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Supporting information
Methodology
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"text": "This indicator is based on the national total and sectoral emissions data that are officially reported to the EEA and the Co-operative Programme for Monitoring and Evaluation of the Long-range Transmission of Air Pollutants in Europe (EMEP) under the "
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Definition
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"text": "This indicator tracks trends in anthropogenic emissions of POPs over time, since 2005. At the moment, emissions of PAHs are described, but emissions of PCBs, HCB, PCDDs and PCDFs compounds will be added in the future."
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Unit of measure
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Policy / environmental relevance
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"text": "POPs, including PAHs, are recognised as being directly toxic to biota. They can progressively accumulate in the food chain. This means that chronic exposure of lower organisms to even relatively low concentrations can expose predatory organisms, including humans and wildlife, to potentially harmful concentrations. POPs, including PAHs, have been shown to possess a number of toxicological properties. The major concern is centred around their possible carcinogenic, immunological and reproductive effects, but more recently concern has also been expressed over their possible harmful effects on human development. POPs are also of concern due to heir ability to cause harmful effects at low concentrations. Their relative toxic/carcinogenic potencies are compound specific. "
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"text": " (to UNECE Air Convention) is to eliminate any discharges, emissions and losses of POPs. The protocol bans the production and use of some products (aldrin, chlordane, chlordecone, dieldrin, endrin, hexabromobiphenyl, mirex and toxaphene), while others are scheduled for a phased elimination (DDT, heptachlor, hexachlorobenzene and PCBs). In 2009, the protocol was updated to include seven additional substances: hexachlorobutadiene, octabromodiphenyl ether, pentachlorobenzene, pentabromodiphenyl ether, perfluorooctane sulfonates, polychlorinated naphthalenes, and short-chain chlorinated paraffins. Finally, the protocol severely restricts the use of DDT, hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), including lindane, and PCBs, and includes provisions for dealing with the wastes of products that will be banned. It also obliges parties to reduce their emissions of dioxins and furans, PAHs and HCB to below their 1990 levels (or an alternative year between 1985 and 1995). It also lays down specific limit values for the incineration of municipal, hazardous and medical waste."
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"text": " aims to reduce and ultimately cease the manufacture, use, storage and emission of POPs, as well as to destroy existing stocks. It provides for measures to reduce or eliminate emissions resulting from intentional and unintentional production and use. It also plans to meet the obligations on technical and financial assistance for developing countries and countries with economies in transition, and to cooperate and exchange information. Twelve POPs were covered under the original scope of the Stockholm Convention:"
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"text": "European Commission\u2019s Communication on a Community strategy for dioxins, furans and PCBs"
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{
"text": " aims to assess the current state of the environment and to reduce human exposure and long-term environmental effects. This communication does not propose legislative measures, but could be the basis for a Community action plan."
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{
"text": " on the limitation of emissions of certain pollutants into the air from large combustion plants has had the effect of reducing PAH emissions via dust control and absorption."
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{
"text": " entered into force on 20 May 2004. The main purpose of this regulation is to enable the European Community to ratify the Stockholm Convention and the Aarhus Protocol on POPs. The regulation also deals with stockpiles of redundant substances."
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{
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"text": "concerning heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient air. The revised Directive introduces updated provisions, including new target and limit values, aimed at further controlling air pollutants.\u00a0"
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Frequency of dissemination
1
Accuracy and uncertainties
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"text": "The use of gap filling for countries that have not reported emissions for one or more years can potentially lead to artificial trends but is considered unavoidable for obtaining a comprehensive and comparable set of emissions data for European countries for policy analysis purposes."
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"text": "The levels of uncertainty in the emission estimates of PAHs reported by countries are considered higher than for other, more \u2018traditional\u2019 air pollutants, such as NO"
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"text": ", because of the relatively high levels of uncertainty that exist with regard to both activity data and emission factors for this group of pollutants. Emission estimates for the other POPs are also considered to have a high degree of uncertainty."
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"text": "This indicator is regularly updated by the EEA and is used in state of the environment assessments. The uncertainties related to methodology and data sets are therefore important. Any uncertainties involved in the calculation and the data sets must be accurately communicated in the assessment, to prevent erroneous information from influencing policy actions or processes."
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"text": "The\u00a0new\u00a0"
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