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"plaintext": "PAYT systems aim to encourage citizens and/or other waste producers to separate waste at source and generate less waste overall. Under PAYT systems, waste producers pay for waste collection services in proportion to the volume of waste they produce and they pay less or nothing for recyclables separated at source. In some cases, variable fees are combined with fixed fees. PAYT systems typically have a favourable impact on recycling rates (OECD, 2019). It is thus expected that the higher the share of the population covered by such a system, the higher the recycling rates. Moreover, an ongoing study by the European Commission\u2019s Joint Research Centre includes the prevalence of PAYT schemes as one of several key performance indicators of the quality control and traceability of municipal waste management systems (Pierri et al., forthcoming).",
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"text": "PAYT systems aim to encourage citizens and/or other waste producers to separate waste at source and generate less waste overall. Under PAYT systems, waste producers pay for waste collection services in proportion to the volume of waste they produce and they pay less or nothing for recyclables separated at source. In some cases, variable fees are combined with fixed fees. PAYT systems typically have a favourable impact on recycling rates (OECD, 2019). It is thus expected that the higher the share of the population covered by such a system, the higher the recycling rates. Moreover, an ongoing study by the European Commission\u2019s Joint Research Centre includes the prevalence of PAYT schemes as one of several key performance indicators of the quality control and traceability of municipal waste management systems (Pierri et al., forthcoming)."
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"plaintext": "Economic instruments can be useful policy tools for waste prevention and sustainable waste management. This is because they can make preferred management options, such as recycling, cheaper than or at least cost-competitive with their alternatives (OECD, 2019). Next to economic instruments, well-designed separate collection systems for municipal waste are a key enabler of high recycling rates and the collection of recyclables of adequate quality. To facilitate recycling, the EU Waste Framework Directive requires that at least paper and cardboard, plastics, glass and metals are collected separately from mixed municipal waste. Separate collection will be required for bio-waste (food and garden waste) by the end of 2023 and for textiles and hazardous household waste by the end of 2025. Box 1 summarises the main instruments used to improve municipal waste management in EU Member States.",
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"text": "Economic instruments can be useful policy tools for waste prevention and sustainable waste management. This is because they can make preferred management options, such as recycling, cheaper than or at least cost-competitive with their alternatives (OECD, 2019). Next to economic instruments, well-designed separate collection systems for municipal waste are a key enabler of high recycling rates and the collection of recyclables of adequate quality. To facilitate recycling, the EU Waste Framework Directive requires that at least paper and cardboard, plastics, glass and metals are collected separately from mixed municipal waste. Separate collection will be required for bio-waste (food and garden waste) by the end of 2023 and for textiles and hazardous household waste by the end of 2025. Box 1 summarises the main instruments used to improve municipal waste management in EU Member States."
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"plaintext": "The analysis described indicates that no single approach will achieve high recycling rates and divert waste from landfill but that a coherent and consistent combination of instruments is needed. For successful and effective waste management, how exactly the policy instruments are designed, implemented and enforced is also important. For example, if instruments such as landfill bans and separate collection requirements are not fully enforced across the whole territory, they will be less effective, while instruments directed at citizens need to be accompanied by good information and awareness-raising campaigns to realise their full potential. Moreover, capacities need to be built up to properly sort and recycle the waste collected. Other policy instruments not analysed in this briefing, such as economic instruments directed at certain products or legal obligations on separate collection, will also play a role.",
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"text": "PAYT systems are designed in many different ways. In this assessment, we categorise the systems applied in EU Member States as basic or advanced, assuming that advanced systems would be more effective in influencing waste producers\u2019 behaviour than basic systems by providing a stronger economic incentive to sort waste:"
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"plaintext": "All five of the Member States with the highest recycling rates (53-70%) \u2014 Germany, Austria, Slovenia, the Netherlands and Luxembourg \u2014 apply a well-designed landfill tax or ban, or a combination of these. The coverage of the population with high-convenience systems for the separate collection of bio-waste in each of these Member States is also high. Moreover, they all apply a combination of basic and advanced pay-as-you-throw (PAYT) schemes, albeit with varying population coverage. None of the five Member States with the lowest recycling rates (11-27%) \u2014 Malta, Romania, Cyprus, Greece and Portugal \u2014 applies a well-designed landfill tax or ban. In most of them, separate collection systems for bio-waste need to be improved. However, Malta has very recently put in place gate fees that are designed to disincentivise the landfilling of waste. No clear pattern is visible in the impact of incineration taxes on the rates of recycling, landfillling and incineration. However, higher taxes for incineration without energy recovery than with energy recovery seem to have led to a gradual phase-out of the former. The five Member States with the highest landfill rates do not have incineration plants. Table 1 indicates that, in some cases, a Member State can achieve good waste management performance without strong use of several of the instruments (for example Italy) and vice versa (for example Sweden). This could be because other instruments that drive performance are used in some Member States. For example, Italy has set targets for each municipality on the separate collection of municipal waste, an instrument not analysed systematically in this briefing. High existing incineration capacities might also compete with efforts to increase recycling. In addition, the effectiveness of the instruments depends on their exact design, implementation, timing and enforcement.",
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"text": "Basic PAYT systems are, for example, volume-based systems that depend mainly on the size of the container and sometimes also take into account the collection frequency when determining the collection fee. Such systems include designs where households can choose the number or size of the containers for mixed municipal waste when the service contract is agreed."
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