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"plaintext": "For the EU and its Member States, decarbonising heating and cooling represents a major challenge on the way to meeting climate targets for 2030 and 2050 and ensuring that fundamental energy needs, such as for residential heating, can be met more securely than they are today. However, national policymakers face very different challenges and opportunities in decarbonising heating and cooling, because the availability of sustainable energy resources and the demand for heating and cooling from buildings and industry vary significantly at the country and regional levels.",
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"text": "For the EU and its Member States, decarbonising heating and cooling represents a major challenge on the way to meeting climate targets for 2030 and 2050 and ensuring that fundamental energy needs, such as for residential heating, can be met more securely than they are today. However, national policymakers face very different challenges and opportunities in decarbonising heating and cooling, because the availability of sustainable energy resources and the demand for heating and cooling from buildings and industry vary significantly at the country and regional levels. "
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"plaintext": "Through their ability to extract useful renewable energy from a variety of sources, including from city subways, wastewater treatment plants, data centres and geothermal sources, modern reversable heat pumps using refrigerants with low or very low global warming potential are emerging as a flexible approach to decarbonising heating and cooling in buildings without directly producing greenhouse gas and air pollutant emissions during use. Heat pumps can also run with variable generation sources, such as rooftop solar photovoltaic modules, to help store excess renewable electricity as heat for later use or to help modern district heating and cooling networks to become more efficient by integrating other renewable and waste energy sources for heating and cooling. The EU aims to double the rate of uptake of individual heat pumps, to reach 10 million units over the next 5 years (EC, 2022b; EEA, 2022a).",
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"text": "Through their ability to extract useful renewable energy from a variety of sources, including from city subways, wastewater treatment plants, data centres and geothermal sources, modern reversable heat pumps using refrigerants with low or very low global warming potential are emerging as a flexible approach to decarbonising heating and cooling in buildings without directly producing greenhouse gas and air pollutant emissions during use. Heat pumps can also run with variable generation sources, such as rooftop solar photovoltaic modules, to help store excess renewable electricity as heat for later use or to help modern district heating and cooling networks to become more efficient by integrating other renewable and waste energy sources for heating and cooling. The EU aims to double the rate of uptake of individual heat pumps, to reach 10 million units over the next 5 years (EC, 2022b; EEA, 2022a)."
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"plaintext": "In 2020, residential and industrial heating and cooling demand was only 10% below the average annual level seen from 2005 to 2009, despite the COVID-19 pandemic having suppressed industrial activity and an exceptionally mild winter having lowered the heating needs in most of Europe\u2019s buildings (EU, 2012; EEA, 2022b). This indicates sluggish progress in achieving a permanent reduction in heating and cooling needs.",
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"text": "In 2020, residential and industrial heating and cooling demand was only 10% below the average annual level seen from 2005 to 2009, despite the COVID-19 pandemic having suppressed industrial activity and an exceptionally mild winter having lowered the heating needs in most of Europe\u2019s buildings (EU, 2012; EEA, 2022b). This indicates sluggish progress in achieving a permanent reduction in heating and cooling needs."
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"plaintext": " Renovations and urgent phase-out of fossil fuels needed to decarbonise heating in Europe Trends and projections in Europe 2022 Global and European temperatures Europe\u2019s air is getting cleaner and improving people\u2019s health Cooling buildings sustainably in Europe: exploring the links between climate change mitigation and adaptation, and their social impacts Building renovation: where circular economy and climate meet Renewable energy in Europe: key for climate objectives, but air pollution needs attention ",
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"plaintext": "For buildings that use fossil fuels for heating and cooling, thermal retrofitting of the envelope is a key step towards decarbonising their energy use, but it is insufficient on its own. Further insulating such buildings helps to save energy and reduce the amount of fossil fuels used for heating and cooling. However, to successfully decarbonise the building sector in line with the EU\u2019s climate commitments for 2030 and 2050, thermal retrofitting such buildings must be accompanied by a switch to renewables-based heating systems (Nijs et al., 2021).",
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"footnote": "Other end uses tend to account for much lower shares of household energy use, such as lighting and appliances (15% in 2020), cooking (6%) and space cooling and other uses (1%).",
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"text": ", converting the energy in solar radiation, extracting ambient energy from the surroundings (air, water, soil and geothermal sources) or converting electricity in heaters. It can be produced centrally, in specialised energy plants and in other enterprises from where it is piped to consumers, or heat production can be decentralised, such as when citizens, businesses and the public sector use energy to heat buildings, to produce hot water and for cooking."
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"plaintext": "Fossil fuels also play a role upstream, when derived heat (typically hot water) and electricity are produced industrially in larger systems and supplied via grids for domestic heating. In district heating, which supplies about 10% of the EU\u2019s heat and is more common in northern, central and eastern Europe, fossil fuels contributed more than two thirds (69%) of all fuels burned in combined heat and power plants and heat-only plants in 2020, as shown in Figure 3.",
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"text": ", as illustrated in Figure 1 (Eurostat, 2022a). Historically, efficiency improvements have often coincided with higher levels of heat and electricity use in buildings, due to the increasing sizes and lower occupancy rates of dwellings, reduced energy prices, growing demand for cooling and prolonged use of more electrical equipment. In some cases, this increased use has outweighed the benefits of increased energy efficiency (SEAI, 2018; Central Statistics Office Ireland, 2022; EEA, 2022b; IPCC, 2022). Across the EU, however, the average energy consumption per household has slightly decreased since the peak of 2010, implying that energy efficiency efforts are starting to pay off (Eurostat, 2022a)."
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"plaintext": "IRENA, 2022,World energy transitions outlook: 1-5\u00b0C pathway, International Renewable Energy Agency ( https://www.irena.org/publications/2022/mar/world-energy-transitions-outlook-2022 ) accessed 28 November 2022.",
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"text": "IRENA, 2022,World energy transitions outlook: 1-5\u00b0C pathway, International Renewable Energy Agency ("
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"plaintext": "Eurostat, 2022a, \u2018Energy data\u2019 ( https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/energy/data ) accessed 28 November 2022.",
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"text": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/energy/data"
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"plaintext": "IEA, 2022, \u2018Global Hydrogen Review 2022\u2019,.",
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"text": "IEA, 2022, \u2018Global Hydrogen Review 2022\u2019,."
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"@type": "slate",
"plaintext": "EEA, 2021, \u2018Greenhouse gas emissions from energy use in buildings in Europe\u2019, European Environment Agency ( https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/greenhouse-gas-emissions-from-energy/assessment ) accessed 13 July 2022.",
"value": [
{
"children": [
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"text": "EEA, 2021, \u2018Greenhouse gas emissions from energy use in buildings in Europe\u2019, European Environment Agency ("
},
{
"children": [
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"text": "https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/greenhouse-gas-emissions-from-energy/assessment"
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"text": ") accessed 13 July 2022."
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"3899887d-0fbd-4e52-a0de-9bd7bc12c0d1": {
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"plaintext": "EC, 2020b, Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions \u2018A renovation wave for Europe: greening our buildings, creating jobs, improving lives\u2019 (COM(2020) 662 final).",
"value": [
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"text": "EC, 2020b, Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions \u2018A renovation wave for Europe: greening our buildings, creating jobs, improving lives\u2019 (COM(2020) 662 final)."
}
],
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"plaintext": "EU, 2018b, Regulation (EU) 2018/841 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 2018 on the inclusion of greenhouse gas emissions and removals from land use, land use change and forestry in the 2030 climate and energy framework, and amending Regulation (EU) No 525/2013 and Decision No 529/2013/EU (OJ L 156, 19.6.2018, p. 1-25).",
"value": [
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"text": "EU, 2018b, Regulation (EU) 2018/841 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 2018 on the inclusion of greenhouse gas emissions and removals from land use, land use change and forestry in the 2030 climate and energy framework, and amending Regulation (EU) No 525/2013 and Decision No 529/2013/EU (OJ L 156, 19.6.2018, p. 1-25)."
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"value": [
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"text": "EEA, 2019,Renewable energy in Europe: key for climate objectives, but air pollution needs attention, EEA Briefing No 13/2019, European Environment Agency ("
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{
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"text": "https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/renewable-energy-in-europe-key"
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"url": "https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/renewable-energy-in-europe-key"
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"text": ") accessed 28 April 2021."
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"@type": "slate",
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"value": [
{
"children": [
{
"text": "EEA, 2022b, \u2018Cooling buildings sustainably in Europe: exploring the links between climate change mitigation and adaptation, and their social impacts\u2019, European Environment Agency ("
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{
"children": [
{
"text": "https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/cooling-buildings-sustainably-in-europe"
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"url": "https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/cooling-buildings-sustainably-in-europe"
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"type": "link"
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"text": ") accessed 28 November 2022."
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"6929370a-6df7-44c4-8ec8-aee506e773b2": {
"@type": "slate",
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"value": [
{
"children": [
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"text": "EU, 2012, Directive 2012/27/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2012 on energy efficiency, amending Directives 2009/125/EC and 2010/30/EU and repealing Directives 2004/8/EC and 2006/32/EC (OJ L 315, 14.11.2012, p. 1-56)."
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"text": ") accessed 6 May 2022."
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"70bf0d9d-44c2-4e8e-8d79-35b918c5d315": {
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"value": [
{
"children": [
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"text": "Trewin, B., et al., 2022, \u2018Headline indicators for global climate monitoring\u2019,Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society102(1), pp. E20-E37 (DOI: 10.1175/BAMS-D-19-0196.1)."
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"834c0b07-bdc8-444b-8138-d8ebc134c310": {
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"value": [
{
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"value": [
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"text": "EC, 2020a, Commission Staff Working Document \u2018Impact assessment accompanying the document Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions \u2014 Stepping up Europe\u2019s 2030 climate ambition: investing in a climate-neutral future for the benefit of our people\u2019 (SWD(2020) 176 final)."
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"8bf362ae-b3d4-4406-9b65-c10ee6022b0c": {
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"value": [
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"text": "https://www.ipcc.ch/report/sixth-assessment-report-working-group-3/"
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{
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"b07f4b2a-1cc3-4769-8671-049f201b1c11": {
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"value": [
{
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},
{
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{
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"data": {
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"text": ") accessed 28 November 2022."
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"plaintext": "The EU has met its target to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 20% by 2020, compared with 1990 levels. However, meeting targets for 2030 and beyond requires a doubling of the annual reduction in greenhouse gas emissions achieved between 2005 and 2020. Heating and cooling account for half of the final EU energy use. With energy used for heating being significant, decarbonising heating is therefore critical. Solutions to save energy and introduce efficient, renewable heating and cooling systems exist and must be rolled out\u00a0faster. This briefing looks at heating and cooling trends across the EU. It highlights the twin benefits \u2014 for climate mitigation and security of supply \u2014 of combining energy efficiency and conservation measures with rapidly switching to renewable and waste energy use in heating and cooling.",
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