Progress in the management of contaminated sites in Europe

Healthy, unpolluted soils provide ecosystem services and protect human health. Soils can become polluted when high concentrations of contaminants are released from a point source (such as industry, waste, landfills and spills). A recent conservative projection estimates that the EU has 2.8 million potentially contaminated sites. Current efforts to monitor and remediate these sites vary markedly across Member States. Therefore, coherent efforts supported by an EU-wide policy are needed to fill gaps and speed up the identification and management of sites in need of risk reduction measures and remediation.

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Metadata
DPSIR Pressure
Typology Descriptive indicator (Type A - What is happening to the environment and to humans?)
UN SDGs SDG15: Life on land
Topics Land use, Pollution
Temporal coverage { "readOnly": true, "temporal": [ { "label": "2006", "value": "2006" }, { "label": "2011", "value": "2011" }, { "label": "2016", "value": "2016" } ] }
Geographic coverage { "readOnly": true, "geolocation": [ { "label": "Austria", "value": "geo-2782113" }, { "label": "Belgium", "value": "geo-2802361" }, { "label": "Bulgaria", "value": "geo-732800" }, { "label": "Croatia", "value": "geo-3202326" }, { "label": "Cyprus", "value": "geo-146669" }, { "label": "Czechia", "value": "geo-3077311" }, { "label": "Denmark", "value": "geo-2623032" }, { "label": "Estonia", "value": "geo-453733" }, { "label": "Finland", "value": "geo-660013" }, { "label": "Flanders", "value": "geo-3337388" }, { "label": "France", "value": "geo-3017382" }, { "label": "Germany", "value": "geo-2921044" }, { "label": "Hungary", "value": "geo-719819" }, { "label": "Italy", "value": "geo-3175395" }, { "label": "Latvia", "value": "geo-458258" }, { "label": "Lithuania", "value": "geo-597427" }, { "label": "Luxembourg", "value": "geo-2960313" }, { "label": "Malta", "value": "geo-2562770" }, { "label": "Netherlands", "value": "geo-2750405" }, { "label": "Portugal", "value": "geo-2264397" }, { "label": "Romania", "value": "geo-798549" }, { "label": "Slovakia", "value": "geo-3057568" }, { "label": "Spain", "value": "geo-2510769" }, { "label": "Sweden", "value": "geo-2661886" } ] }
Workflow
Content responsible Head of Group
Layout
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Currently, with existing national implementation structures and funding, countries\u2019 progress in detecting, investigating and remediating contaminated sites varies considerably, from 20 sites/year to 3,000 sites/year. The total numbers of sites under remediation in 2006, 2011 and 2016 were 6,269, 12,073 and 10,539, respectively. In order to remediate all expected contaminated sites, it would take between 10 years (based on the average current remediation rate of 614 sites/year per country) and 47 years (based on a median remediation rate per country of 129 sites/year).", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "Assuming a cost of EUR100,000 for a site to be remediated" }, { "children": [ { "text": "" } ], "data": { "footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">Ernst &amp; Young, 2013, <i>Evaluation of expenditure and jobs for addressing soil contamination in Member States</i>, final report to European Commission Directorate-General for Environment,</div>\n</div>\n", "footnoteTitle": "Ernst & Young, 2013, Evaluation of expenditure and jobs for a", "uid": "G-4ZK", "zoteroId": "T4GZRTWF" }, "type": "zotero" }, { "text": ", a total of EUR16.6 billion would be required to remediate remaining sites. Currently, with existing national implementation structures and funding, countries\u2019 progress in detecting, investigating and remediating contaminated sites varies considerably, from 20 sites/year to 3,000 sites/year. The total numbers of sites under remediation in 2006, 2011 and 2016 were 6,269, 12,073 and 10,539, respectively. In order to remediate all expected contaminated sites, it would take between 10 years (based on the average current remediation rate of 614 sites/year per country) and 47 years (based on a median remediation rate per country of 129 sites/year). " } ], "type": "p" } ] }, "61f40313-fa34-4055-bfd7-cefcec46fd78": { "@type": "slate", "plaintext": "In 2016, 115,000 contaminated sites were remediated in the EU, representing 8.3% of the currently registered potentially contaminated sites. Based on current projections, at least 166,000 additional sites are expected to be in need of risk reduction measures or remediation.", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "In 2016, 115,000 contaminated sites were remediated in the EU, representing 8.3% of the currently registered potentially contaminated sites. Based on current projections, at least 166,000 additional sites are expected to be in need of risk reduction measures or remediation. " } ], "type": "p" } ] }, "bd56edfe-9b54-4ae1-86d6-ce0bdc209e05": { "@type": "slate", "plaintext": "Current knowledge of the content of national contaminated site registers is based on various Eionet questionnaires (2001-2006, 2011, 2016), with information about polluting activities and substances collected only in 2011. The methodology used to monitor progress in the management of contaminated sites is based on six site statuses.", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "Current knowledge of the content of national contaminated site registers is based on various Eionet questionnaires (2001-2006, 2011, 2016), with information about polluting activities and substances collected only in 2011. The methodology used to monitor progress in the management of contaminated sites is based on six site statuses. " } ], "type": "p" } ] }, "d3d49723-14e5-4663-b346-37ee3572f28d": { "@type": "slate", "fixed": true, "instructions": { "content-type": "text/html", "data": "<p><br/></p>", "encoding": "utf8" }, "plaintext": "", "readOnlySettings": true, "required": true, "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "" } ], "type": "p" } ] }, "f49e45d5-1210-4770-90cb-b41dc3347751": { "@type": "group", "className": "figure-metadata", "id": "figure-metadata-02ba4a04-fcfe-4968-806f-1dac3119cfef", "data": { "blocks": { "164df862-047b-4f7f-8ce1-9a3956771bba": { "@type": "slate", "value": [ { "type": "h3-light", "children": [ { "text": "Figure 2. Progress in the management of contaminated sites in the EU, total number of recorded remediated sites" } ] } ], "plaintext": "Figure 2. Progress in the management of contaminated sites in the EU, total number of recorded remediated sites" } }, "blocks_layout": { "items": [ "164df862-047b-4f7f-8ce1-9a3956771bba" ] } }, "styles": {} }, "43df8fab-b278-4b0e-a62c-ce6b8e0a881e": { "@type": "dividerBlock", "section": false, "short": true, "disableNewBlocks": true, "fixed": true, "hidden": true, "readOnly": true, "required": true, "spacing": "m", "fitted": false } }, "blocks_layout": { "items": [ "f49e45d5-1210-4770-90cb-b41dc3347751", "02ba4a04-fcfe-4968-806f-1dac3119cfef", "43df8fab-b278-4b0e-a62c-ce6b8e0a881e", "61f40313-fa34-4055-bfd7-cefcec46fd78", "58ab36cf-d0d1-42fb-b467-96e8debcb988", "bd56edfe-9b54-4ae1-86d6-ce0bdc209e05" ] } }, "disableInnerButtons": true, "disableNewBlocks": false, "fixed": true, "ignoreSpaces": true, "instructions": { "content-type": "text/html", "data": "<ol keys=\"9bbul,b1sa2,171og,1c1t5\" depth=\"0\"><li>Depending on the indicator context, this text can provide information at country level or, if this is not relevant, at some other level, e.g. sectoral, regional level.</li><li>This text interprets the data represented in the chart, rather than describing results, i.e. it provides explanations for some of the results.</li><li>The text related to progress at this level does not have to be comprehensive.</li><li>If there is no information that adds value to what is already visible there is no need to have any text.</li></ol>", "encoding": "utf8" }, "maxChars": "1000", "placeholder": "Disaggregate level assessment e.g. country, sectoral, regional level assessment", "readOnly": false, "readOnlySettings": true, "required": true, "title": "Disaggregate level assessment" }, "677f7422-6da4-4c86-bca8-de732b7047b9": { "@type": "dividerBlock", "disableNewBlocks": true, "fixed": true, "hidden": true, "readOnly": true, "required": true, "section": false, "spacing": "m", "styles": {} }, "a280699e-14e1-4dd3-9821-b872e24787a5": { "@layout": "794c9b24-5cd4-4b9f-a0cd-b796aadc86e8", "@type": "group", "allowedBlocks": [], "as": "section", "block": "a280699e-14e1-4dd3-9821-b872e24787a5", "data": { "blocks": { "12d8c532-f7ad-43fe-ada7-330b2d7a7a39": { "@type": "slate", "disableNewBlocks": true, "fixed": true, "instructions": { "content-type": "text/html", "data": "<p><br/></p>", "encoding": "utf8" }, "plaintext": "Published: date \u2012 25min read", "readOnly": true, "readOnlySettings": true, "required": true, "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "" }, { "children": [ { "text": "Published: " }, { "children": [ { "text": "date" } ], "data": { "id": "effective", "widget": "datetime" }, "type": "mention" }, { "text": " \u2012 25min read" } ], "type": "sup" }, { "text": "" } ], "type": "p" } ] }, "1c31c956-5086-476a-8694-9936cfa6c240": { "@type": "description", "disableNewBlocks": true, "fixed": true, "instructions": { "content-type": "text/html", "data": "<p>The summary tells the reader about the indicator trend over the examined period and whether or not it helps to achieve the associated policy objective, which can be either quantitative or directional.</p><p>In the absence of a policy objective, it explains whether the trend is in the right or wrong direction in relation to the issue examined.</p><p>If there has been an important change over the most recent period of the time series, e.g. over the last year, this is indicated too.</p><p>Furthermore, if there is a quantitative target, it also indicates whether we are on track to meet it and if not what are the reasons preventing that, e.g. socio-economic drivers, implementation gap etc.</p>", "encoding": "utf8" }, "placeholder": "Summary", "readOnlySettings": true, "required": true, "value": [ { "type": "p", "children": [ { "text": "Healthy, unpolluted soils provide ecosystem services and protect human health. Soils can become polluted when high concentrations of contaminants are released from a point source (such as industry, waste, landfills and spills). A recent conservative projection estimates that the EU has 2.8 million potentially contaminated sites. Current efforts to monitor and remediate these sites vary markedly across Member States. Therefore, coherent efforts supported by an EU-wide policy are needed to fill gaps and speed up the identification and management of sites in need of risk reduction measures and remediation." } ] } ], "plaintext": "Healthy, unpolluted soils provide ecosystem services and protect human health. Soils can become polluted when high concentrations of contaminants are released from a point source (such as industry, waste, landfills and spills). A recent conservative projection estimates that the EU has 2.8 million potentially contaminated sites. Current efforts to monitor and remediate these sites vary markedly across Member States. Therefore, coherent efforts supported by an EU-wide policy are needed to fill gaps and speed up the identification and management of sites in need of risk reduction measures and remediation." }, "3cccc2bb-471a-44c7-b006-5595c4713ff2": { "@type": "layoutSettings", "disableNewBlocks": true, "fixed": true, "layout_size": "narrow_view", "readOnly": true, "readOnlySettings": true, "required": true }, "ddde07aa-4e48-4475-94bd-e1a517d26eab": { "copyrightIcon": "ri-copyright-line", "styles": {}, "variation": "default", "@type": "title", "disableNewBlocks": true, "fixed": true, "hideContentType": true, "hideCreationDate": true, "hideDownloadButton": true, "hideModificationDate": true, "placeholder": "Indicator title", "readOnlySettings": true, "required": true } }, "blocks_layout": { "items": [ "ddde07aa-4e48-4475-94bd-e1a517d26eab", "1c31c956-5086-476a-8694-9936cfa6c240", "3cccc2bb-471a-44c7-b006-5595c4713ff2" ] } }, "disableInnerButtons": true, "disableNewBlocks": true, "fixed": true, "fixedLayout": true, "ignoreSpaces": true, "instructions": { "content-type": "text/html", "data": "<p>The summary tells the reader about the indicator trend over the examined period and whether or not it helps to achieve the associated policy objective, which can be either quantitative or directional.</p><p>In the absence of a policy objective, it explains whether the trend is in the right or wrong direction in relation to the issue examined.</p><p>If there has been an important change over the most recent period of the time series, e.g. over the last year, this is indicated too.</p><p>Furthermore, if there is a quantitative target, it also indicates whether we are on track to meet it and if not what are the reasons preventing that, e.g. socio-economic drivers, implementation gap etc.</p>", "encoding": "utf8" }, "maxChars": "500", "readOnlySettings": true, "required": true, "styles": { "style_name": "environment-theme-bg" }, "title": "Content header" }, "c61c8020-8b3c-4b22-8d10-7a00433fa725": { "@layout": "1bc4379d-cddb-4120-84ad-5ab025533b12", "@type": "group", "allowedBlocks": [ "slate" ], "as": "section", "block": "c61c8020-8b3c-4b22-8d10-7a00433fa725", "data": { "blocks": { "b0279dde-1ceb-4137-a7f1-5ab7b46a782c": { "@type": "embed_content", "url": "../../../../resolveuid/c4b425ec7a2d4e7781858af573236422", "with_notes": false }, "bdaf2a0d-fedd-419e-bec1-4d9235765314": { "@type": "slate", "plaintext": "In 2016, 1.38 million potentially contaminated sites were registered, with 98% of them represented by 11 countries (Eionet revision of 2016 indicator statistics, conducted in 2022). Once a suspected polluting activity has been confirmed, sites are considered 'contaminated sites'; this is currently confirmed for 69% of the potentially contaminated sites. Based on a projected total of 2.8 million sites suspected to be contaminated, at least 2 million would be expected to be registered once comparable national registers are fully developed. However, depending on the assumptions used for projections, the number of sites suspected of being contaminated, can be even larger.", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "In 2016, 1.38 million potentially contaminated sites were registered, with 98% of them represented by 11 countries" }, { "children": [ { "text": " " } ], "data": { "footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">Pay&#xE1; P&#xE9;rez, A. and Rodr&#xED;guez Eugenio, N., 2018, <i>Status of local soil contamination in Europe: revision of the indicator &#x2018;Progress in the management of contaminated sites in Europe&#x2019;</i>, JRC Technical Report, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg.</div>\n</div>\n", "footnoteTitle": "Pay\u00e1 P\u00e9rez, A., 2018, Status of local soil contamination in Eu, Luxembourg", "uid": "im9VZ", "zoteroId": "VG8NZPTT" }, "type": "zotero" }, { "text": " (Eionet revision of 2016 indicator statistics, conducted in 2022). Once a suspected polluting activity has been confirmed, sites are considered 'contaminated sites'; this is currently confirmed for 69% of the potentially contaminated sites. Based on a projected total of 2.8 million sites suspected to be contaminated, at least 2 million would be expected to be registered once comparable national registers are fully developed. However, depending on the assumptions used for projections, the number of sites suspected of being contaminated, can be even larger. " } ], "type": "p" } ] }, "c76bbdd5-a391-43e8-8a66-8b81ef301d76": { "@type": "slate", "plaintext": "Contaminated sites release potentially toxic compounds into soil, air and water, and can restrict economic development and decrease property values and the attractiveness of communities . Such sites are often located in urban industrial areas and lower income communities. However, they offer potential for urban re-development through land recycling after remediation.", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "Contaminated sites release potentially toxic compounds into soil, air and water, and can restrict economic development and decrease property values and the attractiveness of communities" }, { "children": [ { "text": "" } ], "data": { "footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">Smollin, L. and Lubitow, A., 2019, 'Environmental justice and interventions to prevent environmental injustice in the United States', in: Nriagu, J. (ed), <i>Encyclopedia of environmental health</i>, Elsevier B.V., pp. 561&#x2013;568.</div>\n</div>\n", "footnoteTitle": "Smollin, L., 2019, Environmental justice and interventions ", "uid": "xpw-x", "zoteroId": "XPKIMG3F" }, "type": "zotero" }, { "text": ". Such sites are often located in urban industrial areas and lower income communities. However, they offer potential for urban re-development through land recycling after remediation." } ], "type": "p" } ] }, "deb7e84d-d2c8-4491-90fa-3dc65fe02143": { "@type": "slate", "fixed": true, "instructions": { "content-type": "text/html", "data": "<p><br/></p>", "encoding": "utf8" }, "plaintext": "", "readOnlySettings": true, "required": true, "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "" } ], "type": "p" } ] }, "f331d2e7-6ac1-4653-a9ca-75bff7db4435": { "@type": "slate", "plaintext": "National registers cover contamination from ongoing and historical polluting activities. All Member States monitor emissions from ongoing industrial activities through national implementation of EU policies (e.g. the Seveso Directive, Industrial Emissions Directive, Waste Framework Directive). In contrast to emissions on air and water, contamination on land is currently hardly reported in the European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register. The management of historical contamination is also challenging (e.g. brownfields and orphan sites), and this concerns the majority of sites in national registers. In the absence of a dedicated EU soil legislation, the current management of such sites until now depends on national initiatives. The number of countries that report statistics on registered potentially contaminated sites increased from 18 in 2006 to 23 in 2016; however, only 12 have detailed registers. Ten countries either have still not yet developed any national register or consider only a very limited set of polluting activities in their approaches to site management.", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "National registers cover contamination from ongoing and historical polluting activities. All Member States monitor emissions from ongoing industrial activities through national implementation of EU policies (e.g. the Seveso Directive, Industrial Emissions Directive, Waste Framework Directive). In contrast to emissions on air and water, contamination on land is currently hardly reported in the European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register. The management of historical contamination is also challenging (e.g. brownfields and orphan sites), and this concerns the majority of sites in national registers. In the absence of a dedicated EU soil legislation, the current management of such sites until now depends on national initiatives. The number of countries that report statistics on registered potentially contaminated sites increased from 18 in 2006 to 23 in 2016; however, only 12 have detailed registers. Ten countries either have still not yet developed any national register or consider only a very limited set of polluting activities in their approaches to site management." } ], "type": "p" } ] }, "6963e069-d229-4dc6-8f86-d090b5391302": { "@type": "group", "className": "figure-metadata", "id": "figure-metadata-b0279dde-1ceb-4137-a7f1-5ab7b46a782c", "data": { "blocks": { "8d6e0333-4b7a-4dea-a7c6-572a07327b70": { "@type": "slate", "value": [ { "type": "h3-light", "children": [ { "text": "Figure 1. Potentially contaminated sites in the EU, as registered in national inventories" } ] } ], "plaintext": "Figure 1. Potentially contaminated sites in the EU, as registered in national inventories" } }, "blocks_layout": { "items": [ "8d6e0333-4b7a-4dea-a7c6-572a07327b70" ] } }, "styles": {} }, "43df8fab-b278-4b0e-a62c-ce6b8e0a881d": { "@type": "dividerBlock", "section": false, "short": true, "disableNewBlocks": true, "fixed": true, "hidden": true, "readOnly": true, "required": true, "styles": {}, "spacing": "m", "fitted": false } }, "blocks_layout": { "items": [ "6963e069-d229-4dc6-8f86-d090b5391302", "b0279dde-1ceb-4137-a7f1-5ab7b46a782c", "43df8fab-b278-4b0e-a62c-ce6b8e0a881d", "c76bbdd5-a391-43e8-8a66-8b81ef301d76", "bdaf2a0d-fedd-419e-bec1-4d9235765314", "f331d2e7-6ac1-4653-a9ca-75bff7db4435" ] } }, "disableInnerButtons": true, "disableNewBlocks": false, "fixed": true, "ignoreSpaces": true, "instructions": { "content-type": "text/html", "data": "<p><strong>Assessment text remains at</strong> <strong>the relevant</strong> <strong>aggregate level</strong> <strong>(i.e.</strong> <strong>global, EU, sectoral)</strong> <strong>and addresses the following: </strong></p><ol keys=\"dkvn8,e367c,f4lpb,9j981,7ai6k,3g3pd\" depth=\"0\"><li>Explains in one or two sentences on the environmental rationale of the indicator, i.e. why it matters to the environment that we see an increase/decrease in the value measured.</li><li>Explains in one or two sentences the associated policy objective, which can be either quantitative or directional. 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Supporting information
Methodology [ { "children": [ { "text": "The first data collection exercise started in 2001, leading to a step-wise improvement of the definition of management steps (sites status) in 2006, 2011 and 2016. Data collection in 2011 and 2016 was coordinated by the Joint Research Centre." } ], "type": "p" }, { "children": [ { "text": " " } ], "type": "p" }, { "children": [ { "text": "In the absence of a unique regulatory instrument for soil protection at EU level, and considering large differences in national soil legislation (timing, focus, targets), countries have developed contaminated site inventories very differently. To assess the scope of the challenge for the EU, a projection had been prepared based on the 2016 Eionet statistics for the number of potentially contaminated sites (Pay\u00e1 P\u00e9rez and Rodr\u00edguez Eugenio, 2018): an average density of 3.69 sites/km" }, { "children": [ { "text": "2" } ], "type": "sup" }, { "text": " per artificial surface was found, and an average density of 15.7 corresponds to the current projection of 2.8 million potentially contaminated sites. Considering some recent national data updates, an average density of 23 sites per km" }, { "children": [ { "text": "2" } ], "type": "sup" }, { "text": " of artificial surface is received (when looking at the 16 countries with the most extensive national inventories). This indicates that the current EU wide projection is an underestimation, and that a methodical improvement in the projection for the whole EU needs to be facilitated." } ], "type": "p" } ]
Data sources and providers { "readOnly": true, "data": [ { "@id": "1d562c74-1533-4bf5-971d-c67686563c07", "title": "Progress in the management of contaminated sites in the EU (direct link to the datasets is not available)" }, { "@id": "da368e53-e149-4ec9-aef0-0be6b013dcd2", "link": "/en/datahub/datahubitem-view/7610cfd3-7af0-4f11-8622-26ec9c1a6fb4", "title": "EIONET questionnaire on national contaminated sites" } ] }
Definition [ { "children": [ { "text": "This indicator belongs to the EEA\u2019s land and soil indicator set and monitors how EU Member States (and EEA member countries, EEA-38) address local soil pollution. It is based on national statistics provided by experts cooperating in the European Environmental Information and Observation Network (Eionet). The indicator includes information on six site statuses (see Policy/environmental relevance section)." } ], "type": "p" } ]
Unit of measure [ { "children": [ { "text": "FIG1: Number of registered potentially contaminated sites" } ], "type": "p" }, { "children": [ { "text": "FIG2: Total number of remediated sites" } ], "type": "p" } ]
Policy / environmental relevance [ { "children": [ { "text": "" }, { "children": [ { "text": "Management of contaminated sites" } ], "type": "b" }, { "text": "" } ], "type": "p" }, { "children": [ { "text": "The management of local soil contamination is a tiered process. Every site passes through several management steps (site status) as outlined in the table below. The process of managing contaminated sites aims to assess and, where necessary, reduce the risk of adverse impacts on protection targets to an acceptable level. The management process starts with a basic desk study or historical investigation, which may lead to more detailed site investigation and, depending on the outcome of these, risk reduction measures or remediation." } ], "type": "p" }, { "children": [ { "text": " " } ], "type": "p" }, { "children": [ { "text": "" }, { "children": [ { "text": "" } ], "type": "strong" }, { "text": "See table on " }, { "children": [ { "text": "Site status in contaminated sites management" } ], "type": "link", "data": { "url": "https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/site-status-in-contaminated-sites-management" } }, { "text": "" } ], "type": "p" }, { "children": [ { "text": "" } ], "type": "p" }, { "children": [ { "text": "See table on " }, { "children": [ { "text": "Terminology related to contaminated sites" } ], "type": "link", "data": { "url": "https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/terminology-related-to-contaminated-sites" } }, { "text": "" } ], "type": "p" } ]
Frequency of dissemination 1
Accuracy and uncertainties [ { "children": [ { "text": "No uncertainties have been specified" } ], "type": "p" } ]
Settings
Short name progress-in-the-management-of
Versioning enabled yes
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