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"plaintext": "Figure 1. Key facts on cities and climate change",
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"plaintext": "In an integrated energy district (often a newly built or converted area), inhabitants can actively participate in a local energy system that integrates electricity, heating and mobility. As a simplified example, an integrated energy district can generate its own renewable energy, providing electricity to the community, for instance by providing charging points for a local electric car-sharing scheme. At the same time, it can power a small district heating network supplemented with heat pumps. This integration between different sectors is sometimes referred to as \u2018sector coupling\u2019.",
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"text": "In an integrated energy district (often a newly built or converted area), inhabitants can actively participate in a local energy system that integrates electricity, heating and mobility. As a simplified example, an integrated energy district can generate its own renewable energy, providing electricity to the community, for instance by providing charging points for a local electric car-sharing scheme. At the same time, it can power a small district heating network supplemented with heat pumps. This integration between different sectors is sometimes referred to as \u2018sector coupling\u2019."
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"text": "UN, 2018, \u2018World urbanization prospects 2018\u2019, United Nations ("
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"plaintext": "Bale, C., et al., 2012, \u2018Strategic energy planning within local authorities in the UK: a study of the city of Leeds\u2019, Energy Policy48, pp. 242-251 ( https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2012.05.019 ).",
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"plaintext": "EEA, 2022a, Land take and land degradation in functional urban areas, EEA Report No 17/2021, European Environment Agency.",
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"plaintext": "Haf, S., and Robison, R., 2020,How local authorities can encourage citizen participation in energy transitions, UK Energy Research Centre, London.",
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"plaintext": "Agora Energiewende, 2019, European energy transition 2030: the big picture \u2014 ten priorities for the next European Commission to meet the EU\u2019s 2030 targets and accelerate towards 2050, Agora Energiewende, Berlin.",
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"text": "Agora Energiewende, 2019, European energy transition 2030: the big picture \u2014 ten priorities for the next European Commission to meet the EU\u2019s 2030 targets and accelerate towards 2050, Agora Energiewende, Berlin."
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"plaintext": "Becker, S., et al., 2017, \u2018Between coproduction and commons: understanding initiatives to reclaim urban energy provision in Berlin and Hamburg\u2019,Urban Research & Practice( https://doi.org/10.1080/17535069.2016.1156735 ).",
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"plaintext": "Association of Photovoltaic Companies, 2020, Self-generation with energy offsetting and virtual energy offsetting for individuals, businesses and energy communities with or without storage( https://helapco.gr/pdf/HELAPCO_Net_Metering.pdf ) accessed 30 September 2022.",
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"plaintext": "Judson, E., et al., 2020, \u2018The centre cannot (always) hold: examining pathways towards energy system de-centralisation\u2019, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews118, 109499 ( https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RSER.2019.109499 ).",
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"plaintext": "The concrete implementation and ownership arrangements necessarily differ between districts, depending on local conditions and the participants involved . For example, an energy cooperative could invest in and operate the energy system. Alternatively, a commercial entity could manage the energy aspect of the district and offer inhabitants the option to get involved when they move into the area.",
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"footnote": "Design elements include the sector (power, heat, mobility), technologies, activities (generation, storage/flexibility, network, use concept, operation), legal structure (rights, liability, ownership), type of participant (citizen, community, private firm) and type of involvement (member, investor, operator, owner, user).",
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"plaintext": "Prosumers of renewable energy can make a critical contribution to decarbonising their communities. Prosumers are defined as entities \u2014 individuals, households, small or medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), or institutions \u2014 that actively participate in the energy system. Active participation can be through self-generating renewable heat or power, and also through providing energy system services such as demand flexibility and energy storage services, enabling larger amounts of intermittent wind and solar energy to be integrated into the system. Prosumers can act as individuals (e.g. a single household) or as part of a collective (e.g. a block of apartments or an energy community). A comprehensive overview of prosumers and the different models of prosumption is available in the recent EEA report Energy prosumers in Europe: citizen participation in the energy transition (EEA, 2022b).",
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"text": "Prosumers of renewable energy can make a critical contribution to decarbonising their communities. Prosumers are defined as entities \u2014 individuals, households, small or medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), or institutions \u2014 that actively participate in the energy system. Active participation can be through self-generating renewable heat or power, and also through providing energy system services such as demand flexibility and energy storage services, enabling larger amounts of intermittent wind and solar energy to be integrated into the system. Prosumers can act as individuals (e.g. a single household) or as part of a collective (e.g. a block of apartments or an energy community). A comprehensive overview of prosumers and the different models of prosumption is available in the recent EEA report\u00a0"
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"plaintext": "Involving citizens in energy planning and local governance",
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"plaintext": "The possibility of generating electricity in one location and consuming it elsewhere, known as offsite generation, enables many citizens to become prosumers irrespective of the space they have available. Virtual net metering is one option used in offsite prosumption models. With virtual net metering, prosumers can generate electricity outside the city (e.g. at a second home or as part of an energy community) and inject this electricity into the grid. The prosumers then get a discount in their household energy bills based on the energy generated (Box 1). National regulation should support offsite prosumption concepts. However, as offsite prosumption requires the use of the national electricity grid, grid fees and other related costs must be taken into account and covered by the offsite generation project.",
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"text": "The possibility of generating electricity in one location and consuming it elsewhere, known as offsite generation, enables many citizens to become prosumers irrespective of the space they have available. Virtual net metering is one option used in offsite prosumption models. With virtual net metering, prosumers can generate electricity outside the city (e.g. at a second home or as part of an energy community) and inject this electricity into the grid. The prosumers then get a discount in their household energy bills based on the energy generated (Box 1). National regulation should support offsite prosumption concepts. However, as offsite prosumption requires the use of the national electricity grid, grid fees and other related costs must be taken into account and covered by the offsite generation project."
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"plaintext": "Municipal authorities can set up their own support schemes when such approaches are deemed desirable and compatible with national law. This could be in the form of direct financial support for projects or indirect support through tax relief. They could also procure locally produced electricity and increase the visibility of citizen-led projects and initiatives (Haf and Robison, 2020).",
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"plaintext": "As highlighted in the REPowerEU plan and its EU solar strategy , a key action for incentivising prosumption is to set up one-stop shops that give citizens impartial advice and practical help on roof renovations, solar generation and energy storage in an integrated manner, covering everything from the technical requirements to the administrative steps and financial support available. Local and regional authorities, and their implementing institutions, such as energy or business support agencies, are well suited to this task, functioning as aggregators of information and facilitators and helping to bring stakeholders together (Bale et al., 2012).",
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"text": ", a key action for incentivising prosumption is to set up one-stop shops that give citizens impartial advice and practical help on roof renovations, solar generation and energy storage in an integrated manner, covering everything from the technical requirements to the administrative steps and financial support available. Local and regional authorities, and their implementing institutions, such as energy or business support agencies, are well suited to this task, functioning as aggregators of information and facilitators and helping to bring stakeholders together (Bale et al., 2012)."
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"plaintext": "Apartment blocks have a smaller rooftop area per inhabitant than houses. Depending on the architecture and height of the buildings, shadowing effects from neighbouring buildings may also limit the area of a rooftop that is suitable for solar photovoltaic (PV) energy generation. At the same time, a high population density will mean a high energy demand close to the point of energy generation, minimising transmission losses. This combination of relatively low generation potential and high energy demand highlights the importance of maximising the use of suitable rooftops for energy generation in cities.",
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