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"plaintext": "Figure 3. Total fatalities by event type for different country groups",
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"text": "Figure 3. Total fatalities by event type for different country groups"
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"plaintext": "These trends are expected to lead to increasing economic losses in Europe, with consequences to the level of insurance coverage in countries and how affordable insurance will be . One recent study projected total economic losses from climate- and weather-related events to double by 2050 and triple by 2100 (Gagliardi et al., 2022). Some authors have investigated the repercussions on insurance systems, finding that insurance penetration is expected to decline due to lower affordability, especially in those systems with risk-based premiums (Hudson, 2018; Tesselaar et al., 2020a, 2020b). The increase in economic losses, however, might be driven also by future socio-economic development such as building in flood-prone areas rather than climate change (Hudson, 2018).",
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"text": "These trends are expected to lead to increasing economic losses in Europe, with consequences to the level of insurance coverage in countries and how affordable insurance will be . One recent study projected total economic losses from climate- and weather-related events to double by 2050 and triple by 2100 (Gagliardi et al., 2022). Some authors have investigated the repercussions on insurance systems, finding that insurance penetration is expected to decline due to lower affordability, especially in those systems with risk-based premiums (Hudson, 2018; Tesselaar et al., 2020a, 2020b). The increase in economic losses, however, might be driven also by future socio-economic development such as building in flood-prone areas rather than climate change (Hudson, 2018)."
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"plaintext": "The distance between the two lines represents the insurance protection gap. The insurance protection gap has been present in all years of analysis (as well as for all types of events). It has also been exceeding, sometimes considerably, 50% of total economic losses for several years. The widening distance over time suggests the insurance protection gap has been increasing in EU Member States between 1980 and 2023. For the five countries in the EEA-32 but not EU-27 (Figure 2b), the 30-year moving averages of both total and insured losses are relatively flat. The moving average for total losses has dropped and the distance between the two lines has shrunk since around 2017. This means the insurance protection gap temporarily closed, but has been widening again since 2020.",
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"text": "The distance between the two lines represents the insurance protection gap. The insurance protection gap has been present in all years of analysis (as well as for all types of events). It has also been exceeding, sometimes considerably, 50% of total economic losses for several years. The widening distance over time suggests the insurance protection gap has been increasing in EU Member States between 1980 and 2023. For the five countries in the EEA-32 but not EU-27 (Figure 2b), the 30-year moving averages of both total and insured losses are relatively flat. The moving average for total losses has dropped and the distance between the two lines has shrunk since around 2017. This means the insurance protection gap temporarily closed, but has been widening again since 2020. "
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"plaintext": "Since 2012, the EEA has reported annually on economic and insured losses, along with fatalities from weather- and climate-related extremes across European countries. Data on economic losses and fatalities are presented annually as an EEA indicator , with underlying data available through Climate-ADAPT .",
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"text": "Since 2012, the EEA has reported annually on economic and insured losses, along with fatalities from weather- and climate-related extremes across European countries. Data on economic losses and fatalities are presented annually as an "
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"plaintext": "For the EU-27 (Figure 2a), the moving average of insured losses slightly increases over time, from EUR\u00a02.5 billion in 2009 (the 30-year average of 1980-2009) to EUR\u00a04 billion in 2023 (the 30-year average of 1994-2023). However, the moving average of total losses shows a sharper upwards trend, from EUR\u00a013 billion in 2009 to EUR\u00a020 billion in 2023, with a particularly steep rise after 2020.",
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"text": "For the EU-27 (Figure 2a), the moving average of insured losses slightly increases over time, from EUR\u00a02.5 billion in 2009 (the 30-year average of 1980-2009) to EUR\u00a04 billion in 2023 (the 30-year average of 1994-2023). However, the moving average of total losses shows a sharper upwards trend, from EUR\u00a013 billion in 2009 to EUR\u00a020 billion in 2023, with a particularly steep rise after 2020. "
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"plaintext": "Overall, in the EEA-38 member and cooperating countries, the moving average of insured losses has risen from EUR\u00a02.7 billion in 2009 (30-year average of 1980-2009) to EUR\u00a04.2 billion in 2023, for a total increase of around EUR\u00a01.5 billion (30-year average of 1994-2023). The rise has been driven mostly by EU Member States. However, the moving average of total losses rose by almost EUR\u00a08 billion over the same period, from EUR\u00a013.8 billion in 2009 to EUR\u00a021.5 billion in 2023.",
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"text": "Overall, in the EEA-38 member and cooperating countries, the moving average of insured losses has risen from EUR\u00a02.7 billion in 2009 (30-year average of 1980-2009) to EUR\u00a04.2 billion in 2023, for a total increase of around EUR\u00a01.5 billion (30-year average of 1994-2023). The rise has been driven mostly by EU Member States. However, the moving average of total losses rose by almost EUR\u00a08 billion over the same period, from EUR\u00a013.8 billion in 2009 to EUR\u00a021.5 billion in 2023."
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"plaintext": "Slovenia has the highest losses per capita (Figure 1c), amounting to EUR\u00a08,733 between 1980 and 2023. This is followed by Luxembourg (EUR\u00a02,694), Switzerland (EUR\u00a02,685), Italy (EUR\u00a02,330) and Spain (EUR\u00a02,279). Countries with the lowest losses per capita are Kosovo (EUR\u00a010), Montenegro (EUR\u00a041), Iceland (EUR\u00a087), T\u00fcrkiye (EUR\u00a0104) and Malta (EUR\u00a0129). Losses per capita vary less than losses per square kilometre and several countries have relatively similar values. This is clear when comparing Figure 1c and Figure 1b. Nevertheless, a similar divide seems to exist between western and central European countries and eastern and northern ones \u2014 albeit less pronounced \u2014 with the former generally having higher per capita losses.",
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"text": "Slovenia has the highest losses per capita (Figure 1c), amounting to EUR\u00a08,733 between 1980 and 2023. This is followed by Luxembourg (EUR\u00a02,694), Switzerland (EUR\u00a02,685), Italy (EUR\u00a02,330) and Spain (EUR\u00a02,279). Countries with the lowest losses per capita are Kosovo (EUR\u00a010), Montenegro (EUR\u00a041), Iceland (EUR\u00a087), T\u00fcrkiye (EUR\u00a0104) and Malta (EUR\u00a0129). Losses per capita vary less than losses per square kilometre and several countries have relatively similar values. This is clear when comparing Figure 1c and Figure 1b. Nevertheless, a similar divide seems to exist between western and central European countries and eastern and northern ones \u2014 albeit less pronounced \u2014 with the former generally having higher per capita losses. "
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"plaintext": "The analyses presented below rescale losses by countries\u2019 surface area and population, moving beyond the simple quantification of total economic losses. They aim to provide a more detailed representation of how often and to what extent weather- and climate-related extremes occur. It is also important to examine values that directly control for a measure of economic development, such as GDP. However, this additional measure was not applied to the economic losses\u2019 values in this briefing. Certain limitations exist with such an analysis. Data limitations make it difficult to obtain a consistent time series for all countries considered, especially Western Balkan ones. Results based only on the most recent year \u2014 as done with surface area and population \u2014 would be less relevant, since those elements are considerably more stable than GDP.",
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"text": "The analyses presented below rescale losses by countries\u2019 surface area and population, moving beyond the simple quantification of total economic losses. They aim to provide a more detailed representation of how often and to what extent weather- and climate-related extremes occur. It is also important to examine values that directly control for a measure of economic development, such as GDP. However, this additional measure was not applied to the economic losses\u2019 values in this briefing. Certain limitations exist with such an analysis. Data limitations make it difficult to obtain a consistent time series for all countries considered, especially Western Balkan ones. Results based only on the most recent year \u2014 as done with surface area and population \u2014 would be less relevant, since those elements are considerably more stable than GDP. \u00a0"
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"plaintext": "Adapting and investing in increased resilience is not only important to limit and reduce economic losses and fatalities from weather- and climate-related extreme events in the future. Adaptation measures come at a cost. Yet they can also stimulate economic growth and cause ancillary impacts, including social and environmental benefits \u2014 particularly through nature-based solutions. These benefits would be valuable even if certain impacts from climate change don\u2019t happen.",
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"text": "Adapting and investing in increased resilience is not only important to limit and reduce economic losses and fatalities from weather- and climate-related extreme events in the future. Adaptation measures come at a cost. Yet they can also stimulate economic growth and cause ancillary impacts, including social and environmental benefits \u2014 particularly through nature-based solutions. These benefits would be valuable even if certain impacts from climate change don\u2019t happen. "
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"plaintext": "Figure 3 displays the total number of fatalities for the entire analysis period, divided between the four event categories. Fatality counts may differ for various hazards. For most hazards (e.g. in the case of floods, storms or wildfires) fatalities are clearly identifiable. Data about them are collected across Europe through accurate procedures. On the other hand, fatalities from heatwaves are often not directly identifiable and are calculated through statistical estimations. This somewhat limits the comparability of fatalities caused by heatwaves, both with other hazards as well as across countries. The results, therefore, should be interpreted with caution.",
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"text": "Figure 3 displays the total number of fatalities for the entire analysis period, divided between the four event categories. Fatality counts may differ for various hazards. For most hazards (e.g. in the case of floods, storms or wildfires) fatalities are clearly identifiable. Data about them are collected across Europe through accurate procedures. On the other hand, fatalities from heatwaves are often not directly identifiable and are calculated through statistical estimations. This somewhat limits the comparability of fatalities caused by heatwaves, both with other hazards as well as across countries. The results, therefore, should be interpreted with caution."
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"plaintext": "Figure 1b shows the countries with the highest losses per square kilometre are Slovenia (EUR\u00a0866,467), Belgium (EUR\u00a0553,942), Germany (EUR\u00a0504,812), Switzerland (EUR\u00a0481,820) and Italy (EUR\u00a0446,788). Countries with the lowest losses are Iceland (EUR\u00a0249), Kosovo (EUR\u00a01,713), Montenegro (EUR\u00a01,786), Finland (EUR\u00a07,041) and Estonia (EUR\u00a07,489). A clear divide appears: western and central European countries present higher losses per square kilometre, while eastern and northern countries tend to have lower losses. Smaller countries don\u2019t appear to have higher losses than larger ones, however. Several cases actually display an inverse relation: Germany, Italy, France and Spain all suffer high losses per square kilometre, while Iceland, Baltic countries and various Balkan nations have low losses.",
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"text": "Figure 1b shows the countries with the highest losses per square kilometre are Slovenia (EUR\u00a0866,467), Belgium (EUR\u00a0553,942), Germany (EUR\u00a0504,812), Switzerland (EUR\u00a0481,820) and Italy (EUR\u00a0446,788). Countries with the lowest losses are Iceland (EUR\u00a0249), Kosovo (EUR\u00a01,713), Montenegro (EUR\u00a01,786), Finland (EUR\u00a07,041) and Estonia (EUR\u00a07,489). A clear divide appears: western and central European countries present higher losses per square kilometre, while eastern and northern countries tend to have lower losses. Smaller countries don\u2019t appear to have higher losses than larger ones, however. Several cases actually display an inverse relation: Germany, Italy, France and Spain all suffer high losses per square kilometre, while Iceland, Baltic countries and various Balkan nations have low losses."
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"plaintext": "The 2000s saw the highest absolute number of fatalities. Most fatalities in central-eastern Europe occurred in this decade. Other climatological events such as wildfires, cold spells, frost or droughts were responsible for most fatalities in these countries. In southern Europe, the highest average of fatalities per year happened in the 2000-2009 and 2020-2023 periods. This is mostly attributable to major heatwaves in 2003 and 2022. Finally, in the Western Balkan countries, most fatalities (both total and yearly average) happened in the 1980s, followed by the 2010s. Hydrological events killed the most people in these periods, with climatological events (mostly often not heatwaves) accounting for the remaining share.",
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"text": "The 2000s saw the highest absolute number of fatalities. Most fatalities in central-eastern Europe occurred in this decade. Other climatological events such as wildfires, cold spells, frost or droughts were responsible for most fatalities in these countries. In southern Europe, the highest average of fatalities per year happened in the 2000-2009 and 2020-2023 periods. This is mostly attributable to major heatwaves in 2003 and 2022. Finally, in the Western Balkan countries, most fatalities (both total and yearly average) happened in the 1980s, followed by the 2010s. Hydrological events killed the most people in these periods, with climatological events (mostly often not heatwaves) accounting for the remaining share."
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"plaintext": "Figure 1a suggests the country with the highest total economic losses between 1980 and 2023 is Germany, with EUR\u00a0180 billion. This is followed by Italy (EUR\u00a0135 billion), France (EUR\u00a0130 billion), Spain (EUR\u00a097 billion) and Poland (EUR\u00a020 billion). Taking only losses for this century (i.e. since 2001), the same four countries (Germany, Italy, France and Spain) record the highest numbers. However, the share compared to the total time series (1980-2023) differs significantly: Germany leads the way with over 85% of its losses recorded in this century, whereas Spain recorded 45%. For 21st century losses, these four countries are followed by a group of six with very similar total losses of between EUR 12 and 15 billion (Austria, Belgium, Czechia, Portugal, Romania and Slovenia). Countries with lower total losses are Kosovo (EUR\u00a0119 million), Liechtenstein (EUR\u00a021 million), Montenegro (EUR\u00a025 million), Iceland (EUR\u00a026 million) and Malta (EUR\u00a052 million).",
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"text": "Figure 1a suggests the country with the highest total economic losses between 1980 and 2023 is Germany, with EUR\u00a0180 billion. This is followed by Italy (EUR\u00a0135 billion), France (EUR\u00a0130 billion), Spain (EUR\u00a097 billion) and Poland (EUR\u00a020 billion). Taking only losses for this century (i.e. since 2001), the same four countries (Germany, Italy, France and Spain) record the highest numbers. However, the share compared to the total time series (1980-2023) differs significantly: Germany leads the way with over 85% of its losses recorded in this century, whereas Spain recorded 45%. For 21st century losses, these four countries are followed by a group of six with very similar total losses of between EUR 12 and 15 billion (Austria, Belgium, Czechia, Portugal, Romania and Slovenia). Countries with lower total losses are Kosovo (EUR\u00a0119 million), Liechtenstein (EUR\u00a021 million), Montenegro (EUR\u00a025 million), Iceland (EUR\u00a026 million) and Malta (EUR\u00a052 million). "
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"plaintext": "The intensity and frequency of various extreme climate and weather-related events (climate extremes) have increased in some European regions and are projected to continue rising with further global warming (IPCC, 2022). Southern Europe is experiencing more frequent and severe heatwaves, droughts and wildfires, while central and eastern Europe are experiencing higher risks of heavy rainfall and flooding. Coastal regions face growing threats from sea-level rise and storm surges. These trends were confirmed by the European Climate Risk Assessment (EUCRA), which identified 36 major climate risks facing Europe (EEA, 2024). EUCRA grouped these risks into several clusters \u2014 ecosystems, food, health, infrastructure, and economy and finance \u2014 and evaluated policy priorities to mitigate them. It found more than half of these risks require more action now by policymakers to prevent critical or catastrophic impacts in Europe, with several posing particularly acute threats to regions such as southern Europe and the EU's outermost areas.",
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"text": "The intensity and frequency of various extreme climate and weather-related events (climate extremes) have increased in some European regions and are projected to continue rising with further global warming (IPCC, 2022). Southern Europe is experiencing more frequent and severe heatwaves, droughts and wildfires, while central and eastern Europe are experiencing higher risks of heavy rainfall and flooding. Coastal regions face growing threats from sea-level rise and storm surges. These trends were confirmed by the European Climate Risk Assessment (EUCRA), which identified 36 major climate risks facing Europe (EEA, 2024). EUCRA grouped these risks into several clusters \u2014 ecosystems, food, health, infrastructure, and economy and finance \u2014 and evaluated policy priorities to mitigate them. It found more than half of these risks require more action now by policymakers to prevent critical or catastrophic impacts in Europe, with several posing particularly acute threats to regions such as southern Europe and the EU's outermost areas."
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"plaintext": "In the long-term, the resolution calls for more investment in regional and local resilience. It demands that the EU promotes these aspects further across future policies.",
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"text": "In the long-term, the resolution calls for more investment in regional and local resilience. It demands that the EU promotes these aspects further across future policies. "
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"plaintext": "On Climate-ADAPT , the EEA provides adaptation options for using insurance as a means for climate risk management and other aspects of dealing with climate losses and fatalities. Through its Case study explorer , Climate-ADAPT also provides inspiring examples of adaptation implementation, including subsided drought insurance in Austria and private-public partnership on SME insurance in Italy . These case studies show that public-private partnerships support better financial planning as a mechanism to enhance climate resilience and reduce vulnerability over time. By reducing individual incentives to avoid risk, insurance can encourage continued development in high-risk areas or reinforce sustainable land-use practices. By assessing climate risks at the enterprise and district level in parallel, public-private partnership can improve the interaction between private sector stakeholders, the insurance sector and local adaptation authorities. Ultimately this can lead to \u00a0better climate adaptation strategies and spatial planning.",
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"text": ", Climate-ADAPT also provides inspiring examples of adaptation implementation, including "
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"children": [
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"text": "subsided drought insurance in Austria"
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"text": " and "
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"text": "private-public partnership on SME insurance in Italy"
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"text": ". These case studies show that public-private partnerships support better financial planning as a mechanism to enhance climate resilience and reduce vulnerability over time. By reducing individual incentives to avoid risk, insurance can encourage continued development in high-risk areas or reinforce sustainable land-use practices. By assessing climate risks at the enterprise and district level in parallel, public-private partnership can improve the interaction between private sector stakeholders, the insurance sector and local adaptation authorities. Ultimately this can lead to \u00a0better climate adaptation strategies and spatial planning."
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"plaintext": "Figure 4 explores the evolution of fatalities per decade in the five country groups . As the last decade from 2020 to 2023 only includes four years, these fatalities would risk being overshadowed by the others. To ensure a more even and comparable representation, the number of fatalities in each decade was normalised by the number of years. It was divided by 10 in all decades from the 1980s to the 2010s and by four for the 2020s. This essentially corresponds to the average number of fatalities per year in each decade.",
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"text": "Figure 4 explores the evolution of fatalities per decade in the five country "
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"footnote": "How fatalities occur over time is different from economic losses over time. Since most events are not fatal for people, considering yearly counts would result in many years having no fatalities. Conversely, an aggregation by decade provides a more appropriate representation.",
"label": "How fatalities occur over time is different from economic losses over time. Since most events are not fatal for people, considering yearly counts would result in many years having no fatalities. Conversely, an aggregation by decade provides a more appropriate representation.",
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"text": ". As the last decade from 2020 to 2023 only includes four years, these fatalities would risk being overshadowed by the others. To ensure a more even and comparable representation, the number of fatalities in each decade was normalised by the number of years. It was divided by 10 in all decades from the 1980s to the 2010s and by four for the 2020s. This essentially corresponds to the average number of fatalities per year in each decade. \u00a0"
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"plaintext": "Various country groups present considerably different values in terms of the human toll of climate- and weather-related hazards. Southern Europe and western Europe suffered the highest number of fatalities overall (72,063 and 166,866, respectively). In central-eastern Europe, northern Europe and the Western Balkan countries, significantly less people died (5,974, 897 and 576, respectively). Given that western Europe and southern Europe consist of a greater number of larger and more populous countries, more fatalities are to be expected. For reference, countries in western Europe and southern Europe had an aggregate average population of around 195 and 186 million people, respectively, between 1980 and 2023. On the other hand, central-eastern Europe had around 93 million people, northern Europe 36 million and the Western Balkan countries 19 million.",
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"text": "Various country groups present considerably different values in terms of the human toll of climate- and weather-related hazards. Southern Europe and western Europe suffered the highest number of fatalities overall (72,063 and 166,866, respectively). In central-eastern Europe, northern Europe and the Western Balkan countries, significantly less people died (5,974, 897 and 576, respectively). Given that western Europe and southern Europe consist of a greater number of larger and more populous countries, more fatalities are to be expected. For reference, countries in western Europe and southern Europe had an aggregate average "
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"text": "\u00a0of around 195 and 186 million people, respectively, between 1980 and 2023. On the other hand, central-eastern Europe had around 93 million people, northern Europe 36 million and the Western Balkan countries 19 million. "
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"plaintext": "For missing data on surface area, population and price indices, Eurostat data were complemented with information from other sources. This includes the World Bank for surface area and population official figures, in particular. The missing price index was retrieved from information provided with the CATDAT dataset. These are comparable to the deflator derived from Eurostat price indices for those years where information is available from both sources. Similarly, World Bank values for population and surface area are extremely similar (in many cases identical) to those reported by Eurostat, for the years where both sources have available information. Overall, this suggests that integrating information from different sources should not have significantly affected the results. Eurostat data on socioeconomic parameters were supplemented with information from the following sources: the Annual Macro-Economic Database of the European Commission (AMECO), the International Monetary Fund\u2019s World Economic Outlook, the Total Economy Database (TED) and the World Bank.",
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"plaintext": "The dataset was screened to identify potential inconsistencies, such as missing countries, missing event types or cases with insured losses equalling or exceeding total losses. After fixing such inconsistencies, economic and insured losses were converted to euros (EUR) and adjusted to 2023 prices to account for inflation. Exchange rates and price indices were accessed via Eurostat. Information about country surface area and population were added to compute losses per square kilometre (km 2 ) and per capita.",
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"text": "The dataset was screened to identify potential inconsistencies, such as missing countries, missing event types or cases with insured losses equalling or exceeding total losses. After fixing such inconsistencies, economic and insured losses were converted to euros (EUR) and adjusted to 2023 prices to account for inflation. Exchange rates and price indices were accessed via Eurostat. Information about country surface area and population were added to compute losses per square kilometre (km"
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"plaintext": "The values of total economic and insured losses were calculated by summing the economic losses in the 1980-2023 period. All weather- and climate-related events (unless otherwise specified) are expressed in million euros (m EUR). Insured losses only consider the replacement costs for direct economic losses such as e.g. property damage. The insurance protection gap was computed as the ratio of uninsured losses \u2014 calculated as total accumulated economic losses minus insured losses \u2014 and total accumulated economic losses. It is expressed as a percentage. Losses were divided by the country's surface area in 2023 . This ensures consistency and comparability of the results over time. Losses per capita were calculated based on the average population in each country between 1980 and 2023. In this case, each country\u2019s total accumulated economic losses were divided by the average national population over the period. Both economic losses per square kilometre and losses per capita are expressed in euros.",
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"text": "The values of total economic and insured losses were calculated by summing the economic losses in the 1980-2023 period. All weather- and climate-related events (unless otherwise specified) are expressed in million euros (m EUR). Insured losses only consider the replacement costs for direct economic losses such as e.g. property damage. The insurance protection gap was computed as the ratio of uninsured losses \u2014 calculated as total accumulated economic losses minus insured losses \u2014 and total accumulated economic losses. It is expressed as a percentage. Losses were divided by the country's surface area in "
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"text": ". This ensures consistency and comparability of the results over time. Losses per capita were calculated based on the average population in each country between 1980 and 2023. In this case, each country\u2019s total accumulated economic losses were divided by the average national population over the period. Both economic losses per square kilometre and losses per capita are expressed in euros."
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"plaintext": "Natural events are divided into four categories. Meteorological events include storms, hail, wind and other precipitation events. Hydrological events represent floods (coastal, fluvial and pluvial). Climatological events are divided into heatwaves and other events such as wildfires, droughts, cold spells and frost. Geophysical events, such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions or landslides, are not included in the analysis or the results.",
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"text": "Natural events are divided into four categories. Meteorological events include storms, hail, wind and other precipitation events. Hydrological events represent floods (coastal, fluvial and pluvial). Climatological events are divided into heatwaves and other events such as wildfires, droughts, cold spells and frost. Geophysical events, such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions or landslides, are not included in the analysis or the results. "
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"plaintext": "The EEA receives CATDAT data as the result of a procurement and an institutional agreement between RiskLayer GmbH and EEA to disclose the data partially through EEA\u2019s data and knowledge products.",
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"plaintext": "This briefing considers the 38 Eionet member countries, divided into various country groups to enable more analysis. The most frequently-used division groups countries in the EU-27; EEA members which are not members of the EU (these include Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, Switzerland and T\u00fcrkiye, and are labelled \u2018EEA-32\u2019 for simplicity); and Western Balkan countries (these include Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia and Serbia). Certain analyses also group countries based on their geographic location. The groups are the following: northern Europe (Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Iceland, Ireland, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Sweden); western Europe (Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Liechtenstein, Luxemburg, the Netherlands and Switzerland); central-eastern Europe (Bulgaria, Czechia, Hungary, Poland, Romania and Slovakia); southern Europe (Croatia, Cyprus, Greece, Italy, Malta, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain and T\u00fcrkiye); and Western Balkan (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia and Serbia).",
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"text": "This briefing considers the 38 Eionet member countries, divided into various country groups to enable more analysis. The most frequently-used division groups countries in the EU-27; EEA members which are not members of the EU (these include Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, Switzerland and T\u00fcrkiye, and are labelled \u2018EEA-32\u2019 for simplicity); and Western Balkan countries (these include Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia and Serbia). Certain analyses also group countries based on their geographic location. The groups are the following: northern Europe (Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Iceland, Ireland, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Sweden); western Europe (Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Liechtenstein, Luxemburg, the Netherlands and Switzerland); central-eastern Europe (Bulgaria, Czechia, Hungary, Poland, Romania and Slovakia); southern Europe (Croatia, Cyprus, Greece, Italy, Malta, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain and T\u00fcrkiye); and Western Balkan (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia and Serbia)."
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"plaintext": "This briefing provides new insights in the six Western Balkan countries and the widening insurance protection gap (i.e. the share of non-insured economic losses in total losses, used as a proxy of how exposed individuals, businesses, or governments are to financial shocks due weather- and climate-related extreme events, stemming from insufficient or absent insurance coverage). Its analysis is informed by the Catastrophe Database (CATDAT) dataset ( Risklayer GmbH ). CATDAT covers the 38 members of Eionet ( 32 EEA member countries and six cooperating Western Balkan countries ) and includes data accounting for the years between 1980 and 2023. The data contain information on geophysical, hydrological, meteorological and climatological events in these countries. They detail the date of occurrence, country, type of event, economic and insured losses, and the number of fatalities. See Box 1 for a more detailed description.",
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"text": " and the widening insurance protection gap (i.e. the share of non-insured economic losses in total losses, used as a proxy of how exposed individuals, businesses, or governments are to financial shocks due weather- and climate-related extreme events, stemming from insufficient or absent insurance coverage). Its analysis is informed by the Catastrophe Database (CATDAT) dataset ("
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"plaintext": "Hudson, P., 2018, \u2018A comparison of definitions of affordability for flood risk adaption measures: a case study of current and future risk-based flood insurance premiums in Europe\u2019, Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 23 (7), pp. 1019-1038 (DOI: 10.1007/s11027-017-9769-5).",
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"text": "Hudson, P., 2018, \u2018A comparison of definitions of affordability for flood risk adaption measures: a case study of current and future risk-based flood insurance premiums in Europe\u2019, "
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"children": [
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"text": "Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change"
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"text": " 23 (7), pp. 1019-1038 (DOI: 10.1007/s11027-017-9769-5)."
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"plaintext": "Mendelsohn, R., et al., 2006, \u2018The distributional impact of climate change on rich and poor countries\u2019, Environment and Development Economics 11 (2), pp. 159-178 (DOI: 10.1017/s1355770x05002755).",
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"text": "Mendelsohn, R., et al., 2006, \u2018The distributional impact of climate change on rich and poor countries\u2019, "
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"text": "Environment and Development Economics"
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"text": " 11 (2), pp. 159-178 (DOI: 10.1017/s1355770x05002755)."
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"3a4a45e4-61a8-43eb-9ecf-6946534a0133": {
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"plaintext": "EIOPA, 2024, Technical description - dashboard on insurance protection gap for natural catastrophes , European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority ( https://www.eiopa.europa.eu/tools-and-data/dashboard-insurance-protection-gap-natural-catastrophes_en ) accessed 15 April 2025.",
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"text": ", European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority ("
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"text": "https://www.eiopa.europa.eu/tools-and-data/dashboard-insurance-protection-gap-natural-catastrophes_en"
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"text": ") accessed 15 April 2025."
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"5ee2e967-1f31-46d0-b0c3-77c08c78a07a": {
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"plaintext": "Heubaum, H., et al., 2022, The Triple Dividend of Building Climate Resilience: Taking Stock, Moving Forward , World Resources Institute (DOI: 10.46830/wriwp.21.00154).",
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"text": ", World Resources Institute (DOI: 10.46830/wriwp.21.00154)."
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"plaintext": "Tesselaar, M., et al., 2020a, \u2018Impacts of Climate Change and Remote Natural Catastrophes on EU Flood Insurance Markets: An Analysis of Soft and Hard Reinsurance Markets for Flood Coverage\u2019, Atmosphere 11 (2), p. 146 (DOI: 10.3390/atmos11020146).",
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"text": "Tesselaar, M., et al., 2020a, \u2018Impacts of Climate Change and Remote Natural Catastrophes on EU Flood Insurance Markets: An Analysis of Soft and Hard Reinsurance Markets for Flood Coverage\u2019, "
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"text": " 11 (2), p. 146 (DOI: 10.3390/atmos11020146)."
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"plaintext": "Still, the differences are sizeable. Southern Europe and western Europe suffered between 80 and 290 times the number of fatalities as northern Europe and the Western Balkan countries, though the aggregate average populations are only between five and 10 times larger. Compared to \u00a0central-eastern European countries, the number of people who died in southern Europe and western Europe is roughly between 12 to 28 times as large, against total average populations which are around twice the size.",
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