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Supporting information
Methodology
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"text": " are used used (published in Waterbase \u2013 Water Quality ICM). For the country level assessment in figure 2 data from the "
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"text": "For the time series in Figure 1 a detailed methodology document \u201c"
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"text": "Methodology, oxygen consuming substances and nutrients indicators"
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"text": "\u201d is provided on WISE Freshwater. The methodology described in the document is used for more multiple indicators. A brief summary is provided here as well: "
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"text": "Annual mean concentrations per monitoring site are used as a basis in the analyses. Unless the country reports aggregated data, the aggregation to annual mean concentrations is done by the EEA. The data undergo "
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"text": " and manual quality checks to remove errors and outliers. Monitoring site time series from the same water body are combined and gap filled before further analysis. Gap filling is necessary to ensure that the average European time series represents the same water bodies every year. Water body time series are only included in the analysis if they have data within the first and last five years of the time range and data from at least 40% of the years in the time range. "
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"text": ". For water bodies with more than one site, a GAM model with concentration as response variable, year as fixed effect and site as random effect is used to estimate annual concentrations per site. Annual values for the water body are subsequently estimated by averaging the annual site predictions. For water bodies with only one site, or where the random effect for site is non-significant, a GAM without a random site effect is used to estimate annual values and for gap filling. The gap-filled water body time series are averaged by country and a weighted average of the country time series (weighting by the total area of groundwater in the country) is calculated to give the time series for Europe. A 95% confidence interval for the weighted average is calculated using of the formula for standard error of a weighted mean recommended in "
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"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": " "
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "For analysis of the present state on country level (figure 2), data reported under the Nitrates Directive"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"data": {
"footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">EU, 1991, Council Directive 91/676/EEC of 12 December 1991 concerning the protection of waters against pollution caused by nitrates from agricultural sources, OJ L 375, 31.12.1991, p. 1-8.</div>\n</div>\n",
"footnoteTitle": "EU, Council Directive 91/676/EEC of 12 December 1991 concerning the protection of waters against pollution caused by nitrates from agricultural sources",
"uid": "6lDdS",
"zoteroId": "CUABTJVH"
},
"type": "zotero"
},
{
"text": " for reporting period 2016-2019 are used, where data on monitoring station level are collected for each reporting period (four year period) and include characteristics on the water monitoring stations and values for the concentrations of NO"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "3"
}
],
"type": "sub"
},
{
"text": " for each station. The data is summarised by country and by concentration classes. This information can also be viewed in the "
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "JRC exploratory dashboard"
}
],
"data": {
"url": "https://water.jrc.ec.europa.eu/portal/apps/dashboards/cb6034c2a75e4df282f8a62f90c16caa"
},
"type": "link"
},
{
"text": " for reporting period seven. While 2016-2019 is the last period for which there are consolidated data published, Member States have completed their reporting for 2020-2023 and it will be published in 2026."
}
],
"type": "p"
}
]
Data sources and providers
{
"readOnly": true,
"data": [
{
"@id": "5a76c3e0-f5b4-4650-9e72-9d1d09840f87",
"organisation": "European Environment Agency (EEA)",
"title": "Nitrates Directive reporting period 7 (2016-2019)(direct link to the dataset is not available)",
"link": "https://www.eea.europa.eu/"
},
{
"@id": "d330887d-83ee-449d-8472-35a901b252e3",
"title": "Waterbase - Water Quality ICM",
"link": "https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/datahub/datahubitem-view/fbf3717c-cd7b-4785-933a-d0cf510542e1",
"organisation": "European Environment Agency (EEA)"
},
{
"@id": "dd2b0e7e-084a-4615-bbea-191eb16b3f29",
"title": "WISE Statistics",
"link": "https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/datahub/datahubitem-view/f618b4b7-6464-40b4-9a61-a1115affda0b",
"organisation": "European Environment Agency (EEA)"
}
]
}
Definition
[
{
"children": [
{
"text": "This indicator shows concentrations of nitrate in groundwater bodies. The indicator can be used to illustrate geographical variations in current concentrations and temporal trends. Large inputs of nitrogen to water bodies from urban areas, industry, and agricultural areas, can have negative impacts on the use of water for human consumption and other purposes."
}
],
"type": "p"
}
]
Unit of measure
[
{
"children": [
{
"text": "FIG1: the concentration of nitrate in groundwater is expressed as milligrams of nitrate per litre (mgNO"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "3"
}
],
"type": "sub"
},
{
"text": "/l)"
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "FIG2: percentage"
}
],
"type": "p"
}
]
Policy / environmental relevance
[
{
"children": [
{
"text": "The quality of freshwater, with respect to nutrient concentrations, is an objective of several directives: The Nitrates Directive"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"data": {
"footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">EU, 1991, Council Directive 91/676/EEC of 12 December 1991 concerning the protection of waters against pollution caused by nitrates from agricultural sources, OJ L 375, 31.12.1991, p. 1-8.</div>\n</div>\n",
"footnoteTitle": "EU, Council Directive 91/676/EEC of 12 December 1991 concerning the protection of waters against pollution caused by nitrates from agricultural sources",
"uid": "yT-qc",
"zoteroId": "CUABTJVH"
},
"type": "zotero"
},
{
"text": ", aimed at reducing nitrate pollution from agricultural land; the Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"data": {
"footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">EC, 1991, Council Directive 91/271/EEC of 21 May 1991 concerning urban waste-water treatment</div>\n</div>\n",
"footnoteTitle": "EC, Council Directive 91/271/EEC of 21 May 1991 concerning urban waste-water treatment",
"uid": "p6sBk",
"zoteroId": "SR8WUVJB"
},
"type": "zotero"
},
{
"text": ", aimed at reducing pollution from sewage treatment works and certain industries; the Industrial Emissions Directive"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"data": {
"footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">EU, 2010, Directive 2010/75/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 November 2010 on industrial emissions (integrated pollution prevention and control), OJ L 334, 17.12.2010, p. 17-119.</div>\n</div>\n",
"footnoteTitle": "EU, Directive 2010/75/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 November 2010 on industrial emissions (integrated pollution prevention and control)",
"uid": "9HPSX",
"zoteroId": "ITQ2ADXI"
},
"type": "zotero"
},
{
"text": ", aimed at reducing emissions from industry; the Water Framework Directive"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"data": {
"footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">EC, 2000, Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2000 establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy, 2000/60., 2000/60</div>\n</div>\n",
"footnoteTitle": "EC, Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2000 establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy",
"uid": "a2d7R",
"zoteroId": "P72XSP6R"
},
"type": "zotero"
},
{
"text": ", which requires the achievement of good ecological status; the Groundwater Directive"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"data": {
"extra": [],
"footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">EC, 2014, Directive 2006/118/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 December 2006 on the protection of groundwater against pollution and deterioration</div>\n</div>\n",
"footnoteTitle": "EC, Directive 2006/118/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12\u00a0December 2006 on the protection of groundwater against pollution and deterioration",
"uid": "ctqb-",
"zoteroId": "HTJ9FZNT"
},
"type": "zotero"
},
{
"text": " on the protection of groundwater against pollution and deterioration. The Water Framework Directive also requires the reversal of significant and sustained upward trends in the concentrations of pollutants. Based on "
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "the"
}
],
"data": {
"url": null
},
"type": "link"
},
{
"text": " Drinking Water Directive"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"data": {
"footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">EU, 2020, Directive (EU) 2020/2184 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2020 on the quality of water intended for human consumption, OJ L 435, 23.12.2020, p. 1-62.</div>\n</div>\n",
"footnoteTitle": "EU, Directive (EU) 2020/2184 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2020 on the quality of water intended for human consumption",
"uid": "dWgfr",
"zoteroId": "P7VMHSGI"
},
"type": "zotero"
},
{
"text": ", the Nitrates Directive and the Groundwater Directive under the Water Framework Directive, set the maximum allowable concentration for nitrate at 50mgNO"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "3"
}
],
"type": "sub"
},
{
"text": "/l. This is to eliminate the need for expensive water treatment because it has been shown that drinking water in excess of the nitrate limit can result in adverse health effects"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": " "
}
],
"data": {
"footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">WHO, 2003, 'Nitrate and nitrite in drinking-water, Background document for development of WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality  (WHO/SDE/WSH/04.03/56)', (https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/wash-documents/wash-chemicals/who-sde-wsh-04-03-56-eng.pdf?sfvrsn=e2fe0837_4).</div>\n</div>\n",
"footnoteTitle": "WHO, 2003, Nitrate and nitrite in drinking-water, B",
"uid": "NXMLL",
"zoteroId": "XHE85N3N"
},
"type": "zotero"
},
{
"text": "."
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Reducing nutrient losses by 50% by 2030 is an important aspect of the European Green Deal"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"data": {
"extra": [],
"footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">EC, 2019, <i>Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the European Council, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions ‘The European Green Deal’</i>, COM(2019) 640 final,</div>\n</div>\n",
"footnoteTitle": "EC, 2019, Communication from the Commission to the",
"uid": "8EMfu",
"zoteroId": "WW6RIPZ9"
},
"type": "zotero"
},
{
"text": " initiatives: \u2018Farm to Fork\u2019 Strategy; Biodiversity strategy; Zero pollution action plan"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"data": {
"footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">EC, 2020, 'COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE AND THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS - A Farm to Fork Strategy for a fair, healthy and environmentally-friendly food system (COM(2020) 381 final)', (https://eur-lex.europa.eu/resource.html?uri=cellar:ea0f9f73-9ab2-11ea-9d2d-01aa75ed71a1.0001.02/DOC_1&format=PDF).</div>\n</div>\n",
"footnoteTitle": "EC, 20/05/2020, COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE",
"uid": "nY47M",
"zoteroId": "5SGEYQDV"
},
"type": "zotero"
},
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"data": {
"footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">EC, 2020, <i>Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions - EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030 Bringing nature back into our lives</i>,</div>\n</div>\n",
"footnoteTitle": "EC, 2020, Communication from the Commission to the",
"uid": "oNfMu",
"zoteroId": "A9W4ITZE"
},
"type": "zotero"
},
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"data": {
"footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">EC, 2021, Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions Pathway to a Healthy Planet for All EU Action Plan: ‘Towards Zero Pollution for Air, Water and Soil’ COM/2021/400 final, 2021/400.</div>\n</div>\n",
"footnoteTitle": "EC, Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions Pathway to a Healthy Planet for All EU Action Plan: 'Towards Zero Pollution for Air, Water and Soil' COM/2021/400 final",
"uid": "GblRH",
"zoteroId": "QZ6G79ZV"
},
"type": "zotero"
},
{
"text": ". The Common Agricultural Policy"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"data": {
"extra": [
{
"footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">Regulation (EU) 2021/2115 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 2 December 2021 establishing rules on support for strategic plans to be drawn up by Member States under the common agricultural policy (CAP Strategic Plans) and financed by the European Agricultural Guarantee Fund (EAGF) and by the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD) and repealing Regulations (EU) No 1305/2013 and (EU) No 1307/2013, 2021, OJ L.</div>\n</div>\n",
"footnoteTitle": " Regulation (EU)\u00a02021/2115 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 2\u00a0December 2021 establishing rules on support for strategic plans to be drawn up by Member\u00a0States under the common agricultural policy (CAP Strategic Plans) and financed by the European Agricultural Guarantee Fund (EAGF) and by the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD) and repealing Regulations (EU) No\u00a01305/2013 and (EU) No\u00a01307/2013",
"zoteroId": "BWMGRBKV"
}
],
"footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">EU, 2021, Regulation (EU) 2021/2116 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 2 December 2021 on the financing, management and monitoring of the common agricultural policy and repealing Regulation (EU) No 1306/2013, OJ L 435, 6.12.2021, p. 187.</div>\n</div>\n",
"footnoteTitle": "EU, Regulation (EU) 2021/2116 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 2 December 2021 on the financing, management and monitoring of the common agricultural policy and repealing Regulation (EU) No 1306/2013",
"uid": "bIINH",
"zoteroId": "NYXV5XJH"
},
"type": "zotero"
},
{
"text": " (CAP) is a key tool in this respect. The assessment of the 50% target is set out in the Annex to the Recommendations for the CAP Strategic Plans"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"data": {
"footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">EC, 2020, <i>ANNEXES to the COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE AND THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS - Recommendations to the Member States as regards their strategic plan for the Common Agricultural Policy</i>, COM(2020) 846 final, European Commission.</div>\n</div>\n",
"footnoteTitle": "EC, 2020, ANNEXES to the COMMUNICATION FROM THE CO",
"uid": "APTmK",
"zoteroId": "UY39Z5BB"
},
"type": "zotero"
},
{
"text": " and is evaluated in the context of the Zero Pollution Monitoring Assessment"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"data": {
"footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">EEA, 2022, <i>Zero pollution monitoring assessment</i>, EEA Web Report, 03/2022, European Environment Agency.</div>\n</div>\n",
"footnoteTitle": "EEA, 2022, Zero pollution monitoring assessment",
"uid": "H3xp5",
"zoteroId": "9DFJ9MM7"
},
"type": "zotero"
},
{
"text": " published on 8 December 2022."
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "The 8th Environment Action Programme"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"data": {
"footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">EC, 2022, Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions on the monitoring framework for the 8th Environment Action Programme: Measuring progress towards the attainment of the Programme’s 2030 and 2050 priority objectives - COM/2022/357 final</div>\n</div>\n",
"footnoteTitle": "EC, Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions on the monitoring framework for the 8th Environment Action Programme: Measuring progress towards the attainment of the Programme's 2030 and 2050 priority objectives - COM/2022/357 final",
"uid": "gTbcD",
"zoteroId": "8B97VMRI"
},
"type": "zotero"
},
{
"text": " supports the objectives of the European Green Deal"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"data": {
"extra": [],
"footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">EC, 2019, <i>Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the European Council, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions ‘The European Green Deal’</i>, COM(2019) 640 final,</div>\n</div>\n",
"footnoteTitle": "EC, 2019, Communication from the Commission to the",
"uid": "UYduA",
"zoteroId": "WW6RIPZ9"
},
"type": "zotero"
},
{
"text": " and forms the basis for the EU to achieve the "
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Sustainable Development Goals "
}
],
"data": {
"url": "https://sdgs.un.org/goals"
},
"type": "link"
},
{
"text": "of the United Nations."
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "strong"
},
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "strong"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": " "
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "The \u2018nitrate in groundwater indicator\u2019 is a headline indicator for monitoring progress towards the 8"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "th"
}
],
"type": "sup"
},
{
"text": " Environment Action Programme (8"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "th"
}
],
"type": "sup"
},
{
"text": " EAP). It mainly contributes to monitoring aspects of the 8"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "th"
}
],
"type": "sup"
},
{
"text": " EAP priority objective Article 2.2.d that shall be met by 2030: \u2018pursuing zero pollution, including in relation to harmful chemicals, in order to achieve a toxic-free environment, including for air, water and soil, as well as in relation to light and noise pollution, and protecting the health and wellbeing of people, animals and ecosystems from environment-related risks and negative impacts\u2019. The European Commission\u2019s Communication on the 8"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "th"
}
],
"type": "sup"
},
{
"text": " EAP monitoring framework"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"data": {
"footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">EC, 2022, Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions on the monitoring framework for the 8th Environment Action Programme: Measuring progress towards the attainment of the Programme’s 2030 and 2050 priority objectives - COM/2022/357 final</div>\n</div>\n",
"footnoteTitle": "EC, Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions on the monitoring framework for the 8th Environment Action Programme: Measuring progress towards the attainment of the Programme's 2030 and 2050 priority objectives - COM/2022/357 final",
"uid": "tSL4v",
"zoteroId": "8B97VMRI"
},
"type": "zotero"
},
{
"text": " specifies that this indicator should monitor progress towards reducing nutrient losses by at least 50% in safe groundwater resources by 2030."
}
],
"type": "p"
}
]
Frequency of dissemination
1
Accuracy and uncertainties
[
{
"children": [
{
"text": "The indicator is meant to give a representative overview of nitrate conditions in the groundwaters of the European Union. This means it should reflect the variability in conditions over space and time. Countries are asked to provide data on groundwater bodies according to specified criteria."
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": " "
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "The Waterbase - Water Quality ICM data for groundwater include almost all countries within the EU, while the Nitrates Directive data includes all EU countries. It is assumed that the data from each country represents the variability in space in their country. Likewise, it is assumed that the sampling frequency is sufficiently high to reflect variability in time. In practice, for Waterbase data, the representativeness will vary between countries, while for the Nitrates Directive data the coverage is more complete but reported at lower frequency."
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": " "
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Annual updates of Waterbase - Water Quality ICM data means that, due to changes in the database, the derived results of the assessment may vary in comparison to previous assessments. Database changes include changes in the QC procedure that excludes or re-includes individual sites or samples and retroactive reporting of data for past periods - which may re-introduce lost time series that were not used in the recent indicator assessments. Through communication with the reporting countries, the quality of the database can be, and incrementally is, further improved."
}
],
"type": "p"
}
]
