Metadata
DPSIR
State
Typology
Descriptive indicator (Type A - What is happening to the environment and to humans?)
UN SDGs
SDG6: Clean water and sanitation
Topics
Temporal coverage
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Geographic coverage
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"plaintext": "In European rivers, oxygen consuming substances decreased over the period 1992 to 2023, which is a consequence of the improvement in wastewater treatment. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) fell to half of the 1992 level, but has been fluctuating at 2.0-2.2mgO 2 /l since 2010. Ammonium concentrations fell to 20% of the 1992 level and have stabilised at less than 0.08mgNH 4 -N/l in the past few years. The economic crisis in central and eastern European countries during the 1990s also contributed to decreasing pollution from manufacturing industries.",
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Supporting information
Methodology
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"text": "Monitoring site time series from the same water body are combined and gap filled before further analysis. Gap filling is necessary to ensure that the average European time series represents the same water bodies every year. Water body time series are only included in the analysis if they have data within the first and last five years of the time range and data from at least 40% of the years in the time range. Two different time ranges are analysed: From 1992 for long-term trends and from 2007 for better spatial coverage (more water bodies meet the selection criteria). "
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"text": ". For water bodies with more than one site, a GAM model with concentration as response variable, year as fixed effect and site as random effect is used to estimate annual concentrations per site. Annual values for the water body are subsequently estimated by averaging the annual site predictions. For water bodies with only one site, or where the random effect for site is non-significant, a GAM without a random site effect is used to estimate annual values and for gap filling. The gap-filled water body time series are averaged by country and a weighted average of the country time series (weighting by the total length of rivers in the country) is calculated to give the time series for Europe. A 95% confidence interval for the weighted average is calculated using of the formula for standard error of a weighted mean recommended in "
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"text": "Trends are analysed with the Mann-Kendall\u00a0"
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"text": ". This is a non-parametric test suggested by\u00a0"
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"text": ". Mann-Kendall is a test for a monotonic trend in a time series y(x), which in this analysis is nutrient concentration (y) as a function of year (x). The size of the change is estimated by calculating the Sen slope ("
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{
"text": "). Absolute and relative Sen slopes are summarized across Europe and countries by averaging. The same water body time series as for the aggregated time series plots are used, but without the gap-filled values. Note that the smoothed GAM output makes it more likely to get significant trends. "
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"text": "In the present state analysis, the value per river water body is calculated as the average of available annual mean concentrations for the last 6 years. Any water body with at least one data point within the last 6 years can be used, giving far more water bodies than in the time series analysis. The water bodies are assigned to quintile classes based on the distribution of the 6-year average concentrations, and the results are summarised per country as percentage of water bodies per quintile class. The purpose of the analysis is to compare the distribution of concentrations among countries. Note that natural concentration levels vary between regions, so lower proportion of water bodies in the lowest concentration classes does not necessarily imply higher anthropogenic pollution pressure. "
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Data sources and providers
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Definition
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"text": "The key indicators for oxygenation of water bodies are biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and ammonium. BOD is most commonly expressed in milligrams of oxygen consumed per litre of sample during five days of incubation at 20\u00b0C. This is the amount of oxygen needed by microorganisms for aerobic decomposition of organic matter. Ammonium, when oxygenated by bacteria to nitrate, is toxic to aquatic life at certain concentrations in relation to water temperature, salinity and pH levels. The indicator illustrates spatial variations in current state and temporal trends of BOD and ammonium concentration in rivers"
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Unit of measure
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"text": "FIG1: Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) after five days of incubation (BOD5"
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"text": ") is expressed as milligrams of oxygen per litre (mgO"
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"type": "p"
}
]
Policy / environmental relevance
[
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Several EU directives aim at improving water quality and reducing the loads and impacts of organic matter. "
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Water Framework Directive (WFD)"
}
],
"type": "link",
"data": {
"url": "http://ec.europa.eu/environment/water/water-framework/index_en.html"
}
},
{
"text": " requires the achievement of good ecological status or good ecological potential of surface waters across the EU by 2015 and repeals step by step several older water-related directives. The following directives are complementary to the WFD: the "
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive"
}
],
"type": "link",
"data": {
"url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A31991L0271"
}
},
{
"text": " (91/271/EEC), aimed at reducing pollution from sewage treatment works and certain industries; the "
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Nitrates Directive"
}
],
"type": "link",
"data": {
"url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:31991L0676"
}
},
{
"text": " (91/676/EEC), aimed at reducing nitrate and organic matter pollution from agricultural land; and the "
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Industrial Emissions Directive"
}
],
"type": "link",
"data": {
"url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32010L0075"
}
},
{
"text": " (2010/75/EU), aimed at reducing emissions from industry to air, water and land."
}
],
"type": "p"
}
]
Frequency of dissemination
1
Accuracy and uncertainties
[
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Methodological uncertainty"
}
],
"type": "b"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"type": "p",
"children": [
{
"text": "Organic and oxygen conditions vary throughout the year, depending especially on flow conditions, affected by weather events etc. Hence, the annual average concentrations should ideally be based on samples collected as often as possible. Using annual averages representing only part of the year introduces some uncertainty, but it also makes it possible to include more river sites, which reduces the uncertainty in spatial coverage. Moreover, the majority of the annual averages represent the whole year. The GAM modelling introduces uncertainty, but this too increases the spatial coverage. "
}
]
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": " "
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Data sets uncertainty"
}
],
"type": "b"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"type": "p",
"children": [
{
"text": "The indicator is meant to give a representative overview of oxygenation availability conditions in European rivers. This means it should reflect the variability in conditions in space and time. Countries are asked to provide data long time series without gaps and as complete geographic coverage as possible. "
}
]
},
{
"type": "p",
"children": [
{
"text": " "
}
]
},
{
"type": "p",
"children": [
{
"text": "The datasets for rivers include almost all countries within the EEA, but the time coverage varies from country to country, both through the analysed period and within the year for which the aggregated mean value is provided. It is assumed that the data from each country represents the variability in space in their country. Likewise, it is assumed that the sampling frequency is sufficiently high to reflect variability in time. In practice, the representativity will vary between countries, and this introduces uncertainty to the analysis. "
}
]
},
{
"type": "p",
"children": [
{
"text": " "
}
]
},
{
"type": "p",
"children": [
{
"text": "Each annual update of the indicator is based on the updated dataset. This also means that due to changes in the database, the derived results of the assessment vary in comparison to previous assessments. Such changes include changes in the quality procedure that excludes or re-includes individual sites or samples and retroactive reporting of data for the past periods, which may re-introduce lost time series that were not used in the recent indicator assessments, the derived results of the assessment vary in comparison to previous assessments. "
}
]
},
{
"type": "p",
"children": [
{
"text": " "
}
]
},
{
"type": "p",
"children": [
{
"text": "Waterbase contains a large amount of data collected throughout many years. Ensuring the quality of the data has always been a high priority. Still, suspicious values or time series are sometimes detected and the automatic QC routines exclude some of the data. Through the communication with the reporting countries, the quality of the database can be further improved. "
}
]
},
{
"type": "p",
"children": [
{
"text": " "
}
]
},
{
"type": "p",
"children": [
{
"text": "There is uncertainty in the spatial data used for calculating the weighted European average ("
},
{
"type": "link",
"data": {
"url": "https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/datahub/datahubitem-view/c2c99dcc-ebe2-4dd7-9248-0219a82f6eb3"
},
"children": [
{
"text": "WISE Spatial"
}
]
},
{
"text": ") related to the delineation of water bodies, especially for rivers. E.g. countries including a finer network of rivers in their river water bodies (and thus larger total length) will get a higher weight in the European average. "
}
]
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": " "
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Rationale uncertainty"
}
],
"type": "b"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"type": "p",
"children": [
{
"text": "Biochemical oxygen demand and ammonium are well suited for indicating organic pollution. However, using annual average values does not reflect the variability during the year and can therefore underestimate the severity of short-term low oxygen conditions. "
}
]
}
]
