidence of nutrient imbalances in forest trees across Europe, ICP Forests Brief No 4, Programme Co-ordinating Centre of ICP Forests, Th\u00fcnen Institute of Forest Ecosystems (" }, { "children": [ { "text": "https://doi.org/10.3220/ICP1597824383000" } ], "data": { "url": "https://doi.org/10.3220/ICP1597824383000" }, "type": "link" }, { "text": ")." } ], "type": "p" } ] }, "d375aa68-b292-4be1-b749-393f93734889": { "@type": "slate", "plaintext": "Patacca, M., et al., 2023, \u2018Significant increase in natural disturbance impacts on European forests since 1950\u2019, Global Change Biology 29(5), pp. 1359-1376.", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "Patacca, M., et al., 2023, \u2018Significant increase in natural disturbance impacts on European forests since 1950\u2019, Global Change Biology 29(5), pp. 1359-1376." } ], "type": "p" } ] }, "f3e97ed0-a13f-4b2c-837a-65bf1d033ab9": { "@type": "slate", "plaintext": "Maes, J., et al., 2020, Mapping and assessment of ecosystems and their services: an EU ecosystem assessment, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg ( https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC120383 ).", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "Maes, J., et al., 2020, Mapping and assessment of ecosystems and their services: an EU ecosystem assessment, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg (" }, { 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and increasing the resilience and biodiversity of existing forest ecosystems. The EU and its Member States are implementing various policies and initiatives that support forest restoration to achieve these goals. These include funding for reforestation and afforestation projects, support for sustainable forest management practices, and the development of green corridors and other landscape-scale approaches to forest restoration.", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "Under the European Green Deal, the EU has committed to planting 3 billion additional trees by 2030 and increasing the resilience and biodiversity of existing forest ecosystems. The EU and its Member States are implementing various policies and initiatives that support forest restoration to achieve these goals. These include funding for reforestation and afforestation projects, support for sustainable forest management practices, and the development of green corridors and other landscape-scale approaches to forest restoration." } ], "type": "p" } ] }, "60f7c5f5-7084-42a9-95d9-03220e09536d": { "@type": "slate", "plaintext": "The current state of European forests is a mixed picture of improvement and deterioration. Some indicators, such as structural indicators, biomass volume and productivity, suggest improving forest conditions. Yet others, such as defoliation, tree canopy mortality and deadwood, suggest critical conditions.", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "The current state of European forests is a mixed picture of improvement and deterioration. Some indicators, such as structural indicators, biomass volume and productivity, suggest improving forest conditions. Yet others, such as defoliation, tree canopy mortality and deadwood, suggest critical conditions." } ], "type": "p" } ] }, "616ecfa3-1f5f-4e48-94cf-acd784f2c46d": { "@type": "slate", "plaintext": "Sustainable forest management is critical to protecting European forests and ensuring their long-term health. This involves balancing forests' economic, social and ecological functions and ensuring that they are managed in a way that preserves their ecological integrity. Forest restoration is also essential, as it can help restore degraded forests and increase their capacity to sequester carbon and support biodiversity.", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "Sustainable forest management is critical to protecting European forests and ensuring their long-term health. This involves balancing forests' economic, social and ecological functions and ensuring that they are managed in a way that preserves their ecological integrity. Forest restoration is also essential, as it can help restore degraded forests and increase their capacity to sequester carbon and support biodiversity." } ], "type": "p" } ] }, "631581d0-f468-4012-a10c-c6e88e45579a": { "@layout": "607598fb-8980-4e0f-80a4-f044e4b6bc80", "@type": "columnsBlock", "block": "18c320ba-36f5-4c7b-8bb7-bd47aaae2e86", "data": { "blocks": { "83f1d648-4a5b-483d-84a6-d8f0ab97a118": { "blocks": { "06b6853a-e793-49ca-8980-f869ede92c12": { "@type": "slate", "plaintext": " SENSITIVITY\u00a0ANALYSIS OF ATTRIBUTABLE DEATHS DUE TO AIR POLLUTION ", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "" }, { "children": [ { "text": "SENSITIVITY\u00a0ANALYSIS OF ATTRIBUTABLE DEATHS DUE TO AIR POLLUTION" } ], "type": "light" }, { "text": "" } ], "type": "h3" } ] }, "118604d0-c397-4515-9dcc-fc96ce4687a6": { "@type": "slate", "plaintext": "Table 1 presents the potential additional attributable deaths and potential total attributable deaths by pollutant for the EU-27 and for the larger number of European countries included in the assessment.", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "Table 1 presents the potential additional attributable deaths and potential total attributable deaths by pollutant for the EU-27 and for the larger number of European countries included in the assessment." } ], "type": "p" } ] }, "394ebebc-2aa4-4823-b39b-f6c4b4b4fb19": { "@type": "slate", "plaintext": "However, there is no evidence of a threshold below which air pollution does not impact health. With this in mind, EEA has also performed a sensitivity analysis of attributable deaths for exposure to PM 2.5 and NO 2 at concentrations above 0 \u00b5g/m 3 . Deaths attributable to O 3 in the sensitivity analysis were calculated for exposure to concentrations above 20 \u00b5g/m 3 as previously recommended by the WHO. The level of uncertainty around these estimates is higher than for the estimates presented above.", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "However, there is no evidence of a threshold below which air pollution does not impact health. With this in mind, EEA has also performed a sensitivity analysis of attributable deaths for exposure to PM" }, { "children": [ { "text": "2.5" } ], "type": "sub" }, { "text": "\u00a0and NO" }, { "children": [ { "text": "2" } ], "type": "sub" }, { "text": "\u00a0at concentrations above 0 \u00b5g/m" }, { "children": [ { "text": "3" } ], "type": "sup" }, { "text": ". Deaths attributable to O" }, { "children": [ { "text": "3\u00a0" } ], "type": "sub" }, { "text": "in the sensitivity analysis were calculated for exposure to concentrations above 20 \u00b5g/m" }, { "children": [ { "text": "3" } ], "type": "sup" }, { "text": "\u00a0as previously recommended by the WHO. The level of uncertainty around these estimates is higher than for the estimates presented above." } ], "type": "p" } ] }, "39ecbaff-df63-4cc0-b99a-0c0cae542e28": { "@type": "slate", "plaintext": "Forest management is defined as managing forests to achieve the manager or owner\u2019s specific goals. For example, producing wood may involve thinning, harvesting and regeneration treatments. The well-known \u2018non-active management approach\u2019 may be more suitable for other management goals, such as recreation or conservation. Regardless of management practices and no matter how remote, all forests may be significantly affected by indirect human impacts. These include pollution, increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations, climate change and invasive alien species.", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "Forest management is defined as managing forests to achieve the manager or owner\u2019s specific goals. For example, producing wood may involve thinning, harvesting and regeneration treatments. The well-known \u2018non-active management approach\u2019 may be more suitable for other management goals, such as recreation or conservation. Regardless of management practices and no matter how remote, all forests may be significantly affected by indirect human impacts. These include pollution, increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations, climate change and invasive alien species." } ], "type": "p" } ] }, "71d33fd1-a6e5-4a43-83f6-0008e5708156": { "@type": "slate", "plaintext": "It is important to note that the attributable deaths presented above do not capture possible additional deaths caused by exposure to PM 2.5 and NO 2 concentrations below the WHO\u2019s 2021 guideline levels. The scientific evidence is less certain for exposures below WHO\u2019s guideline levels than for health impacts above them.", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "It is important to note that the attributable deaths presented above do not capture possible additional deaths caused by exposure to PM" }, { "children": [ { "text": "2.5" } ], "type": "sub" }, { "text": "\u00a0and NO" }, { "children": [ { "text": "2" } ], "type": "sub" }, { "text": "\u00a0concentrations below the WHO\u2019s 2021 guideline levels. The scientific evidence is less certain for exposures below WHO\u2019s guideline levels than for health impacts above them." } ], "type": "p" } ] }, "c5500566-473b-40a1-ae11-bb85ba3819c2": { "@type": "slate", "plaintext": "The EEA table Air Quality Health Risk Assessments presents estimates from 2005 to 2021 of the deaths attributable to exposure to PM 2.5 , NO 2 and O 3 for countries and the different groups of countries.", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "The EEA table\u00a0" }, { "children": [ { "text": "Air Quality Health Risk Assessments" } ], "data": { "url": "https://discomap.eea.europa.eu/App/AQViewer/index.html?fqn=Airquality_Dissem.hra.countries_sel" }, "type": "link" }, { "text": "\u00a0presents estimates from 2005 to 2021 of the deaths attributable to exposure to PM" }, { "children": [ { "text": "2.5" } ], "type": "sub" }, { "text": ", NO" }, { "children": [ { "text": "2" } ], "type": "sub" }, { "text": "\u00a0and O" }, { "children": [ { "text": "3\u00a0" } ], "type": "sub" }, { "text": "\u00a0for countries and the different groups of countries." } ], "type": "p" } ] }, "f66ed6d4-25c1-4b75-9006-8adbd6885687": { "@type": "slate", "plaintext": " Box 1. Forest management ", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "" }, { "children": [ { "text": "Box 1. Forest management" } ], "type": "light" }, { "text": "" } ], "type": "h3" } ] }, "undefined": { "@type": "slate", "plaintext": "It is important to note that the attributable deaths presented above do not capture possible additional deaths caused by exposure to PM 2.5 and NO 2 concentrations below the WHO\u2019s 2021 guideline levels. The scientific evidence is less certain for exposures below WHO\u2019s guideline levels than for health impacts above them.", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "It is important to note that the attributable deaths presented above do not capture possible additional deaths caused by exposure to PM" }, { "children": [ { "text": "2.5" } ], "type": "sub" }, { "text": "\u00a0and NO" }, { "children": [ { "text": "2" } ], "type": "sub" }, { "text": "\u00a0concentrations below the WHO\u2019s 2021 guideline levels. The scientific evidence is less certain for exposures below WHO\u2019s guideline levels than for health impacts above them." } ], "type": "p" } ] } }, "blocks_layout": { "items": [ "f66ed6d4-25c1-4b75-9006-8adbd6885687", "39ecbaff-df63-4cc0-b99a-0c0cae542e28" ] }, "settings": { "backgroundColor": "#f9f9f9", "padding": { "bottom": 20, "left": 20, "right": 20, "top": 20 } } }, "ce1cf559-f269-46e0-b44e-8d427f60658b": { "blocks": { "06b6853a-e793-49ca-8980-f869ede92c12": { "@type": "slate", "plaintext": " SENSITIVITY\u00a0ANALYSIS OF ATTRIBUTABLE DEATHS DUE TO AIR POLLUTION ", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "" }, { "children": [ { "text": "SENSITIVITY\u00a0ANALYSIS OF ATTRIBUTABLE DEATHS DUE TO AIR POLLUTION" } ], "type": "light" }, { "text": "" } ], "type": "h3" } ] }, "118604d0-c397-4515-9dcc-fc96ce4687a6": { "@type": "slate", "plaintext": "Table 1 presents the potential additional attributable deaths and potential total attributable deaths by pollutant for the EU-27 and for the larger number of European countries included in the assessment.", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "Table 1 presents the potential additional attributable deaths and potential total attributable deaths by pollutant for the EU-27 and for the larger number of European countries included in the assessment." } ], "type": "p" } ] }, "394ebebc-2aa4-4823-b39b-f6c4b4b4fb19": { "@type": "slate", "plaintext": "However, there is no evidence of a threshold below which air pollution does not impact health. With this in mind, EEA has also performed a sensitivity analysis of attributable deaths for exposure to PM 2.5 and NO 2 at concentrations above 0 \u00b5g/m 3 . Deaths attributable to O 3 in the sensitivity analysis were calculated for exposure to concentrations above 20 \u00b5g/m 3 as previously recommended by the WHO. The level of uncertainty around these estimates is higher than for the estimates presented above.", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "However, there is no evidence of a threshold below which air pollution does not impact health. With this in mind, EEA has also performed a sensitivity analysis of attributable deaths for exposure to PM" }, { "children": [ { "text": "2.5" } ], "type": "sub" }, { "text": "\u00a0and NO" }, { "children": [ { "text": "2" } ], "type": "sub" }, { "text": "\u00a0at concentrations above 0 \u00b5g/m" }, { "children": [ { "text": "3" } ], "type": "sup" }, { "text": ". Deaths attributable to O" }, { "children": [ { "text": "3\u00a0" } ], "type": "sub" }, { "text": "in the sensitivity analysis were calculated for exposure to concentrations above 20 \u00b5g/m" }, { "children": [ { "text": "3" } ], "type": "sup" }, { "text": "\u00a0as previously recommended by the WHO. The level of uncertainty around these estimates is higher than for the estimates presented above." } ], "type": "p" } ] }, "71d33fd1-a6e5-4a43-83f6-0008e5708156": { "@type": "slate", "plaintext": "It is important to note that the attributable deaths presented above do not capture possible additional deaths caused by exposure to PM 2.5 and NO 2 concentrations below the WHO\u2019s 2021 guideline levels. The scientific evidence is less certain for exposures below WHO\u2019s guideline levels than for health impacts above them.", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "It is important to note that the attributable deaths presented above do not capture possible additional deaths caused by exposure to PM" }, { "children": [ { "text": "2.5" } ], "type": "sub" }, { "text": "\u00a0and NO" }, { "children": [ { "text": "2" } ], "type": "sub" }, { "text": "\u00a0concentrations below the WHO\u2019s 2021 guideline levels. The scientific evidence is less certain for exposures below WHO\u2019s guideline levels than for health impacts above them." } ], "type": "p" } ] }, "c5500566-473b-40a1-ae11-bb85ba3819c2": { "@type": "slate", "plaintext": "The EEA table Air Quality Health Risk Assessments presents estimates from 2005 to 2021 of the deaths attributable to exposure to PM 2.5 , NO 2 and O 3 for countries and the different groups of countries.", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "The EEA table\u00a0" }, { "children": [ { "text": "Air Quality Health Risk Assessments" } ], "data": { "url": "https://discomap.eea.europa.eu/App/AQViewer/index.html?fqn=Airquality_Dissem.hra.countries_sel" }, "type": "link" }, { "text": "\u00a0presents estimates from 2005 to 2021 of the deaths attributable to exposure to PM" }, { "children": [ { "text": "2.5" } ], "type": "sub" }, { "text": ", NO" }, { "children": [ { "text": "2" } ], "type": "sub" }, { "text": "\u00a0and O" }, { "children": [ { "text": "3\u00a0" } ], "type": "sub" }, { "text": "\u00a0for countries and the different groups of countries." } ], "type": "p" } ] } }, "blocks_layout": { "items": [ "06b6853a-e793-49ca-8980-f869ede92c12", "71d33fd1-a6e5-4a43-83f6-0008e5708156", "394ebebc-2aa4-4823-b39b-f6c4b4b4fb19", "118604d0-c397-4515-9dcc-fc96ce4687a6", "c5500566-473b-40a1-ae11-bb85ba3819c2" ] }, "settings": { "backgroundColor": "#e6e7e8", "padding": { "bottom": 19, "left": 19, "right": 19, "top": 19 } } } }, "blocks_layout": { "items": [ "83f1d648-4a5b-483d-84a6-d8f0ab97a118" ] } }, "gridCols": [ "full" ], "gridSize": 12, "styles": { "size": "narrow_width", "style_name": null } }, "7187c366-15b5-4419-aceb-d1a083ba8460": { "@type": "slate", "plaintext": "Several assessments document increased damages. The ICP Forests monitoring of forest ecosystems (Kr\u00fcger et al., 2020) states that one out of four trees assessed shows defoliation levels suggesting moderate to severe damage with an upwards trend in defoliation, pointing to a critical condition (Poto\u010di\u0107 et al., 2021). The deterioration in forest condition is explained by the variability of and long-term changes in climate and nitrogen deposition, and by forests\u2019 interactions with insects and pathogens. This capacity to link tree information with forest ecosystem processes is critical to identifying ways to improve European forests\u2019 resilience and adaptive capacity.", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "Several assessments document increased damages. The ICP Forests monitoring of forest ecosystems (Kr\u00fcger et al., 2020) states that one out of four trees assessed shows defoliation levels suggesting moderate to severe damage with an upwards trend in defoliation, pointing to a critical condition (Poto\u010di\u0107 et al., 2021). The deterioration in forest condition is explained by the variability of and long-term changes in climate and nitrogen deposition, and by forests\u2019 interactions with insects and pathogens. This capacity to link tree information with forest ecosystem processes is critical to identifying ways to improve European forests\u2019 resilience and adaptive capacity." } ], "type": "p" } ] }, "7c712ea6-fee2-47f7-aafd-681a366764ba": { "@type": "dividerBlock", "hidden": true, "section": true, "spacing": "s", "styles": {} }, "7e549921-e500-4031-8e02-e09ace84d492": { "@type": "slate", "plaintext": "Forest monitoring is essential for tracking the state of forests, assessing their health, and evaluating the effectiveness of policies related to their management. In the case of European forests, a monitoring framework is necessary because of the increasing impacts of climate change and pollution and the growing demand for forest resources. Early detection of and rapid response to pest and disease outbreaks (to prevent the introduction and spread of invasive species) are critical to maintaining the health and productivity of European forests.", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "Forest monitoring is essential for tracking the state of forests, assessing their health, and evaluating the effectiveness of policies related to their management. In the case of European forests, a monitoring framework is necessary because of the increasing impacts of climate change and pollution and the growing demand for forest resources. Early detection of and rapid response to pest and disease outbreaks (to prevent the introduction and spread of invasive species) are critical to maintaining the health and productivity of European forests." } ], "type": "p" } ] }, "82e1082b-e52b-48a5-9bea-e5d48bf983b3": { "@layout": "1eef0642-1b1c-4045-acd5-351fb090932e", "@type": "dividerBlock", "block": "e126bfc2-00ac-4b16-86b5-66855fc7814e", "hidden": true, "section": true, "spacing": "s", "styles": {} }, "8ead8538-9221-4a9b-a778-30bbb2d8c01e": { "@type": "slate", "plaintext": "EU policies related to forest ecosystem health and biodiversity", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "EU policies related to forest ecosystem health and biodiversity" } ], "type": "h2" } ] }, "94f9887a-2a8c-419e-8926-468a99a88156": { "@type": "dividerBlock", "hidden": true, "spacing": "s", "styles": {} }, "95e4d022-155b-426b-9527-57d96be3832e": { "@type": "slate", "plaintext": "Pollution and invasive species remain a concern in European forests, and changes in environmental drivers and disturbance regimes consistently increase mortality and reduce potential carbon storage. Overall, more research and action are needed to address the challenges facing European forests, increase their resilience and adaptive capacity, and ensure their sustainability over the long term.", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "Pollution and invasive species remain a concern in European forests, and changes in environmental drivers and disturbance regimes consistently increase mortality and reduce potential carbon storage. Overall, more research and action are needed to address the challenges facing European forests, increase their resilience and adaptive capacity, and ensure their sustainability over the long term." } ], "type": "p" } ] }, "9835c7a0-66f8-4968-8264-5a6357691c5f": { "@layout": "4e29c2d6-cc35-4de2-8a47-e894226b9dd0", "@type": "dividerBlock", "block": "51e5d9d4-251c-4a04-8d55-044ede2eba8a", "hidden": true, "section": true, "spacing": "s", "styles": {} }, "9eb6f9b8-44b4-4322-b687-266a8a3003ce": { "@type": "group", "data": { "blocks": { "96575a07-300e-4289-b66a-e8be38b59420": { "@type": "slate", "plaintext": "Figure 1. Trends in forest health per decade from 1990 to 2020", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "Figure 1. Trends in forest health per decade from 1990 to 2020" } ], "type": "h3-light" } ] }, "c1f3e595-20d5-40f1-995c-7644144063b2": { "@type": "dividerBlock", "hidden": true, "spacing": "s", "styles": {} }, "e0d68e3d-a930-436f-96ae-34c2c76e51ef": { "@type": "embed_static_content", "url": "http://backend:8080/www/en/analysis/publications/how-are-european-forest-ecosystems-doing/figure-1-trends-in-forest-health-per-decade-from-1990-to-2020", "with_metadata_section": false, "with_more_info": false, "with_notes": false } }, "blocks_layout": { "items": [ "96575a07-300e-4289-b66a-e8be38b59420", "c1f3e595-20d5-40f1-995c-7644144063b2", "e0d68e3d-a930-436f-96ae-34c2c76e51ef" ] } }, "styles": {}, "variation": "default" }, "a4133366-f882-426c-b0b5-678e6c6b0e5b": { "@type": "slate", "plaintext": "The average damage from natural and human-made disturbances to total timber volume amount to a loss of about 79 million m 3 annually, corresponding to 16% of the EU\u2019s annual wood harvest (Patacca et al., 2022). Abiotic disturbances (i.e. drought, snow, ice, hail and rime) accounted for 6% of the total timber volume damaged, increasing almost sixfold in 70 years up to 3.7 million m 3 per year between 2010 and 2019. However, peaks in individual years have been even higher, reaching 7 million m 3 in 1980 and almost 13 million m 3 in 2007. Other biotic disturbances such as fungi, nematodes, other insects, pathogens and animals damaging trees account for 8% of the total timber volume damaged, with a sharp increase after the 1980s.", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "The average damage from natural and human-made disturbances to total timber volume amount to a loss of about 79 million m" }, { "children": [ { "text": "3" } ], "type": "sup" }, { "text": "\u00a0annually, corresponding to 16% of the EU\u2019s annual wood harvest (Patacca et al., 2022). Abiotic disturbances (i.e. drought, snow, ice, hail and rime) accounted for 6% of the total timber volume damaged, increasing almost sixfold in 70 years up to 3.7 million m" }, { "children": [ { "text": "3" } ], "type": "sup" }, { "text": "\u00a0per year between 2010 and 2019. However, peaks in individual years have been even higher, reaching 7 million m" }, { "children": [ { "text": "3" } ], "type": "sup" }, { "text": "\u00a0in 1980 and almost 13 million m" }, { "children": [ { "text": "3" } ], "type": "sup" }, { "text": "\u00a0in 2007. Other biotic disturbances such as fungi, nematodes, other insects, pathogens and animals damaging trees account for 8% of the total timber volume damaged, with a sharp increase after the 1980s." } ], "type": "p" } ] }, "ac6a3016-8901-4314-9a4e-402f13c1d0f9": { "@type": "slate", "plaintext": "The EU set ambitious targets for forest restoration as part of its broader efforts to address climate change and biodiversity loss. The EU forest strategy for 2030 and the proposed Nature Restoration Law aim to strengthen the biodiversity objectives (protection, restoration and resilience of Europe\u2019s forests) and are crucial to achieving a sustainable and climate-neutral economy by 2050. Forest restoration is critical for addressing Europe\u2019s many environmental and social challenges. By restoring degraded forest ecosystems and promoting sustainable forest management practices, such as reduced-impact logging and the promotion of certified sustainable forest products, Europe can help mitigate climate change, preserve biodiversity, and provide society with a range of essential ecosystem services. These services include carbon sequestration, water regulation and biodiversity conservation.", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "The EU set ambitious targets for forest restoration as part of its broader efforts to address climate change and biodiversity loss. The EU forest strategy for 2030 and the proposed Nature Restoration Law aim to strengthen the biodiversity objectives (protection, restoration and resilience of Europe\u2019s forests) and are crucial to achieving a sustainable and climate-neutral economy by 2050. Forest restoration is critical for addressing Europe\u2019s many environmental and social challenges. By restoring degraded forest ecosystems and promoting sustainable forest management practices, such as reduced-impact logging and the promotion of certified sustainable forest products, Europe can help mitigate climate change, preserve biodiversity, and provide society with a range of essential ecosystem services. These services include carbon sequestration, water regulation and biodiversity conservation." } ], "type": "p" } ] }, "b0ef79e9-a60d-4b0b-aa22-aa3305c190be": { "@type": "slate", "plaintext": "How are European forests doing?", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "How are European forests doing?" } ], "type": "h2" } ] }, "ba4d0f12-2af5-4635-b3e0-74f9ad45c841": { "@layout": "d685a3a5-2d78-4511-8f7f-df42554def54", "@type": "layoutSettings", "block": "b2514502-d680-4de8-9a6c-b0d5a6d695bc", "layout_size": "narrow_view" }, "bb4f5b34-ada0-4f1e-95ce-1e9cb601c646": { "@type": "dividerBlock", "hidden": true, "spacing": "s", "styles": {}, "section": true }, "c2e29eec-7716-47b7-b6fc-c9c64c62ea07": { "@layout": "5b121edc-d335-43d5-9309-fadd36c2b4c6", "@type": "group", "as": "div", "block": "a9d4a9c4-0982-4bb2-8e8f-21b4897f7450", "data": { "blocks": { "2b993a73-5506-457f-b404-7695c9adf814": { "@type": "dividerBlock", "disableNewBlocks": true, "fixed": true, "hidden": true, "required": true, "section": true, "spacing": "s", "styles": {} }, "ded1ce76-b57a-4bed-9804-678190d01475": { "@type": "description", "fixed": true, "placeholder": "Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Sed at 50% ligula eu 3 elementum congue. Fusce 3 ullamcorper sapien nec 10 gravida commodo. Integer 7 tempor ligula in velit eleifend, et 100% dignissim justo dictum. Maecenas 2 placerat fermentum velit, sed 8 et sapien sit amet semper. Ut 6 ultricies magna id 300 posuere. Cras 1 non magna euismod, at 70% ultrices sapien fermentum. ", "plaintext": " To sustain their multiple services, forests must be both resistant and resilient. Resistance refers to a forest\u2019s ability to resist or withstand external pressures such as pests, disease or natural disturbances. Resilience refers to a forest\u2019s ability to recover and adapt after a disturbance. Maintaining healthy forests requires a combination of strategies, including sustainable management practices, landscape-scale planning, and proactive efforts to address the impacts of climate change. This way, forests can continue to provide the many benefits that society depends on, both now and in the future.", "required": true, "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "" }, { "children": [ { "text": "" } ], "type": "light" }, { "text": "To sustain their multiple services, forests must be both resistant and resilient. Resistance refers to a forest\u2019s ability to resist or withstand external pressures such as pests, disease or natural disturbances. Resilience refers to a forest\u2019s ability to recover and adapt after a disturbance. Maintaining healthy forests requires a combination of strategies, including sustainable management practices, landscape-scale planning, and proactive efforts to address the impacts of climate change. This way, forests can continue to provide the many benefits that society depends on, both now and in the future." } ], "type": "p" } ] }, "undefined": { "@type": "description", "fixed": true, "placeholder": "Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Sed at 50% ligula eu 3 elementum congue. Fusce 3 ullamcorper sapien nec 10 gravida commodo. Integer 7 tempor ligula in velit eleifend, et 100% dignissim justo dictum. Maecenas 2 placerat fermentum velit, sed 8 et sapien sit amet semper. Ut 6 ultricies magna id 300 posuere. Cras 1 non magna euismod, at 70% ultrices sapien fermentum. ", "required": true, "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "" }, { "children": [ { "text": "Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Sed at 50% ligula eu 3 elementum congue. Fusce 3 ullamcorper sapien nec " }, { "children": [ { "text": "10 gravida commodo" } ], "type": "strong" }, { "text": ". Integer 7 tempor ligula in velit eleifend, et 100% dignissim justo dictum. Maecenas 2 placerat fermentum velit, sed 8 et sapien sit amet semper. Ut 6 ultricies magna id 300 posuere. Cras 1 non magna euismod, at " }, { "children": [ { "text": "70% ultrices sapien fermentum" } ], "type": "strong" }, { "text": ". " } ], "type": "light" }, { "text": "" } ], "type": "p" } ] } }, "blocks_layout": { "items": [ "ded1ce76-b57a-4bed-9804-678190d01475", "2b993a73-5506-457f-b404-7695c9adf814" ] } }, "fixed": true, "instructions": { "data": "<p></p>" }, "required": true, "styles": {}, "title": "Description", "variation": "default" }, "c3a3519e-1c7e-45f3-9448-8952c59131d2": { "@type": "slate", "plaintext": "What makes a forest healthy? The answer depends on who is evaluating it, its use and its management objectives. There needs to be an agreed-upon, simple and recognised definition for a healthy forest. However, the health of a forest is intrinsically linked to its resistance and resilience; this forms the basis of its functioning and ability to provide many forest ecosystem services. These services bring multiple benefits, from protecting plants and animals to providing clean water and air. They maintain vital ecosystem dynamics, including adaptation to and mitigation of climate change impacts.", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "What makes a forest healthy? The answer depends on who is evaluating it, its use and its management objectives. There needs to be an agreed-upon, simple and recognised definition for a healthy forest. However, the health of a forest is intrinsically linked to its resistance and resilience; this forms the basis of its functioning and ability to provide many forest ecosystem services. These services bring multiple benefits, from protecting plants and animals to providing clean water and air. They maintain vital ecosystem dynamics, including adaptation to and mitigation of climate change impacts." } ], "type": "p" } ] }, "caaa7edf-7e0d-4e1b-9ac0-9447c7847d6b": { "@type": "slate", "plaintext": "The recently developed Forest Information System for Europe (FISE) platform provides comprehensive forest information at a European scale. This platform will provide valuable insights into the current state of European forests and support decision-making on policies related to forestry management. FISE offers user-friendly and fast access to harmonised, up-to-date, and spatially and temporally representative data on the state of and trends in forests. As a result, it can enable policymakers to make informed decisions based on reliable information. With an upgraded version of FISE, policymakers can assess the impacts of forest-related policies and evaluate their effectiveness.", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "The recently developed Forest Information System for Europe (FISE) platform provides comprehensive forest information at a European scale. This platform will provide valuable insights into the current state of European forests and support decision-making on policies related to forestry management. FISE offers user-friendly and fast access to harmonised, up-to-date, and spatially and temporally representative data on the state of and trends in forests. As a result, it can enable policymakers to make informed decisions based on reliable information. With an upgraded version of FISE, policymakers can assess the impacts of forest-related policies and evaluate their effectiveness." } ], "type": "p" } ] }, "ccdfa448-666d-4321-8e2e-265aa2861170": { "@type": "slate", "plaintext": "In addition to these efforts, many local and regional initiatives aim to restore degraded European forest ecosystems. These include projects to restore peatlands and wetlands, promote agroforestry and other sustainable land use practices, and engage local communities in forest restoration and conservation.", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "In addition to these efforts, many local and regional initiatives aim to restore degraded European forest ecosystems. These include projects to restore peatlands and wetlands, promote agroforestry and other sustainable land use practices, and engage local communities in forest restoration and conservation." } ], "type": "p" } ] }, "ce36582d-0dc8-472f-8935-6b95a3eb139f": { "@type": "dividerBlock", "hidden": true, "spacing": "s", "styles": {}, "section": true }, "d84ee93b-27f6-4e53-a239-41c986a373e5": { "@type": "slate", "plaintext": "A recent EU ecosystem assessment (Maes et al., 2020) highlights challenges in some regions and for specific tree species. This includes the impact of climate change on forests, such as changes in precipitation patterns, and the increasing frequency and severity of droughts and forest fires. Certain tree species are at risk, such as the spruce forests in central Europe, which have been affected by the bark beetle outbreak. The report also notes that some forests in the Mediterranean region are under stress from a combination of factors, including drought, wildfires and land use change.", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "A recent EU ecosystem assessment (Maes et al., 2020) highlights challenges in some regions and for specific tree species. This includes the impact of climate change on forests, such as changes in precipitation patterns, and the increasing frequency and severity of droughts and forest fires. Certain tree species are at risk, such as the spruce forests in central Europe, which have been affected by the bark beetle outbreak. The report also notes that some forests in the Mediterranean region are under stress from a combination of factors, including drought, wildfires and land use change." } ], "type": "p" } ] }, "db0b274d-9689-480e-b4e3-ff702b4e72ea": { "@type": "dividerBlock", "hidden": true, "spacing": "s", "styles": {}, "section": true }, "e241ce8a-27e9-4146-a564-046c1f51dac4": { "@type": "slate", "plaintext": "Natural disturbances are part of forest dynamics. They secure forest renewal and succession by releasing nutrients from affected trees and reducing competition among surviving and newly-established trees. In addition, an increased amount of deadwood favours many habitats, improving biodiversity. Nevertheless, extreme events and disturbances from specific, cumulative pressures impact the health of European forests and their capacity to maintain optimal ecosystem functions, structure and composition.", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "Natural disturbances are part of forest dynamics. They secure forest renewal and succession by releasing nutrients from affected trees and reducing competition among surviving and newly-established trees. In addition, an increased amount of deadwood favours many habitats, improving biodiversity. Nevertheless, extreme events and disturbances from specific, cumulative pressures impact the health of European forests and their capacity to maintain optimal ecosystem functions, structure and composition." } ], "type": "p" } ] }, "f248c63c-59e4-4563-a523-2bdd47f3ae0e": { "@type": "slate", "plaintext": "Why are healthy forests important?", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "Why are healthy forests important?" } ], "type": "h2" } ] } }
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EEA core metadata
Topics Forests and forestry
Temporal coverage { "temporal": [ { "label": "1990", "value": "1990" }, { "label": "1991", "value": "1991" }, { "label": "1992", "value": "1992" }, { "label": "1993", "value": "1993" }, { "label": "1994", "value": "1994" }, { "label": "1995", "value": "1995" }, { "label": "1996", "value": "1996" }, { "label": "1997", "value": "1997" }, { "label": "1998", "value": "1998" }, { "label": "1999", "value": "1999" }, { "label": "2000", "value": "2000" }, { "label": "2001", "value": "2001" }, { "label": "2002", "value": "2002" }, { "label": "2003", "value": "2003" }, { "label": "2004", "value": "2004" }, { "label": "2005", "value": "2005" }, { "label": "2006", "value": "2006" }, { "label": "2007", "value": "2007" }, { "label": "2008", "value": "2008" }, { "label": "2009", "value": "2009" }, { "label": "2010", "value": "2010" }, { "label": "2011", "value": "2011" }, { "label": "2012", "value": "2012" }, { "label": "2013", "value": "2013" }, { "label": "2014", "value": "2014" }, { "label": "2015", "value": "2015" }, { "label": "2016", "value": "2016" }, { "label": "2017", "value": "2017" }, { "label": "2018", "value": "2018" }, { "label": "2019", "value": "2019" }, { "label": "2020", "value": "2020" } ] }
Geographical coverage { "geolocation": [ { "label": "Austria", "value": "geo-2782113" }, { "label": "Belgium", "value": "geo-2802361" }, { "label": "Bulgaria", "value": "geo-732800" }, { "label": "Cyprus", "value": "geo-146669" }, { "label": "Czechia", "value": "geo-3077311" }, { "label": "Denmark", "value": "geo-2623032" }, { "label": "Estonia", "value": "geo-453733" }, { "label": "Finland", "value": "geo-660013" }, { "label": "France", "value": "geo-3017382" }, { "label": "Germany", "value": "geo-2921044" }, { "label": "Greece", "value": "geo-390903" }, { "label": "Hungary", "value": "geo-719819" }, { "label": "Ireland", "value": "geo-2963597" }, { "label": "Italy", "value": "geo-3175395" }, { "label": "Latvia", "value": "geo-458258" }, { "label": "Lithuania", "value": "geo-597427" }, { "label": "Luxembourg", "value": "geo-2960313" }, { "label": "Malta", "value": "geo-2562770" }, { "label": "Netherlands", "value": "geo-2750405" }, { "label": "Poland", "value": "geo-798544" }, { "label": "Portugal", "value": "geo-2264397" }, { "label": "Romania", "value": "geo-798549" }, { "label": "Slovakia", "value": "geo-3057568" }, { "label": "Slovenia", "value": "geo-3190538" }, { "label": "Spain", "value": "geo-2510769" }, { "label": "Sweden", "value": "geo-2661886" }, { "label": "United Kingdom", "value": "geo-2635167" } ] }
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Short name how-are-european-forest-ecosystems-doing
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