Lead Image
No image
Lead Image Caption
Metadata
DPSIR
State
Typology
Efficiency indicator (Type C - Are we improving?)
UN SDGs
SDG14: Life below water
Topics
Climate change adaptation , Seas and coasts , Water
Temporal coverage
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Geographic coverage
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Workflow
Content responsible Head of Group
Trine Christiansen
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Supporting information
Methodology
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"text": "Data on oxygen concentrations during the summer-autumn months (July-October) are used as this period has the highest probability of oxygen depletion due to higher water temperatures. "
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"text": "For each monitoring site, the mean of the 5-percentile of observations for the years 2012-2023 was used. Results are aggregated at the level of 100x100km grid cells. For each marine region, the 5-percentile of oxygen concentrations in a grid cell is used to classify the grid cells by the oxygen concentration classes: O"
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"text": "Data maintained by ICES are collected through the Eionet Central Data Repository (Eionet CDR) from the marine conventions and represent a sub-set of national data compiled to provide comparable indicators of the condition and impacts on transitional, coastal and marine waters (TCM data) across Europe. When data from both ICES and EMODnet are available for the same station (defined by position and time), ICES data are used. "
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"text": "Trend analysis is conducted for each station in regions for which there were at least data for five or more years in the period 2000-2023. Trends are detected using the non-parametric Mann-Kendall trend test. The tests reported here are two-sided (testing for both positive and negative trends). Data series with\u00a0p-values of <0.05 are reported as significantly positive or negative. The test analyses only the direction and significance of the change, not the magnitude of the change. It assesses whether there is a monotonic upward or downward trend over time without assuming any specific distribution for the data. This makes it useful for environmental data analysis, such as detecting trends in oxygen concentrations."
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Data sources and providers
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"organisation": "European Environment Agency (EEA)"
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Definition
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"text": "This indicator displays the geographical distribution and trends in summer-autumn oxygen concentrations, measured in milligrams per litre (mg/l), in near-bottom waters of Europe\u2019s regional seas. "
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{
"text": " (WFD). The "
},
{
"type": "link",
"data": {
"url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2008/56/oj"
},
"children": [
{
"text": "Marine Strategy Framework Directive"
}
]
},
{
"text": " (MSFD) aligns its TVs for coastal waters with those set under the WFD and extends these beyond coastal waters to ensure consistency. Member States establish TVs through (sub)regional cooperation."
}
],
"type": "p"
}
]
Unit of measure
[
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Milligrams per litre (mg/l)"
}
],
"type": "p"
}
]
Policy / environmental relevance
[
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Analysing oxygen concentrations and their changes over time is key to assessing progress towards improved marine and coastal water quality in line with EU policy objectives, such as those under the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD)"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"data": {
"extra": [
{
"footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">EU, 2017, Commission Decision (EU) 2017/848 of 17 May 2017 laying down criteria and methodological standards on good environmental status of marine waters and specifications and standardised methods for monitoring and assessment, and repealing Decision 2010/477/EU, OJ L 125, 18.5.2017, p. 43-74.</div>\n</div>\n",
"footnoteTitle": "EU, Commission Decision (EU) 2017/848 of 17 May 2017 laying down criteria and methodological standards on good environmental status of marine waters and specifications and standardised methods for monitoring and assessment, and repealing Decision 2010/477/EU",
"zoteroId": "TS5858TT"
}
],
"footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">EU, 2008, Directive 2008/56/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 June 2008 establishing a framework for community action in the field of marine environmental policy (Marine Strategy Framework Directive), OJ L 164, 25.6.2008, p. 19-40.</div>\n</div>\n",
"footnoteTitle": "EU, Directive 2008/56/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 June 2008 establishing a framework for community action in the field of marine environmental policy (Marine Strategy Framework Directive)",
"uid": "dc4Zf",
"zoteroId": "C48HATNP"
},
"type": "zotero"
},
{
"text": " , and the "
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Water Framework Directive"
}
],
"data": {
"url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2000/60/oj"
},
"type": "link"
},
{
"text": " (WFD). The WFD mandates the achievement of good ecological status or the good ecological potential of transitional and coastal waters across the EU, and specifically identifies dissolved oxygen concentrations as one of the physio-chemical parameters for assessing ecological status. The MSFD requires the achievement or maintenance of good environmental status in EU sea basins and designates dissolved oxygen concentration in the bottom of the water column as one of the primary criteria (D5C5) for\u00a0"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Descriptor 5 human-induced eutrophication"
}
],
"data": {
"url": "http://ec.europa.eu/environment/marine/good-environmental-status/descriptor-5/index_en.htm"
},
"type": "link"
},
{
"text": "."
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": " "
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Other EU directives are also related to the control of eutrophication by aiming to reduce the loads and impacts of the nutrients, and include: the "
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive"
}
],
"data": {
"url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A31991L0271"
},
"type": "link"
},
{
"text": " aimed at reducing pollution from sewage treatment works and certain industries; the "
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Nitrates Directive"
}
],
"data": {
"url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/1991/676/oj"
},
"type": "link"
},
{
"text": " aimed at reducing nitrate pollution from agricultural sources and the "
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control Directive"
}
],
"data": {
"url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A31996L0061"
},
"type": "link"
},
{
"text": " aimed at controlling and preventing the pollution of water from industry. In addition, the "
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "EU Biodiversity Strategy 2030"
}
],
"data": {
"url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A52020DC0380"
},
"type": "link"
},
{
"text": ", "
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Farm to Fork Strategy"
}
],
"data": {
"url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52020DC0381"
},
"type": "link"
},
{
"text": " and "
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Zero Pollution Action Plan"
}
],
"data": {
"url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52021DC0400&qid=1623311742827"
},
"type": "link"
},
{
"text": " are main policies under the EU Green Deal setting ambitious targets for reducing nutrients from agriculture. "
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "EU policies and legislation also support the implementation of the Regional Seas Conventions and Action Plans (RSCAPs) \u2014 the Oslo Paris Convention ("
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "OSPAR"
}
],
"data": {
"url": "https://www.ospar.org/"
},
"type": "link"
},
{
"text": "), the Helsinki Convention ("
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "HELCOM"
}
],
"data": {
"url": "https://helcom.fi/"
},
"type": "link"
},
{
"text": "), the Barcelona Convention ("
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "UNEP-MAP"
}
],
"data": {
"url": "https://www.unep.org/unepmap/"
},
"type": "link"
},
{
"text": ") and the "
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Bucharest Convention"
}
],
"data": {
"url": "http://www.blacksea-commission.org/_convention.asp"
},
"type": "link"
},
{
"text": ", which also outline measures that aim to reduce the loads and impacts of nutrients."
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Excessive nutrient flow into the sea, primarily from agricultural fertilizers, can trigger large phytoplankton blooms, increasing primary production\u2014a process known as eutrophication. When these organisms die and sink to the seafloor, oxygen is consumed during decomposition. If the water column cannot mix adequately to replenish the supply of oxygen at the seafloor, this can lead to significantly reduced oxygen levels that limit biological activity (hypoxia)\u00a0and may even result in complete oxygen depletion (anoxia)"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"data": {
"extra": [
{
"footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">Diaz, R. J. and Rosenberg, R., 2008, 'Spreading Dead Zones and Consequences for Marine Ecosystems', (https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1156401?cookieSet=1) accessed July 20, 2022.</div>\n</div>\n",
"footnoteTitle": "Diaz, R. J., 2008, Spreading Dead Zones and Consequences fo",
"zoteroId": "QI9EEN3E"
}
],
"footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">Díaz, R., 2001, 'Overview of hypoxia around the world.', <i>Journal of environmental quality</i>.</div>\n</div>\n",
"footnoteTitle": "D\u00edaz, R., 2001, Overview of hypoxia around the world., Journal of environmental quality",
"uid": "YoI8f",
"zoteroId": "TE5IVD3Y"
},
"type": "zotero"
},
{
"text": ". "
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Oxygen-depleted areas demonstrate how one type of anthropogenic pressure (eutrophication) is intensified by climate change effects, such as rising water temperature. Increased water temperatures affect various biological and chemical processes in the marine environment. For example, warmer water decreases oxygen solubility, reducing oxygen concentrations, while simultaneously increasing organisms' metabolic demand for oxygen. Most marine organisms rely on oxygen for metabolism, so lower oxygen levels can adversely affect their physiology, species composition and abundance. Insufficient oxygen supply can lead to broader ecological and economic impacts, affecting productivity, species interactions and community composition at the ecosystem level"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": " "
}
],
"data": {
"footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">Vaquer-Sunyer, R. and Duarte, C. M., 2008, 'Thresholds of hypoxia for marine biodiversity', <i>The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS)</i> 105(40) (https://www.pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.0803833105).</div>\n</div>\n",
"footnoteTitle": "Vaquer-Sunyer, Raquel, 2008, Thresholds of hypoxia for marine biodive, The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS)",
"uid": "3g4yL",
"zoteroId": "IBH8HCXB"
},
"type": "zotero"
},
{
"text": ". "
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Reduced oxygen concentrations serve as an indicator of the indirect effects of nutrient enrichment and, consequently, eutrophication. It is part of a set of indicators assessing the state and pressures on Europe's seas. It is closely linked to the other two EEA marine indicators on eutrophication:\u00a0"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "'Nutrients in transitional, coastal and marine waters\u2019"
}
],
"data": {
"url": "https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/analysis/indicators/nutrients-in-transitional-coastal-and"
},
"type": "link"
},
{
"text": " and\u00a0"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "'Chlorophyll in transitional, coastal and marine waters"
}
],
"data": {
"url": "https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/analysis/indicators/chlorophyll-in-transitional-coastal-and"
},
"type": "link"
},
{
"text": "\u2019. Oxygen depletion can also interact with other anthropogenic stressors, such as climate change, overfishing and the introduction of invasive alien species, further impacting marine ecosystems and fisheries. Thus, it is also associated with indicators of: "
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Ocean acidification"
}
],
"data": {
"url": "https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/analysis/indicators/ocean-acidification?activeAccordion=546a7c35-9188-4d23-94ee-005d97c26f2b"
},
"type": "link"
},
{
"text": ", "
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Marine non-indigenous species in Europe's seas"
}
],
"data": {
"url": "https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/analysis/indicators/marine-non-indigenous-species-in#:~:text=Until%202020%2C%20at%20least%20804,%25)%20and%20vertebrates%20(17.3%25)."
},
"type": "link"
},
{
"text": ", "
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Status of marine fish and shellfish stocks in Europe's seas "
}
],
"data": {
"url": "https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/status-of-marine-fish-stocks-5/assessment"
},
"type": "link"
},
{
"text": "and "
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Changes in fish distribution in Europe's seas"
}
],
"data": {
"url": "https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/fish-distribution-shifts"
},
"type": "link"
},
{
"text": ". "
}
],
"type": "p"
}
]
Frequency of dissemination
1
Accuracy and uncertainties
[
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Methodology uncertainty"
}
],
"type": "b"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": " "
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Recent discussions in OSPAR have suggested that the 25th percentile, used previously in this assessment, is not precautionary enough and the 5th percentile should be used, and is now used in this update. In HELCOM, minimum concentrations are assessed. "
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Additionally, OSPAR and HELCOM use a sample depth of 10m above the seafloor. However, due to the uncertainty in sample depth data, 20m was used in this assessment. These uncertainties will be further explored in future updates of the indicator. "
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Geographical comparability "
}
],
"type": "b"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": " "
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Data for this assessment are still limited considering the large spatial and temporal variations inherent in transitional, coastal and marine waters surrounding Europe. This lack of data means that long stretches of coastal and marine waters remain uncovered by the analysis. Most of the available time series data are concentrated in the Greater North and Baltic seas, particularly in the Kattegat, and the Dutch, German and Danish parts of the North Sea, as well as the central and western parts of the Baltic Sea. In the other regions, longer time series data are limited. "
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "For the analysis, only data for the lower 20m or 50m of the water column are considered. However, not all available data have reliable attributes on sampling depth and bathymetry. In shallower waters, selecting data from the lower 20m of the water column may not be optimal as vertical mixing tends to reduce oxygen depletion. "
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Stations are defined geographically based on longitude and latitude in decimal degrees; however, the datasets do not always contain reliable and consistent station identifiers. Coordinates for supposed identical stations may vary between visits due to actual positioning versus target positioning, which can fragment time series. To improve data aggregation into time series, data are grouped into squares of approximately 1.375km for stations within 20km of the coastline and 5.5km for open-water stations beyond 20km. Although this method reduces errors in data aggregation and fragmentation of time series due to minor positional shifts, assessing broader assessment areas might be more effective than the current station-based approach."
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Comparability over time"
}
],
"type": "b"
},
{
"text": " "
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": " "
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "The Mann-Kendall test is a robust and accepted approach, however, due to the multiple trend analyses, with a probability level of\u00a0"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "p"
}
],
"type": "i"
},
{
"text": "\u00a0<0.05, approximately 5% of the tests conducted will appear significant (identify a trend) even if in fact there is no trend. "
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "To better understand trends in dissolved oxygen in relation to climate change, more data are required than currently available. This would require expanding the monitoring network to all regions to ensure long-term changes are captured. "
}
],
"type": "p"
}
]
Settings
Short name
oxygen-concentrations-in-coastal-and
Versioning enabled
yes
Contents
The maps show trends in the annual 5-percentile of oxygen concentrations in near-bottom waters at stations with at least 5 years of observations in the period 2000-2023, by three concentration classes: <4mg/l (including <2mg/l class); 4-6mg/l and >6mg/l. The chart shows the number of time series with increasing trend/no trend/decreasing trend in the North-East Atlantic Ocean and Baltic Sea for grid cells with DO concentrations <4mg/l; 4-6mg/l and >6mg/l, in the near-bottom layer during 2000-2023.
Observations are aggregated at the level of 100*100 km grid cells, and show the mean 5-percentile of dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations subdivided in four classes (<2mg/l, 2-4mg/l, 4-6mg/l, >6mg/l). The pie charts indicate the relative spatial coverage of areas with the four different concentrations of DO, aggregated by Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) marine regions - North-East Atlantic Ocean, Baltic Sea, Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea (smaller pie charts) and for all regions combined (large pie chart in centre). Oxygen concentrations above 6mg/l are considered to support marine life with minimal problems while concentrations less than 2mg/l (hypoxia, oxygen deficiency) are considered to cause severe problems.
