Beating chronic respiratory disease: the role of Europe’s environment

Beating chronic respiratory disease: the role of Europe’s environment

This report provides information about the environmental determinants of chronic respiratory disease (CRD) to support EU policy responses. It is based on data compiled by the EEA and supports the European Green Deal, as well as EU action against pollution, climate change, occupational risks and tobacco.

Title Beating chronic respiratory disease: the role of Europe’s environment
Description This report provides information about the environmental determinants of chronic respiratory disease (CRD) to support EU policy responses. It is based on data compiled by the EEA and supports the European Green Deal, as well as EU action against pollution, climate change, occupational risks and tobacco.
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Percentage of preventable chronic respiratory disease deaths attributable to environmental risks in Europe", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "Figure 2. Percentage of preventable chronic respiratory disease deaths attributable to environmental risks in Europe" } ], "type": "h3-light" } ] } }, "blocks_layout": { "items": [ "ec63f50a-b975-42ec-9f82-d10158670b67", "e4c4744e-5e17-4f20-b20e-7183619cb875", "42e2c98a-5094-4920-8022-59fa0d8abf9f" ] }, "selected": "998a2814-cc34-4722-a779-9d6063c32f38" }, "styles": {}, "variation": "default" }, "23d556d8-1ecd-43ea-95c0-be9f50b2d6d4": { "@type": "dividerBlock", "hidden": true, "spacing": "s", "styles": {} }, "23d9137c-de87-45d5-9f35-f0b3828ef0f7": { "@type": "dividerBlock", "hidden": true, "section": true, "spacing": "s", "styles": {} }, "305e9241-b467-4478-91f1-58b21c876b95": { "@type": "slate", "plaintext": "In some respects, the situation regarding CRDs in Europe has improved over recent decades. The prevalence of chronic respiratory diseases in the EU-27 decreased by around 20% between 1990 and 2015, though rates then increased moderately until 2021. Similarly, death rates declined until the middle of the last decade and have increased moderately in recent years. These increases were driven by an ageing population, particularly in high-income European countries. Behavioural risk factors, especially smoking, are the main modifiable contributors to chronic respiratory disease across EEA member countries. These are the main targets of prevention and of policy efforts towards improving respiratory health. However, environmental risk factors, notably air pollution and cold, are responsible for nearly as large a percentage of chronic respiratory deaths. Reducing environmental risk factors can therefore greatly help further decrease the burden of CRDs. This web report focuses on environmental risk factors for chronic respiratory disease and their prevention.", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "In some respects, the situation regarding CRDs in Europe has improved over recent decades. The prevalence of chronic respiratory diseases in the EU-27 decreased by around 20% between 1990 and 2015, though rates then increased moderately until 2021. Similarly, death rates declined until the middle of the last decade and have increased moderately in recent years. These increases were driven by an ageing population, particularly in high-income European countries. Behavioural risk factors, especially smoking, are the main modifiable contributors to chronic respiratory disease across EEA member countries. These are the main targets of prevention and of policy efforts towards improving respiratory health. However, environmental risk factors, notably air pollution and cold, are responsible for nearly as large a percentage of chronic respiratory deaths. Reducing environmental risk factors can therefore greatly help further decrease the burden of CRDs. This web report focuses on environmental risk factors for chronic respiratory disease and their prevention. 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"@type": "slate", "plaintext": "The decreasing trends in exposure to some environmental respiratory risks are encouraging and show that environmental policy is valuable for preventing major diseases, including chronic respiratory illnesses. However, chronic respiratory disease cases tend to reflect past exposure, so decreasing levels of exposure will take years to translate into less cases of respiratory disease. Moreover, a complete understanding of the potential respiratory effects of all environmental risk factors is still lacking; for example, for several toxic chemicals and their combined mixture effects.", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "The decreasing trends in exposure to some environmental respiratory risks are encouraging and show that environmental policy is valuable for preventing major diseases, including chronic respiratory illnesses. However, chronic respiratory disease cases tend to reflect past exposure, so decreasing levels of exposure will take years to translate into less cases of respiratory disease. Moreover, a complete understanding of the potential respiratory effects of all environmental risk factors is still lacking; for example, for several toxic chemicals and their combined mixture effects. " } ], "type": "p" } ] }, "4ffd0e8c-d2f2-434d-8dac-1b061ac7f683": { "@type": "dividerBlock", "hidden": true, "spacing": "s", "styles": {} }, "50ed8a98-cdce-4841-8598-78bb939aea78": { "@type": "dividerBlock", "hidden": true, "spacing": "s", "styles": {} }, "6672632a-d4c8-4972-9373-f55286203077": { "@type": "group", "as": "div", "data": { "blocks": { "e8f59e17-9ba0-48b3-b5d0-e8b6f2bbe5c5": { "@type": "columnsBlock", "data": { "blocks": { "40f0f448-a0da-4c1d-ac1e-10bd476c35e2": { "blocks": { "43091232-3caf-4103-b827-b08061c782f1": { "@type": "slate", "plaintext": "The incoming European Commission, according to the political guidelines for the next European Commission ), \u00a0intends to \u2018complete the European Health Union\u2019 and\u00a0 \u2018step up (their) work on preventive health\u2019. The EU4Health Programme Regulation (EU 2021/522) sets out EU action in the field of health from 2021 to 2027. It includes specific commitments to address CRD among other non-communicable diseases (NCDs) by supporting health promotion and disease prevention. It also recognises that environmental risk factors play a part in causing NCDs and makes funding available for actions investigating the link between environmental factors and human diseases. The healthier together \u2013 EU non-communicable diseases (NCD) initiative was launched by the Commission in December 2021. It aims to support EU countries in identifying and implementing effective policies and actions to reduce the burden of major NCDs and improve residents\u2019 health and well-being. Chronic respiratory diseases constitute one of its five key strands. The steering group on health promotion, disease prevention and management of non-communicable diseases was established by the Commission in 2018 ( Decision 2018/C 251/07 ). It is composed of representatives of the Member States\u2019 health ministries and advises the Commission on implementing the healthier together initiative by identifying potential actions related to the five strands (including CRD). Stakeholders including the European Alliance for Respiratory Health, medical technology firms, patient groups, NGOs and associations of health specialists have called for the EU to develop an action plan for CRD , similar to the existing action plan on beating cancer . Key stakeholders for better respiratory health in Europe include medical and patient associations like the European Federation of Allergy and Airways Diseases Patients\u2019 Associations (EFA) , the European Respiratory Society (ERS) and European Lung Foundation (ELF) as well as public health organisations like the European Public Health Association and the European Public Health Alliance . Most of these organisations have task forces and working groups on environmental risk factors. More directly focused on environmental risks for respiratory health are the European Aeroallergen Network and the Health and Environment Alliance (HEAL) . Globally, various initiatives addressing CRDs as part of NCD prevention also apply to Europe. WHO\u2019s global action plan for the prevention and control of NCDs was introduced to tackle the rising concerns about NCDs between 2013 and 2020 and has been extended to 2030. The action plan aimed, among other things, to reduce by 25% the risk of premature mortality from cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes and chronic respiratory diseases. The WHO Global NCD Compact 2020-2030 was set out to address the lack of policy in legislations and policies to address the number of deaths caused by NCDs. The UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) set global targets for sustainability and aim to reduce premature mortality from NCDs (including CRD) by one third by 2030.", "value": [ { "children": [ { "children": [ { "text": "The incoming European Commission, according to the " }, { "children": [ { "text": "political guidelines for the next European Commission" } ], "data": { "url": "https://commission.europa.eu/document/download/e6cd4328-673c-4e7a-8683-f63ffb2cf648_en?filename=Political%20Guidelines%202024-2029_EN.pdf" }, "type": "link" }, { "text": "), \u00a0intends to \u2018complete the European Health Union\u2019 and\u00a0 \u2018step up (their) work on preventive health\u2019." } ], "type": "li" }, { "children": [ { "text": "The " }, { "children": [ { "text": "EU4Health Programme Regulation" } ], "data": { "url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32021R0522&from=EN" }, "type": "link" }, { "text": " (EU 2021/522) sets out EU action in the field of health from 2021 to 2027. It includes specific commitments to address CRD among other non-communicable diseases (NCDs) by supporting health promotion and disease prevention. It also recognises that environmental risk factors play a part in causing NCDs and makes funding available for actions investigating the link between environmental factors and human diseases." } ], "type": "li" }, { "children": [ { "text": "The " }, { "children": [ { "text": "healthier together \u2013 EU non-communicable diseases (NCD) initiative" } ], "data": { "url": "https://health.ec.europa.eu/non-communicable-diseases/healthier-together-eu-non-communicable-diseases-initiative_en" }, "type": "link" }, { "text": " was launched by the Commission in December 2021. It aims to support EU countries in identifying and implementing effective policies and actions to reduce the burden of major NCDs and improve residents\u2019 health and well-being. Chronic respiratory diseases constitute one of its five key strands." } ], "type": "li" }, { "children": [ { "text": "The " }, { "children": [ { "text": "steering group on health promotion, disease prevention and management of non-communicable diseases" } ], "data": { "url": "https://health.ec.europa.eu/non-communicable-diseases/expert-group-public-health_en#:~:text=The%20Steering%20Group%20provides%20advice%20and%20expertise%20to,practices%20between%20the%20Member%20States.%20Steering%20Group%20activities" }, "type": "link" }, { "text": " was established by the Commission in 2018 (" }, { "children": [ { "text": "Decision 2018/C 251/07" } ], "data": { "url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32018D0718(02)&from=EN" }, "type": "link" }, { "text": "). It is composed of representatives of the Member States\u2019 health ministries and advises the Commission on implementing the healthier together initiative by identifying potential actions related to the five strands (including CRD)." } ], "type": "li" }, { "children": [ { "text": "Stakeholders including the European Alliance for Respiratory Health, medical technology firms, patient groups, NGOs and associations of health specialists have " }, { "children": [ { "text": "called for the EU to develop an action plan for CRD" } ], "data": { "url": "https://www.escardio.org/static-file/Escardio/Advocacy/Documents/final-joint-statement-cvd_16062021.pdf" }, "type": "link" }, { "text": ", similar to the existing action plan on " }, { "children": [ { "text": "beating cancer" } ], "data": { "url": "https://health.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2022-02/eu_cancer-plan_en_0.pdf" }, "type": "link" }, { "text": "." } ], "type": "li" }, { "children": [ { "text": "Key stakeholders for better respiratory health in Europe include medical and patient associations like the " }, { "children": [ { "text": "European Federation of Allergy and Airways Diseases Patients\u2019 Associations (EFA)" } ], "data": { "url": "https://www.efanet.org/" }, "type": "link" }, { "text": ", the " }, { "children": [ { "text": "European Respiratory Society (ERS)" } ], "data": { "url": "https://www.ersnet.org/" }, "type": "link" }, { "text": " and " }, { "children": [ { "text": "European Lung Foundation (ELF)" } ], "data": { "url": "https://europeanlung.org/en/" }, "type": "link" }, { "text": " as well as public health organisations like the " }, { "children": [ { "text": "European Public Health Association" } ], "data": { "url": "https://eupha.org/" }, "type": "link" }, { "text": " and the " }, { "children": [ { "text": "European Public Health Alliance" } ], "data": { "url": "https://epha.org/" }, "type": "link" }, { "text": ". Most of these organisations have task forces and working groups on environmental risk factors. More directly focused on environmental risks for respiratory health are the " }, { "children": [ { "text": "European Aeroallergen Network" } ], "data": { "url": "https://ean.polleninfo.eu/Ean/" }, "type": "link" }, { "text": " and the " }, { "children": [ { "text": "Health and Environment Alliance (HEAL)" } ], "data": { "url": "https://www.env-health.org/" }, "type": "link" }, { "text": "." } ], "type": "li" }, { "children": [ { "text": "Globally, various initiatives addressing CRDs as part of NCD prevention also apply to Europe. " }, { "children": [ { "text": "WHO\u2019s global action plan for the prevention and control of NCDs" } ], "data": { "url": "https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/94384/9789241506236_eng.pdf?sequence=1#:~:text=Prevention%20and%20Control%20of%20NCDs%202013-2020%20in%20May,9%20global%20NCD%20targets%20to%20be%20attained%20in" }, "type": "link" }, { "text": " was introduced to tackle the rising concerns about NCDs between 2013 and 2020 and has been extended to 2030. The action plan aimed, among other things, to reduce by 25% the risk of premature mortality from cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes and chronic respiratory diseases. The " }, { "children": [ { "text": "WHO Global NCD Compact 2020-2030" } ], "data": { "url": "https://www.who.int/initiatives/global-noncommunicable-diseases-compact-2020-2030" }, "type": "link" }, { "text": " was set out to address the lack of policy in legislations and policies to address the number of deaths caused by NCDs. The UN " }, { "children": [ { "text": "Sustainable Development Goals" } ], "data": { "url": "https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/metadata?Text=&Goal=3&Target=3.4" }, "type": "link" }, { "text": " (SDGs) set global targets for sustainability and aim to reduce premature mortality from NCDs (including CRD) by one third by 2030." } ], "type": "li" } ], "type": "ul" } ] }, "6109c72a-5055-4511-9c5a-15b6669aad89": { "@type": "slate", "plaintext": "EU initiatives addressing respiratory disease prevention and environmental risk factors", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "EU initiatives addressing respiratory disease prevention and environmental risk factors" } ], "type": "h2" } ] }, "a8cc88a5-3c63-4e16-a459-a617fd7e6cf0": { "@type": "slate", "plaintext": "There are several other EU-wide initiatives, scientific committees and EU-funded research projects, as well as calls for proposals, relating to different aspects of respiratory disease prevention and the role that environmental risk reduction can play.", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "There are several other EU-wide initiatives, scientific committees and EU-funded research projects, as well as calls for proposals, relating to different aspects of respiratory disease prevention and the role that environmental risk reduction can play. " } ], "type": "p" } ] }, "be7867c9-21dc-458e-a0eb-3eb0419600d5": { "@type": "slate", "plaintext": "Below are the most relevant current activities:", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "Below are the most relevant current activities: " } ], "type": "p" } ] }, "f565305c-8253-479f-995e-9ddf304091af": { "@type": "slate", "plaintext": "Various EU-wide respiratory disease prevention plans and initiatives include the reduction of environmental respiratory disease risks in their strategies. Most initiatives aim to address behavioural factors, specifically smoking (EU action in this area can be found in the second-hand smoke section of this web report). Few initiatives address environmental risk factors. This is a missed opportunity to reduce highly modifiable variables, without the significant challenges that come with changing behaviours at a large populational scale.", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "Various EU-wide respiratory disease prevention plans and initiatives include the reduction of environmental respiratory disease risks in their strategies. Most initiatives aim to address behavioural factors, specifically smoking (EU action in this area can be found in the second-hand smoke section of this web report). Few initiatives address environmental risk factors. 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(Eds), Wildland Fires: A Worldwide Reality, Nova Science Publishers, Inc., New York, Pp. 185-198., , pp. 185-198." } ], "type": "p" } ] }, "03a09a56-3539-4dbf-b894-0dd058d921c0": { "@type": "slate", "plaintext": "EUROSTAT, 2024a, Causes of death statistics, European Commission, Brussels, Belgium ( https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Causes_of_death_statistics#Major_causes_of_death_in_the_EU_in_2021 ).", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "EUROSTAT, 2024a, Causes of death statistics, European Commission, Brussels, Belgium (" }, { "children": [ { "text": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Causes_of_death_statistics#Major_causes_of_death_in_the_EU_in_2021" } ], "data": { "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Causes_of_death_statistics#Major_causes_of_death_in_the_EU_in_2021" }, "type": "link" }, { "text": ")." } ], "type": "p" } ] }, "049b469e-b7e0-4cb2-adeb-c7ae3183ea0a": { "@type": "slate", "plaintext": "Blanc, P. 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\u2018Air pollution and risk of chronic obstructed pulmonary disease: The modifying effect of genetic susceptibility and lifestyle\u2019, eBioMedicine 79 (DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.103994).", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "Wang, L., et al., 2022, \u2018Air pollution and risk of chronic obstructed pulmonary disease: The modifying effect of genetic susceptibility and lifestyle\u2019, eBioMedicine 79 (DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.103994)." } ], "type": "p" } ] } }, "blocks_layout": { "items": [ "ef5c50bb-200e-4165-87fe-719692bef8b8", "e67b46de-3853-4a41-95ff-e3d20c2acd40", "cb1a8046-d03d-4beb-967b-bba88e7e97a6", "b6d2b159-6ca0-42c7-8815-9c4eb2110e80", "bec4afe5-372f-4acd-bee6-837e9ebe8cea", "3fe5ab14-d254-436c-bd59-0df67e4a0412", "18bcf7d5-9fa9-4892-8b58-f6726b8efa1b", "cb2a31b8-494a-4b98-acba-fd545ee956c5", "5b5bb5d3-25bc-42c4-b6c4-e1649dd997ff", "f31cc36e-91c6-4bf8-b71e-80c95d8fd81f", "20fff537-ae66-49e1-862c-816202810aaf", "049b469e-b7e0-4cb2-adeb-c7ae3183ea0a", 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Respiratory disease: modifiable risk factors and individual determinants", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "Figure 1. Respiratory disease: modifiable risk factors and individual determinants" } ], "type": "h3-light" } ] }, "a13684e1-6176-462f-8c97-656afb0c34a9": { "@type": "embed_static_content", "url": "../../../../resolveuid/0094f6ebc49f49bb995fcdcf85c763dc", "with_metadata_section": false, "with_more_info": false, "with_notes": false }, "ac569eb1-bd1b-4af9-8df6-4c57e6c5ea39": { "@type": "dividerBlock", "hidden": true, "spacing": "s", "styles": {} } }, "blocks_layout": { "items": [ "6292497b-505c-4e98-8077-72eead569667", "ac569eb1-bd1b-4af9-8df6-4c57e6c5ea39", "a13684e1-6176-462f-8c97-656afb0c34a9" ] }, "selected": "af7b43e7-b94e-40e1-b702-b0c37a370b9e" }, "styles": { "size": "container_width" }, "variation": "default" }, "8212cbf1-29c4-44f1-bfec-19ebc226e654": { "@type": "dividerBlock", "hidden": true, "section": true, "spacing": "s", "styles": {} }, "86195e24-ddc5-4d50-b26a-6e44604d3823": { "@type": "dividerBlock", "section": true, "spacing": "s", "styles": {} }, "90ea43a4-8837-44c3-bfd3-a35e6c3b9fbb": { "@type": "dividerBlock", "hidden": true, "section": true, "spacing": "s", "styles": {} }, "93273c2b-10a5-4ab3-aed7-9b4159f830c5": { "@type": "slate", "plaintext": "Environmental risks are inherently preventable. Reducing them is key to bringing down the burden of respiratory disease in Europe. Moreover, it is likely that the actual contribution of environmental exposure to respiratory diseases is considerably underestimated. Individuals have limited scope for protecting themselves from most environmental determinants of respiratory disease, making regulatory intervention and policy implementation especially relevant and necessary. Policy and regulations need to be supported by sufficient resources specifically allocated to reducing pollution and preventing exposure (including occupational exposure).", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "Environmental risks are inherently preventable. Reducing them is key to bringing down the burden of respiratory disease in Europe. Moreover, it is likely that the actual contribution of environmental exposure to respiratory diseases is considerably underestimated. Individuals have limited scope for protecting themselves from most environmental determinants of respiratory disease, making regulatory intervention and policy implementation especially relevant and necessary. Policy and regulations need to be supported by sufficient resources specifically allocated to reducing pollution and preventing exposure (including occupational exposure). " } ], "type": "p" } ] }, "97e2e857-0af7-4817-b53e-a3a4acd7ec58": { "@type": "slate", "plaintext": "Respiratory diseases are illnesses that affect the lungs and airways. They consist of acute infectious diseases (such as pneumonia and influenza), chronic diseases (such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), bronchitis, emphysema and asthma) and respiratory tract cancers.", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "Respiratory diseases are illnesses that affect the lungs and airways. They consist of acute infectious diseases (such as pneumonia and influenza), chronic diseases (such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), bronchitis, emphysema and asthma) and respiratory tract cancers." } ], "type": "p" } ] }, "999a64dd-7e8e-40ff-a55c-e0512ec83dcf": { "@type": "slate", "plaintext": "The causes of CRDs are complex. Some of the individual determinants for respiratory disease, such as age, sex, race/ethnicity and family history, are intrinsic to the individual and cannot be modified. Others are external and can be at least partially modified. Established risk factors that can be modified to reduce CRD risks include: (1) clinical risk factors such as obesity, as well as diabetes, which may be partly hereditary; (2) behavioural risk factors such as an unhealthy diet, lack of physical activity, smoking and alcohol use; and (3) environmental risk factors like exposure to air pollution, extreme temperatures, chemicals and biological agents in the environment and the workplace, second-hand smoke, dampness and mould, among others. Clinical CRD risk factors are affected by a variety of biological mechanisms as well as behavioural and environmental factors. Both are heavily influenced by socioeconomic factors like poor quality housing, low levels of income and education, lack of access to quality healthcare and related psychosocial stress (see Figure 1).", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "The causes of CRDs are complex. Some of the individual determinants for respiratory disease, such as age, sex, race/ethnicity and family history, are intrinsic to the individual and cannot be modified. Others are external and can be at least partially modified. Established risk factors that can be modified to reduce CRD risks include: (1) clinical risk factors such as obesity, as well as diabetes, which may be partly hereditary; (2) behavioural risk factors such as an unhealthy diet, lack of physical activity, smoking and alcohol use; and (3) environmental" }, { "children": [ { "text": " " } ], "type": "b" }, { "text": "risk factors like exposure to air pollution, extreme temperatures, chemicals and biological agents in the environment and the workplace, second-hand smoke, dampness and mould, among others. Clinical CRD risk factors are affected by a variety of biological mechanisms as well as behavioural and environmental factors. Both are heavily influenced by socioeconomic factors like poor quality housing, low levels of income and education, lack of access to quality healthcare and related psychosocial stress (see Figure 1). " } ], "type": "p" } ] }, "9aeb0f87-aca3-42d4-afe9-c8c2b1f0f8cd": { "@layout": "74c57972-a7ba-459c-90f9-8966931b5d50", "@type": "layoutSettings", "block": "7f28dc8d-897f-4f31-aad0-41b57a2c259b", "layout_size": "narrow_view" }, "9f2b8ceb-7e69-41be-960e-785dca41cb16": { "@type": "slate", "plaintext": "While data gaps exist and uncertainties are high, current scientific evidence solidly supports reducing environmental exposure as an effective strategy to reduce respiratory disease risks. There is no need to fully understand every step of the causal pathway from environmental exposure to respiratory disease cases to take decisive action to reduce pollution.", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "While data gaps exist and uncertainties are high, current scientific evidence solidly supports reducing environmental exposure as an effective strategy to reduce respiratory disease risks. There is no need to fully understand every step of the causal pathway from environmental exposure to respiratory disease cases to take decisive action to reduce pollution. " } ], "type": "p" } ] }, "b67ef34a-d28f-4c38-a464-7339cb2b58a2": { "@type": "slate", "plaintext": "Environmental contribution to respiratory disease in Europe", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "Environmental contribution to respiratory disease in Europe" } ], "type": "h2" } ] }, "ceb21fe5-1a1f-4116-bc8a-3060c3732348": { "@type": "dividerBlock", "hidden": true, "section": true, "spacing": "s", "styles": {} }, "d2456769-3165-4abb-88b2-d2225e8edcd7": { "@type": "slate", "plaintext": "The figure of 35% (for preventable CRD deaths attributable to the environment) may be an underestimate, as it includes only environmental factors for which enough data is available for most\u00a0 member and collaborating countries. It does not include known CRD risk factors such as exposure to aeroallergens, dust, mould and dampness, pollution from forest fires, or toxic chemicals that may be present in homes, the workplace or elsewhere. Though there are no Europe-wide estimates of the overall respiratory disease burden from many of these factors, this report nevertheless highlights existing scientific knowledge on their respiratory effects.", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "The figure of 35% (for preventable CRD deaths attributable to the environment) may be an underestimate, as it includes only environmental factors for which enough data is available for most\u00a0 member and collaborating countries. It does not include known CRD risk factors such as exposure to aeroallergens, dust, mould and dampness, pollution from forest fires, or toxic chemicals that may be present in homes, the workplace or elsewhere. Though there are no Europe-wide estimates of the overall respiratory disease burden from many of these factors, this report nevertheless highlights existing scientific knowledge on their respiratory effects." } ], "type": "p" } ] }, "d2f43c79-da07-42c5-9655-6431e6edfdc6": { "@type": "columnsBlock", "data": { "blocks": { "c22ea277-82ed-428f-bc4b-f7eb967c5afd": { "blocks": { "2effff29-a325-4d29-9430-b1cc2b773a96": { "@type": "item", "assetType": "icon", "description": [ { "children": [ { "text": "Chronic respiratory disease cases tend to reflect past exposure, so decreasing exposure to environmental risk factors will take years to translate into less cases of respiratory disease. " } ], "type": "p" } ], "icon": "ri-arrow-right-circle-line", "iconSize": "tiny", "imageSize": "big", "theme": "tertiary", "verticalAlign": "middle" }, "63a772e6-110a-4971-af83-3f44c624b6ee": { "@type": "item", "assetType": "icon", "description": [ { "children": [ { "text": "Exposure to many of these environmental factors \u2014 and chronic respiratory diseases themselves \u2014 is aggravated by climate change." } ], "type": "p" } ], "icon": "ri-arrow-right-circle-line", "iconSize": "tiny", "imageSize": "big", "theme": "tertiary", "verticalAlign": "middle" }, "7e506c6f-c27b-418b-971d-40ad8ed80d61": { "@type": "item", "assetType": "icon", "description": [ { "children": [ { "text": "Environmental risk factors are estimated to cause over a third of premature chronic respiratory disease-related deaths (i.e. close to 80,000) in Europe \u2014 almost as many as the chronic respiratory disease deaths from smoking and other behavioural risk factors." } ], "type": "p" } ], "icon": "ri-arrow-right-circle-line", "iconSize": "tiny", "imageSize": "big", "theme": "tertiary", "verticalAlign": "middle" }, "9939c244-8a95-464f-a641-2b9bfe95a445": { "@type": "item", "assetType": "icon", "description": [ { "children": [ { "text": "Key environmental risk factors for chronic respiratory disease in Europe include air pollution (14% of CRD deaths), extreme temperatures (over 11%), occupational exposure (8%), second-hand smoke (3%), as well as mould, wildfire smoke and allergenic pollens. " } ], "type": "p" } ], "icon": "ri-arrow-right-circle-line", "iconSize": "tiny", "imageSize": "big", "theme": "tertiary", "verticalAlign": "middle" }, "be0af67f-1edb-4a61-b719-0fdc96ea09c8": { "@type": "slate", "plaintext": " Key messages ", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "" }, { "children": [ { "style-secondary": true, "text": "Key messages" } ], "type": "light" }, { "text": "" } ], "type": "h2" } ] }, "d6330d9d-ca88-42ed-b3b7-3110056d0d10": { "@type": "item", "assetType": "icon", "description": [ { "children": [ { "text": "These premature deaths and a significant part of the burden of disease from these illnesses can be prevented by reducing pollution, addressing energy poverty and adapting to climate change. " } ], "type": "p" } ], "icon": "ri-arrow-right-circle-line", "iconSize": "tiny", "imageSize": "big", "theme": "tertiary", "verticalAlign": "middle" } }, "blocks_layout": { "items": [ "be0af67f-1edb-4a61-b719-0fdc96ea09c8", "7e506c6f-c27b-418b-971d-40ad8ed80d61", "d6330d9d-ca88-42ed-b3b7-3110056d0d10", "9939c244-8a95-464f-a641-2b9bfe95a445", "63a772e6-110a-4971-af83-3f44c624b6ee", "2effff29-a325-4d29-9430-b1cc2b773a96" ] } } }, "blocks_layout": { "items": [ "c22ea277-82ed-428f-bc4b-f7eb967c5afd" ] } }, "gridCols": [ "full" ], "gridSize": 12, "styles": {} }, "dbc2fa4e-0d51-4229-b8f4-63850144952f": { "@type": "slate", "plaintext": "Conclusions", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "Conclusions " } ], "type": "h2" } ] }, "dc80f87c-d4e3-4746-ac1f-503c84f0d6f2": { "@layout": "bdcee045-0a9b-4c71-9fed-219d9d975a6d", "@type": "description", "block": "4ddc2981-f1db-4b33-9559-87b9069fd6eb", "plaintext": "This report provides information about the environmental determinants of chronic respiratory disease (CRD) to support EU policy responses. It is based on data compiled by the EEA and supports the European Green Deal, as well as EU action against pollution, climate change, occupational risks and tobacco.", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "This report provides information about the environmental determinants of chronic respiratory disease (CRD) to support EU policy responses. It is based on data compiled by the EEA and supports the European Green Deal, as well as EU action against pollution, climate change, occupational risks and tobacco." } ], "type": "p" } ] }, "df74bf41-4bbf-4b5f-bf4e-2084b275deb0": { "copyrightIcon": "ri-copyright-line", "styles": {}, "variation": "web_report", "@layout": "f8c004a2-7cd6-4fe6-ae1c-c5597fdd2fc6", "@type": "title", "block": "df74bf41-4bbf-4b5f-bf4e-2084b275deb0", "content_type": "Web report", "copyright": "Erika Zolli, My City /EEA", "hero_header": true, "hideContentType": true, "hideCreationDate": true, "hideDownloadButton": true, "hideModificationDate": true, "hideShareButton": true }, "e874f566-b16b-4aa6-8a36-c70230e824fe": { "@type": "slate", "plaintext": "In Europe ( EEA member and collaborating countries ), over a third (35%) of all CRD deaths are estimated to come from key environmental factors, mainly air pollution (14%), cold (11%), occupational exposures (8%) and secondhand tobacco smoke (3%). This represents over 78,000 premature deaths and a large burden of CRDs, which could be largely prevented by addressing energy poverty, enforcing tobacco regulations, and reducing pollution and occupational exposures. The association between environmental factors and CRDs is on average greater for men than for women and is also linked to ageing. Most of this burden is associated with COPD and to a lesser extent asthma, for which the burden of disease is mostly tied to morbidity. There is significant variation across EEA member and collaborating countries, with higher proportions of CRD deaths due to the environment estimated in eastern and south-eastern European countries and T\u00fcrkiye (see Figure 2).", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "In Europe (" }, { "children": [ { "text": "EEA member and collaborating countries" } ], "data": { "extra": [], "footnote": "Except Kosovo under UNSCR 1244/99 and Liechtenstein.", "label": "Except Kosovo under UNSCR 1244/99 and Liechtenstein.", "uid": "emE1I", "value": "Except Kosovo under UNSCR 1244/99 and Liechtenstein." }, "type": "footnote" }, { "text": "), over a third (35%) of all CRD deaths are estimated to come from key environmental factors, mainly air pollution (14%), cold (11%), occupational exposures (8%) and secondhand tobacco smoke (3%). This represents over 78,000 premature deaths and a large burden of CRDs, which could be largely prevented by addressing energy poverty, enforcing tobacco regulations, and reducing pollution and occupational exposures. The association between environmental factors and CRDs is on average greater for men than for women and is also linked to ageing. Most of this burden is associated with COPD and to a lesser extent asthma, for which the burden of disease is mostly tied to morbidity. There is significant variation across EEA member and collaborating countries, with higher proportions of CRD deaths due to the environment estimated in eastern and south-eastern European countries and T\u00fcrkiye (see Figure 2)." } ], "type": "p" } ] }, "53e4c244-ba43-49d4-8d81-f8e85fc121b6": { "@type": "slate", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "Respiratory diseases impact the lives of many European residents. They are the third most common " }, { "children": [ { "text": "cause of death" } ], "data": { "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Causes_of_death_statistics#Major_causes_of_death_in_the_EU_in_2021" }, "type": "link" }, { "text": " in the European Environment Agency " }, { "children": [ { "text": "member countries" } ], "data": { "extra": [], "footnote": "Excluding COVID; COVID-related deaths were the third most common cause of death in 2021 in the EU-27, falling rapidly thereafter.", "label": "Excluding COVID; COVID-related deaths were the third most common cause of death in 2021 in the EU-27, falling rapidly thereafter.", "uid": "wcsNN", "value": "Excluding COVID; COVID-related deaths were the third most common cause of death in 2021 in the EU-27, falling rapidly thereafter." }, "type": "footnote" }, { "text": ", where almost 420,000 people die from them each year, over 60% of them from Chronic Respiratory Diseases (CRDs) (Eurostat, 2024a; WHO, 2024; IHME, 2024). While there are some higher death rates and burden of disease from respiratory disease in some of these countries, there is no clear pattern across the region." } ], "type": "p" } ], "plaintext": "Respiratory diseases impact the lives of many European residents. They are the third most common cause of death in the European Environment Agency member countries , where almost 420,000 people die from them each year, over 60% of them from Chronic Respiratory Diseases (CRDs) (Eurostat, 2024a; WHO, 2024; IHME, 2024). While there are some higher death rates and burden of disease from respiratory disease in some of these countries, there is no clear pattern across the region." }, "86cbda6a-4f34-45a2-bea6-3725adec2235": { "@type": "slate", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "Environmental risks for cancers, including respiratory, were addressed in a previous EEA " }, { "children": [ { "text": "report" } ], "data": { "url": "https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/environmental-burden-of-cancer/beating-cancer-the-role-of-europes" }, "type": "link" }, { "text": ". This report focuses on chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs), with brief mentions of infectious respiratory diseases for which the influence of environmental risks is well-established." } ], "type": "p" } ], "plaintext": "Environmental risks for cancers, including respiratory, were addressed in a previous EEA report . This report focuses on chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs), with brief mentions of infectious respiratory diseases for which the influence of environmental risks is well-established." }, "e594dc0a-3a0d-498a-9e27-640703fc0ecf": { "@layout": "e594dc0a-3a0d-498a-9e27-640703fc0ecf", "@type": "eea_latest_version", "block": "b06ccfad-8f65-4bcc-a5bd-10647ade323e", "results": true } }
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