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"plaintext": "More attention is also being paid to these complexities in policy fields outside epidemiology and public health, as health crises like COVID-19 have far-reaching implications for people and society at large. The Council of Europe recently addressed the relationship between pandemics and democracy, freedom of expression and the rule of law. It reminds us that the COVID-19 crisis should not be used as a pretext for restricting the public\u2019s access to information, and that emergency measures taken by Member States should not undermine EU\u2019s founding values of human rights, democracy and the rule of law (Council of Europe, 2020).",
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"text": "More attention is also being paid to these complexities in policy fields outside epidemiology and public health, as health crises like COVID-19 have far-reaching implications for people and society at large. The Council of Europe recently addressed the relationship between pandemics and democracy, freedom of expression and the rule of law. It reminds us that the COVID-19 crisis should not be used as a pretext for restricting the public\u2019s access to information, and that emergency measures taken by Member States should not undermine EU\u2019s founding values of human rights, democracy and the rule of law (Council of Europe, 2020).\u00a0"
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"plaintext": " Authors: Strand, R., Kovacic, Z., Funtowicz, S. (European Centre for Governance in Complexity)\nBenini, L., Jesus, A. (EEA)",
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"plaintext": " Inputs, feedbacks, and review: Anita Pirc\u2011Velkavrh (EEA), Jock Martin (EEA), Catherine Ganzleben (EEA), Claire Dupont (EEA Scientific Committee), Tom Oliver (Reading University), Thomas Arnold (DG R&I), Nick Meynen (EEB), members of the Eionet and the EU Environmental Knowledge Community",
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"text": "Cheng, V.C.C., et al., 2007, \u2018Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus as an agent of emerging and reemerging infection\u2019, Clinical Microbiology Reviews20(4), pp. 660-694."
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"text": "EC, 2020a, Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030. Bringing nature back into our lives (COM(2020)380 final of 20 May 2020)."
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"plaintext": "Plagues and pandemics have occurred throughout human history (Waltner-Toews, 2020). However, today\u2019s globalised societies and economies, and the way we interact with the natural environment, affect the way pandemics develop. There is little doubt that new pathogens are often created at the interfaces between wild and domestic animals and humans, and that these sometimes manifest as zoonotic disease (Figure 1). According to the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP, 2020), \u201860 per cent of known infectious diseases in humans and 75 per cent of all emerging infectious diseases are zoonotic\u2019, while at least six outbreaks of novel coronaviruses were observed in the last century.",
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"plaintext": "Several interacting drivers underpin the emergence of zoonotic diseases by creating novel and diverse contacts among wildlife, livestock and people. These include (1) population growth and rapid and uncontrolled urbanisation, (2) increasing demand for animal protein, with a consequent increase in exploitation of wildlife, agricultural intensification and trade, (3) inadequate husbandry practices and (4) poorly managed informal wildlife and fresh produce markets, and industrial meat processing plants (UNEP, 2020). It is also clear that today\u2019s high levels of international trade and travel make pathogens spread faster, as \u2018diseases can now move around the world in periods shorter than their incubation periods\u2019 (UNEP, 2020).",
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"text": "Several interacting drivers underpin the emergence of zoonotic diseases by creating novel and diverse contacts among wildlife, livestock and people. These include (1) population growth and rapid and uncontrolled urbanisation, (2) increasing demand for animal protein, with a consequent increase in exploitation of wildlife, agricultural intensification and trade, (3) inadequate husbandry practices and (4) poorly managed informal wildlife and fresh produce markets, and industrial meat processing plants (UNEP, 2020). It is also clear that today\u2019s high levels of international trade and travel make pathogens spread faster, as \u2018diseases can now move around the world in periods shorter than their incubation periods\u2019 (UNEP, 2020).\u00a0"
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"plaintext": "Unfortunately, early signals are not encouraging. With the resumption of social and economic activity, concentrations of airborne pollutants are increasing, and in some cases returning to pre-pandemic levels (EEA, 2020d). Warnings have already been issued about a swift rebound in global energy demand and GHG emissions post COVID-19 (IEA, 2021; Tollefson, 2021), while nationally determined contributions at the global scale (Liu and Raftery, 2021) lack the necessary ambition to keep global warming within the 2\u00b0C degree target, let alone 1.5\u00b0C. On the European scale, recent projections suggest that GHG emissions might bounce back to pre-pandemic levels unless additional measures are put in place (Figure 2) (EEA, 2021a).",
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"text": "Unfortunately, early signals are not encouraging. With the resumption of social and economic activity, concentrations of airborne pollutants are increasing, and in some cases returning to pre-pandemic levels (EEA, 2020d). Warnings have already been issued about a swift rebound in global energy demand and GHG emissions post COVID-19 (IEA, 2021; Tollefson, 2021), while nationally determined contributions at the global scale (Liu and Raftery, 2021) lack the necessary ambition to keep global warming within the 2\u00b0C degree target, let alone 1.5\u00b0C. On the European scale, recent projections suggest that GHG emissions might bounce back to pre-pandemic levels unless additional measures are put in place (Figure 2) (EEA, 2021a)."
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