Forest fires in Europe

Climate change has increased forest fire risk across Europe. Even so, the burnt area of the Mediterranean region has decreased slightly since 1980, indicating that fire control efforts have been effective. However, in recent years, forest fires coinciding with record droughts and heatwaves have affected regions in central and northern Europe not typically prone to fires. An expansion of fire-prone areas and longer fire seasons are projected in most European regions, in particular for high emissions scenarios, so additional adaptation measures are needed.

Lead Image No image
Lead Image Caption
Metadata
DPSIR Impact
Typology Descriptive indicator (Type A - What is happening to the environment and to humans?)
UN SDGs
Topics Climate change adaptation, Biodiversity, Forests and forestry
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The new EU climate adaptation strategy aims to build a climate-resilient Europe by mitigating the negative consequences of climate change, such as the impacts of forest fires, by 2050 .", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "For other European countries, data are available from 1992. More countries suffered large forest fires in 2018 than ever recorded before, including in central and northern Europe, regions not typically affected by fires in the past. For instance, Sweden experienced its worst fire seasons ever in 2018 and required international fire-fighting " }, { "children": [ { "text": "assistance" } ], "data": { "footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">EC, 2018, 'The largest EU civil protection operation helps Sweden fight forest fires', <i>European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations</i> (https://ec.europa.eu/echo/news/largest-eu-civil-protection-operation-helps-sweden-fight-forest-fires_en) accessed March 6, 2021.</div>\n</div>\n", "footnoteTitle": "EC, 2018, The largest EU civil protection operatio", "uid": "cXUE-", "zoteroId": "8KTFEBG9" }, "type": "zotero" }, { "text": ". \n\nMany of the recent extreme fire episodes and devastating fire seasons in Europe were driven by severe weather conditions, with record droughts and heatwaves occurring in the spring and summer of 2017 and 2018 for instance. The new EU climate adaptation strategy aims to build a climate-resilient Europe by mitigating the negative consequences of climate change, such as the impacts of forest fires, by " }, { "children": [ { "text": "2050" } ], "data": { "footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">EC, 2021, Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions &#x2014; Forging a climate-resilient Europe &#x2014; The new EU strategy on adaptation to climate change, COM(2021) 82 final.</div>\n</div>\n", "footnoteTitle": "EC, 2021, Communication from the Commission to the", "uid": "nWZKp", "zoteroId": "JQYK6UAN" }, "type": "zotero" }, { "text": "." } ], "type": "p" } ] }, "638d5ac5-865c-4128-b2c5-3eea68507083": { "@type": "slate", "plaintext": "Long time series, starting in 1980, are available for Mediterranean Europe \u2014 southern France, Greece, Italy, Portugal and Spain (EUMED5). 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The burnt EUMED5 area has slightly decreased since 1980, with the exception of " }, { "children": [ { "text": "Portugal" } ], "data": { "footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">Turco, M., Bedia, J., Di Liberto, F., Fiorucci, P., von Hardenberg, J., Koutsias, N., Llasat, M.-C., Xystrakis, F. and Provenzale, A., 2016, 'Decreasing fires in Mediterranean Europe', <i>PLOS One</i> 11(3), e0150663 (https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0150663) accessed September 26, 2019.</div>\n</div>\n", "footnoteTitle": "Turco, Marco, 2016-3-16, Decreasing fires in Mediterranean Europe, PLOS One", "uid": "YnJpz", "zoteroId": "PDED6MM6" }, "type": "zotero" }, { "text": "" }, { "children": [ { "text": " " } ], "data": { "footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">EC, 2021, <i>Forest fires in Europe, Middle East and North Africa 2020.</i>, Publications Office, Luxembourg.</div>\n</div>\n", "footnoteTitle": "EC, 2021, Forest fires in Europe, Middle East and , Luxembourg", "uid": "1sDbf", "zoteroId": "86ZM76GS" }, "type": "zotero" }, { "text": ". However, there is large interannual variability, determined strongly by meteorological conditions. For example, the burnt area in 2017 was the second largest on record, due in particular to unprecedented fires in Portugal, whereas the burnt area in 2018 was the lowest on record. " } ], "type": "p" } ] }, "b0279dde-1ceb-4137-a7f1-5ab7b46a782c": { "@type": "embed_content", "url": "../../../../resolveuid/95fb6e5c79c74e41ac94a84572da149d", "with_notes": false }, "d7e98ca3-fe89-4c26-a6c0-6dc5a05ceecb": { "@type": "slate", "plaintext": "Fire risk depends on many factors including climatic conditions. Climate change is expected to have a strong impact on forest fire risk in Europe, as recognised by the EU strategy on adaptation to climate change . To monitor trends in forest fires, the European Forest Fire Information System (EFFIS), managed by the Joint Research Centre (JRC), reports on the number of fires and the burnt area, with data on the latter being considered more robust and policy relevant.", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "Fire risk depends on many factors including climatic conditions. Climate change is expected to have a strong impact on forest fire risk in Europe, as recognised by the " }, { "children": [ { "text": "EU strategy on adaptation to climate change" } ], "data": { "footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">EC, 2021, Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions &#x2014; Forging a climate-resilient Europe &#x2014; The new EU strategy on adaptation to climate change, COM(2021) 82 final.</div>\n</div>\n", "footnoteTitle": "EC, 2021, Communication from the Commission to the", "uid": "pvZSb", "zoteroId": "JQYK6UAN" }, "type": "zotero" }, { "text": ". To monitor trends in forest fires, the European Forest Fire Information System (EFFIS), managed by the Joint Research Centre (JRC), reports on the number of fires and the burnt area, with data on the latter being considered more robust and policy relevant." } ], "type": "p" } ] }, "deb7e84d-d2c8-4491-90fa-3dc65fe02143": { "@type": "slate", "fixed": true, "instructions": { "content-type": "text/html", "data": "<p><br/></p>", "encoding": "utf8" }, "plaintext": "", "readOnlySettings": true, "required": true, "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "" } ], "type": "p" } ] }, "e526c92c-76ee-4922-9a73-ad117cdb74b7": { "@type": "group", "className": "figure-metadata", "id": "figure-metadata-b0279dde-1ceb-4137-a7f1-5ab7b46a782c", "data": { "blocks": { "000eabb3-9665-4712-a7fd-845925a0cd94": { "@type": "slate", "value": [ { "type": "h3-light", "children": [ { "text": "Figure 1. Burnt area in European countries" } ] } ], "plaintext": "Figure 1. Burnt area in European countries" } }, "blocks_layout": { "items": [ "000eabb3-9665-4712-a7fd-845925a0cd94" ] } }, "styles": {} }, "43df8fab-b278-4b0e-a62c-ce6b8e0a881d": { "@type": "dividerBlock", "section": false, "short": true, "disableNewBlocks": true, "fixed": true, "hidden": true, "readOnly": true, "required": true, "styles": {}, "spacing": "m", "fitted": false } }, "blocks_layout": { "items": [ "e526c92c-76ee-4922-9a73-ad117cdb74b7", "b0279dde-1ceb-4137-a7f1-5ab7b46a782c", "43df8fab-b278-4b0e-a62c-ce6b8e0a881d", "13c4a8f7-8056-4fd6-8905-9bba4ac9512b", "d7e98ca3-fe89-4c26-a6c0-6dc5a05ceecb", "638d5ac5-865c-4128-b2c5-3eea68507083", "2f59f012-aece-4f8c-90ed-e75199a7a994" ] } }, "disableInnerButtons": true, "disableNewBlocks": false, "fixed": true, "ignoreSpaces": true, "instructions": { "content-type": "text/html", "data": "<p><strong>Assessment text remains at</strong> <strong>the relevant</strong> <strong>aggregate level</strong> <strong>(i.e.</strong> <strong>global, EU, sectoral)</strong> <strong>and addresses the following: </strong></p><ol keys=\"dkvn8,e367c,f4lpb,9j981,7ai6k,3g3pd\" depth=\"0\"><li>Explains in one or two sentences on the environmental rationale of the indicator, i.e. why it matters to the environment that we see an increase/decrease in the value measured.</li><li>Explains in one or two sentences the associated policy objective, which can be either quantitative or directional. More information on the policy objective and related references will be included in the supporting information section. Where there is no policy objective associated with the indicator, i.e. where the indicator addresses an issue that is important for future policy formulation, this text should explain instead why this issue is important.</li><li>IF NECESSARY - Explains any mismatch between what the indicator tracks and what the policy objective/issue is.</li><li>Qualifies the historical trend (e.g. steady increase) and explains the key reasons (e.g. policies) behind it. If there is a quantitative target it explains if we are on track to meet it.</li><li>IF NECESSARY - Explains any recent changes to the trend and why.</li><li>IF NECESSARY - Describes what needs to happen to see adequate progress in future, for instance in order to remain on track to meet targets.</li></ol><p><strong>Please cite your work if</strong> <strong>necessary</strong> <strong>using the EEA citation style (i.e.</strong> <strong>EEA, 2020). A full reference list appears in the supporting information section.</strong></p>", "encoding": "utf8" }, "maxChars": "2000", "placeholder": "Aggregate level assessment e.g. progress at global, EU level..", "readOnlySettings": true, "required": true, "title": "Aggregate level assessment" }, "a2a9d620-0bf9-4763-b5e0-9cd34b09d66a": { "@layout": "d060487d-88fc-4f7b-8ea4-003f14e0fb0c", "@type": "group", "allowedBlocks": [ "slate" ], "as": "section", "block": "2fb952d7-8273-442a-9769-816d07b48524", "data": { "blocks": { "02ba4a04-fcfe-4968-806f-1dac3119cfef": { "@type": "embed_content", "url": "../../../../resolveuid/f402a1e6320041a682430c387ca3a0a8", "with_notes": false }, "0a4f83fe-b6a3-4350-9445-6fdd9eaf5d85": { "@type": "slate", "plaintext": "Further information on past and projected changes in fire weather conditions in Europe is available on the page Wet and dry \u2014 fire weather of the recent EEA web report Europe's changing climate hazards . Further information on the health effects of wildfires is available on a dedicated thematic page in the European Climate and Health Observatory .", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "Further information on past and projected changes in fire weather conditions in Europe is available on the page " }, { "children": [ { "text": "Wet and dry \u2014 fire weather" } ], "data": { "url": "https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/europes-changing-climate-hazards-1/wet-and-dry-1/wet-and-dry-fire-weather" }, "type": "link" }, { "text": " of the recent EEA web report " }, { "children": [ { "text": "Europe's changing climate " }, { "children": [ { "text": "hazards" } ], "data": { "footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">EEA, 2021, <i>Europe&#x2019;s changing climate hazards &#x2014; an index-based interactive EEA report</i>, EEA Web Report, European Environment Agency.</div>\n</div>\n", "footnoteTitle": "EEA, 2021, Europe's changing climate hazards \u2014 an i", "uid": "HFDPU", "zoteroId": "URY5QTF5" }, "type": "zotero" }, { "text": "" } ], "data": { "url": "https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/europes-changing-climate-hazards-1" }, "type": "link" }, { "text": ". Further information on the health effects of wildfires is available on a " }, { "children": [ { "text": "dedicated thematic page" } ], "data": { "url": "https://climate-adapt.eea.europa.eu/observatory/evidence/health-effects/wildfires" }, "type": "link" }, { "text": " in the " }, { "children": [ { "text": "European Climate and Health Observatory" } ], "data": { "url": "https://climate-adapt.eea.europa.eu/observatory/evidence/health-effects/wildfires" }, "type": "link" }, { "text": "." } ], "type": "p" } ] }, "1b9c0587-e1ff-44c1-8705-7b16cbff653d": { "@type": "slate", "plaintext": "Meteorological fire danger is projected to increase further in most regions, except in parts of north-eastern and northern Europe. This increase is expected to lead to a northward expansion of moderate fire danger zones in western-central Europe, but the countries with the highest absolute fire danger will remain Portugal, Spain and Turkey . Modelling studies indicate that burnt area in EUMED5 countries could double under 3\u00a0\u00b0C global warming, but that adopting additional measures, such as prescribed burning, fire breaks and enhanced fire suppression could substantially limit this increase .", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "Meteorological fire danger is projected to increase further in most regions, except in parts of north-eastern and northern Europe. This increase is expected to lead to a northward expansion of moderate fire danger zones in western-central Europe, but the countries with the highest absolute fire danger will remain Portugal, Spain and " }, { "children": [ { "text": "Turkey" } ], "data": { "footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">De Rigo, D., Libert&#xE0;, G., Durrant, T. H., Vivancos, T. A. and San-Miguel-Ayanz, J., 2017, <i>Forest fire danger extremes in Europe under climate change: variability and uncertainty</i>, JRC Technical Reports, EUR 28926 EN, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg.</div>\n</div>\n", "footnoteTitle": "De Rigo, Daniele, 2017, Forest fire danger extremes in Europe un, Luxembourg", "uid": "orMNr", "zoteroId": "QY6ANE87" }, "type": "zotero" }, { "text": "" }, { "children": [ { "text": " " } ], "data": { "footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">Costa, H., De Rigo, D., Liberta&#x2019;, G., Houston Durrant, T. and San-Miguel-Ayanz, J., 2020, <i>European wildfire danger and vulnerability in a changing climate: towards integrating risk dimensions</i>, EUR 30116 EN, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg.</div>\n</div>\n", "footnoteTitle": "Costa, Hugo, 2020, European wildfire danger and vulnerabili, Luxembourg", "uid": "9JPSn", "zoteroId": "X7YWA5KL" }, "type": "zotero" }, { "text": ". Modelling studies indicate that burnt area in EUMED5 countries could double under 3\u00a0\u00b0C global warming, but that adopting additional measures, such as prescribed burning, fire breaks and enhanced fire suppression could substantially limit this " }, { "children": [ { "text": "increase" } ], "data": { "footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">Khabarov, N., Krasovskii, A., Obersteiner, M., Swart, R., Dosio, A., San-Miguel-Ayanz, J., Durrant, T., Camia, A. and Migliavacca, M., 2016, 'Forest fires and adaptation options in Europe', <i>Regional Environmental Change</i> 16(1), pp. 21&#x2013;30 (http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10113-014-0621-0) accessed May 20, 2019.</div>\n</div>\n", "footnoteTitle": "Khabarov, Nikolay, 2016, Forest fires and adaptation options in E, Regional Environmental Change", "uid": "aq5fY", "zoteroId": "SFVKLG6I" }, "type": "zotero" }, { "text": "" }, { "children": [ { "text": " " } ], "data": { "footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">Turco, M., Rosa-C&#xE1;novas, J. J., Bedia, J., Jerez, S., Mont&#xE1;vez, J. P., Llasat, M. C. and Provenzale, A., 2018, 'Exacerbated fires in Mediterranean Europe due to anthropogenic warming projected with non-stationary climate-fire models', <i>Nature Communications</i> 9(1), pp. 3821 (http://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-018-06358-z) accessed September 26, 2019.</div>\n</div>\n", "footnoteTitle": "Turco, Marco, 12/2018, Exacerbated fires in Mediterranean Europ, Nature Communications", "uid": "f5O2i", "zoteroId": "5GKE894N" }, "type": "zotero" }, { "text": "." } ], "type": "p" } ] }, "4109c51c-cb53-43ab-b022-1367beea3f21": { "@type": "slate", "plaintext": "The Canadian Fire Weather Index (FWI) is used to assess fire risk based on meteorological conditions . From 1980 to 2012, the FWI increased for Europe as a whole, particularly in southern and eastern Europe . The fact that the burnt area of the Mediterranean decreased over the same period suggests that fire management and suppression efforts in this region had some effect .", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "The Canadian Fire Weather Index (FWI) is used to assess fire risk based on meteorological " }, { "children": [ { "text": "conditions" } ], "data": { "footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">Van Wagner, C. E., 1987, <i>Development and structure of the Canadian forest fire weather index system</i>, Forestry Technical Report, 35, Canadian Forestry Service, Ottawa, Canada.</div>\n</div>\n", "footnoteTitle": "Van Wagner, C. E., 1987, Development and structure of the Canadia, Ottawa, Canada", "uid": "m40dD", "zoteroId": "Q7BEWXXK" }, "type": "zotero" }, { "text": ". From 1980 to 2012, the FWI increased for Europe as a whole, particularly in southern and eastern " }, { "children": [ { "text": "Europe" } ], "data": { "footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">Ven&#xE4;l&#xE4;inen, A., Korhonen, N., Hyv&#xE4;rinen, O., Koutsias, N., Xystrakis, F., Urbieta, I. R. and Moreno, J. M., 2014, 'Temporal variations and change in forest fire danger in Europe for 1960&#x2013;2012', <i>Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences</i> 14(6), pp. 1477&#x2013;1490 (https://www.nat-hazards-earth-syst-sci.net/14/1477/2014/) accessed September 26, 2019.</div>\n</div>\n", "footnoteTitle": "Ven\u00e4l\u00e4inen, A., 2014-06-11, Temporal variations and change in forest, Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences", "uid": "3t2nR", "zoteroId": "DCCLA9IC" }, "type": "zotero" }, { "text": ". The fact that the burnt area of the Mediterranean decreased over the same period suggests that fire management and suppression efforts in this region had some " }, { "children": [ { "text": "effect" } ], "data": { "footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">Turco, M., Bedia, J., Di Liberto, F., Fiorucci, P., von Hardenberg, J., Koutsias, N., Llasat, M.-C., Xystrakis, F. and Provenzale, A., 2016, 'Decreasing fires in Mediterranean Europe', <i>PLOS One</i> 11(3), e0150663 (https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0150663) accessed September 26, 2019.</div>\n</div>\n", "footnoteTitle": "Turco, Marco, 2016-3-16, Decreasing fires in Mediterranean Europe, PLOS One", "uid": "fbHzu", "zoteroId": "PDED6MM6" }, "type": "zotero" }, { "text": ". " } ], "type": "p" } ] }, "d3d49723-14e5-4663-b346-37ee3572f28d": { "@type": "slate", "fixed": true, "instructions": { "content-type": "text/html", "data": "<p><br/></p>", "encoding": "utf8" }, "plaintext": "", "readOnlySettings": true, "required": true, "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "" } ], "type": "p" } ] }, "a15e067a-50cf-44c8-a576-d25e8e336548": { "@type": "group", "className": "figure-metadata", "id": "figure-metadata-02ba4a04-fcfe-4968-806f-1dac3119cfef", "data": { "blocks": { "46f2864a-df52-4d9f-8508-6f34eb975493": { "@type": "slate", "value": [ { "type": "h3-light", "children": [ { "text": "Figure 2. Overall weather-driven forest fire danger in the present, and under two climate change scenarios" } ] } ], "plaintext": "Figure 2. Overall weather-driven forest fire danger in the present, and under two climate change scenarios" } }, "blocks_layout": { "items": [ "46f2864a-df52-4d9f-8508-6f34eb975493" ] } }, "styles": {} }, "43df8fab-b278-4b0e-a62c-ce6b8e0a881e": { "@type": "dividerBlock", "section": false, "short": true, "disableNewBlocks": true, "fixed": true, "hidden": true, "readOnly": true, "required": true, "spacing": "m", "fitted": false } }, "blocks_layout": { "items": [ "a15e067a-50cf-44c8-a576-d25e8e336548", "02ba4a04-fcfe-4968-806f-1dac3119cfef", "43df8fab-b278-4b0e-a62c-ce6b8e0a881e", "4109c51c-cb53-43ab-b022-1367beea3f21", "1b9c0587-e1ff-44c1-8705-7b16cbff653d", "0a4f83fe-b6a3-4350-9445-6fdd9eaf5d85" ] } }, "disableInnerButtons": true, "disableNewBlocks": false, "fixed": true, "ignoreSpaces": true, "instructions": { "content-type": "text/html", "data": "<ol keys=\"9bbul,b1sa2,171og,1c1t5\" depth=\"0\"><li>Depending on the indicator context, this text can provide information at country level or, if this is not relevant, at some other level, e.g. sectoral, regional level.</li><li>This text interprets the data represented in the chart, rather than describing results, i.e. it provides explanations for some of the results.</li><li>The text related to progress at this level does not have to be comprehensive.</li><li>If there is no information that adds value to what is already visible there is no need to have any text.</li></ol>", "encoding": "utf8" }, "maxChars": "1000", "placeholder": "Disaggregate level assessment e.g. country, sectoral, regional level assessment", "readOnly": false, "readOnlySettings": true, "required": true, "title": "Disaggregate level assessment" }, "dce4664e-ec5d-4463-8a97-c2ecfa6dac8f": { "@layout": "794c9b24-5cd4-4b9f-a0cd-b796aadc86e8", "@type": "group", "allowedBlocks": [], "as": "section", "block": "dce4664e-ec5d-4463-8a97-c2ecfa6dac8f", "data": { "blocks": { "12d8c532-f7ad-43fe-ada7-330b2d7a7a39": { "@type": "slate", "disableNewBlocks": true, "fixed": true, "instructions": { "content-type": "text/html", "data": "<p><br/></p>", "encoding": "utf8" }, "plaintext": "Published: date \u2012 25min read", "readOnly": true, "readOnlySettings": true, "required": true, "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "" }, { "children": [ { "text": "Published: " }, { "children": [ { "text": "date" } ], "data": { "id": "effective", "widget": "datetime" }, "type": "mention" }, { "text": " \u2012 25min read" } ], "type": "sup" }, { "text": "" } ], "type": "p" } ] }, "1c31c956-5086-476a-8694-9936cfa6c240": { "@type": "description", "disableNewBlocks": true, "fixed": true, "instructions": { "content-type": "text/html", "data": "<p>The summary tells the reader about the indicator trend over the examined period and whether or not it helps to achieve the associated policy objective, which can be either quantitative or directional.</p><p>In the absence of a policy objective, it explains whether the trend is in the right or wrong direction in relation to the issue examined.</p><p>If there has been an important change over the most recent period of the time series, e.g. over the last year, this is indicated too.</p><p>Furthermore, if there is a quantitative target, it also indicates whether we are on track to meet it and if not what are the reasons preventing that, e.g. socio-economic drivers, implementation gap etc.</p>", "encoding": "utf8" }, "placeholder": "Summary", "readOnlySettings": true, "required": true, "value": [ { "type": "p", "children": [ { "text": "Climate change has increased forest fire risk across Europe. Even so, the burnt area of the Mediterranean region has decreased slightly since 1980, indicating that fire control efforts have been effective. However, in recent years, forest fires coinciding with record droughts and heatwaves have affected regions in central and northern Europe not typically prone to fires. An expansion of fire-prone areas and longer fire seasons are projected in most European regions, in particular for high emissions scenarios, so additional adaptation measures are needed." } ] } ], "plaintext": "Climate change has increased forest fire risk across Europe. Even so, the burnt area of the Mediterranean region has decreased slightly since 1980, indicating that fire control efforts have been effective. However, in recent years, forest fires coinciding with record droughts and heatwaves have affected regions in central and northern Europe not typically prone to fires. An expansion of fire-prone areas and longer fire seasons are projected in most European regions, in particular for high emissions scenarios, so additional adaptation measures are needed." }, "3cccc2bb-471a-44c7-b006-5595c4713ff2": { "@type": "layoutSettings", "disableNewBlocks": true, "fixed": true, "layout_size": "narrow_view", "readOnly": true, "readOnlySettings": true, "required": true }, "ddde07aa-4e48-4475-94bd-e1a517d26eab": { "copyrightIcon": "ri-copyright-line", "styles": {}, "variation": "default", "@type": "title", "disableNewBlocks": true, "fixed": true, "hideContentType": true, "hideCreationDate": true, "hideDownloadButton": true, "hideModificationDate": true, "placeholder": "Indicator title", "readOnlySettings": true, "required": true } }, "blocks_layout": { "items": [ "ddde07aa-4e48-4475-94bd-e1a517d26eab", "1c31c956-5086-476a-8694-9936cfa6c240", "3cccc2bb-471a-44c7-b006-5595c4713ff2" ] } }, "disableInnerButtons": true, "disableNewBlocks": true, "fixed": true, "fixedLayout": true, "ignoreSpaces": true, "instructions": { "content-type": "text/html", "data": "<p>The summary tells the reader about the indicator trend over the examined period and whether or not it helps to achieve the associated policy objective, which can be either quantitative or directional.</p><p>In the absence of a policy objective, it explains whether the trend is in the right or wrong direction in relation to the issue examined.</p><p>If there has been an important change over the most recent period of the time series, e.g. over the last year, this is indicated too.</p><p>Furthermore, if there is a quantitative target, it also indicates whether we are on track to meet it and if not what are the reasons preventing that, e.g. socio-economic drivers, implementation gap etc.</p>", "encoding": "utf8" }, "maxChars": "500", "readOnlySettings": true, "required": true, "styles": { "style_name": "environment-theme-bg" }, "title": "Content header" }, "e9736b7c-4902-48aa-aecd-b706409a576d": { "@type": "dividerBlock", "disableNewBlocks": true, "fixed": true, "hidden": true, "readOnly": true, "required": true, "section": false, "spacing": "m", "styles": {} } }
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Supporting information
Methodology [ { "children": [ { "text": "Methodology for indicator calculation" } ], "type": "h4" }, { "children": [ { "text": "Historical fire data series are available in Europe and regularly updated by EFFIS. EFFIS addresses forest fires in Europe in a comprehensive way, providing EU-level assessments from pre-fire to post-fire phases, thus supporting fire prevention, preparedness, fire-fighting and post-fire evaluations." } ], "type": "p" }, { "children": [ { "text": "" } ], "type": "p" }, { "children": [ { "text": "To complement the data, information from past forest fires is routinely used to rate fire potential due to weather conditions. The Canadian FWI is used by EFFIS to rate daily fire danger conditions in Europe." } ], "type": "p" }, { "children": [ { "text": "" } ], "type": "h4" }, { "children": [ { "text": "Methodology for gap filling" } ], "type": "h4" }, { "children": [ { "text": "Not applicable." } ], "type": "p" } ]
Data sources and providers { "readOnly": true, "data": [ { "@id": "04f7a035-cc5e-4394-ae2d-500669fa5497", "link": "http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/data/external/european-forest-fire-information-system/view", "organisation": "http://www.jrc.it", "title": "EFFIS European Fire Database - Total burnt areas" }, { "@id": "14f89a95-4c1e-43f5-aca8-51ead8caae1c", "title": "Projections of Fire Weather Index (PESETA III)" } ] }
Definition [ { "children": [ { "text": "This indicator monitors:" } ], "type": "p" }, { "children": [ { "children": [ { "text": "the burnt areas in European countries;" } ], "type": "li" }, { "children": [ { "text": "the current state of and projected changes in forest fire danger." } ], "type": "li" } ], "type": "ul" } ]
Unit of measure [ { "children": [ { "text": "Burnt area is measured in hectares (ha)." } ], "type": "li" }, { "children": [ { "text": "FWI (no units) measures current forest fire danger and projected changes." } ], "type": "li" } ]
Policy / environmental relevance [ { "children": [ { "text": "Forest fires are a significant disturbance agent in many forested landscapes. Frequent and large-scale fires have negative impacts on air and water quality, threaten biodiversity, increase the risks of soil erosion and spoil the aesthetics of a landscape. Forest fires also represent a threat to climate change mitigation, as they release large amounts of greenhouse gases. Furthermore, forest fires can cause large economic damages and the loss of human lives if they affect populated areas. Nevertheless, fires play an essential role in the dynamics of many ecosystems. They are an essential element of forest renewal, they help control insect and disease damage, and they reduce the build-up of fuel and thus the intensity of future fires." } ], "type": "p" }, { "children": [ { "text": "" } ], "type": "p" }, { "children": [ { "text": "Fire risk depends on many factors such as climatic conditions (e.g. humidity, temperature and wind), vegetation (e.g. fuel load and condition), topography, forest management practices and socio-economic context. The large majority of wildfires in Europe are ignited by humans, either accidently or intentionally. However, climatic factors and the availability of fuel determine the conditions under which fires occur and spread, once ignition has occurred. The extreme fire episodes and devastating fire seasons of recent years in Europe were, in most cases, driven by severe fire weather conditions. Thus, climate change is expected to have a strong impact on forest fire regimes in Europe." } ], "type": "p" }, { "children": [ { "text": "" } ], "type": "p" }, { "children": [ { "text": "" }, { "children": [ { "text": "Relevant policy" } ], "type": "b" }, { "text": "" } ], "type": "p" }, { "children": [ { "text": "The new EU strategy for adaptation to climate " }, { "children": [ { "text": "change" } ], "data": { "footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">EC, 2021, Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions &#x2014; Forging a climate-resilient Europe &#x2014; The new EU strategy on adaptation to climate change, COM(2021) 82 final.</div>\n</div>\n", "footnoteTitle": "EC, 2021, Communication from the Commission to the", "uid": "F6EFl", "zoteroId": "JQYK6UAN" }, "type": "zotero" }, { "text": " adopted in February 2021 sets out how the European Union can adapt to the unavoidable impacts of climate change and become climate resilient by 2050. It has four principle objectives: to make adaptation smarter, swifter and more systemic, and to step up international action on adaptation to climate change. The strategy builds on the 2018\u00a0evaluation of the 2013 EU adaptation " }, { "children": [ { "text": "strategy" } ], "data": { "footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">EC, 2018, Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on the implementation of the EU Strategy on adaptation to climate change, COM(2018) 738 final.</div>\n</div>\n", "footnoteTitle": "EC, 2018, Report from the Commission to the Europe", "uid": "EN2cb", "zoteroId": "NQ2P4MJ5" }, "type": "zotero" }, { "text": ", accompanied by a Commission staff working " }, { "children": [ { "text": "document" } ], "data": { "footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">EC, 2018, Commission Staff Working Document &#x2014; Evaluation of the EU Strategy on adaptation to climate change accompanying the document &#x2018;Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on the implementation of the EU strategy on adaptation to climate change&#x2019;, SWD(2018) 461 final., SWD(2018) 461 final</div>\n</div>\n", "footnoteTitle": "EC, 12/11/2018, Commission Staff Working Document \u2014 Eval", "uid": "CYJpG", "zoteroId": "DLH98SGX" }, "type": "zotero" }, { "text": ". An open public consultation was conducted in preparation for the new strategy between May and August 2020." } ], "type": "p" }, { "children": [ { "text": "\nThe new EU forest strategy for " }, { "children": [ { "text": "2030" } ], "data": { "footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">EC, 2021, 'Commission consults on new EU Forest Strategy', <i>New EU Forest Strategy</i> (https://ec.europa.eu/environment/news/commission-consults-new-eu-forest-strategy-2021-01-29_en) accessed May 27, 2021.</div>\n</div>\n", "footnoteTitle": "EC, 2021, Commission consults on new EU Forest Str", "uid": "Ch2wB", "zoteroId": "NJZ2YQQY" }, "type": "zotero" }, { "text": " adopted in July 2021 recognizes the growing threats to European forests from climate change, which can increase the risks of forest fires, pests and diseases. One of its overarching objectives is to protect, restore and enlarge the EU\u2019s forests to combat climate change, reverse biodiversity loss and ensure resilient and multifunctional forest ecosystems. It calls for forest management that increases biodiversity and makes forests more resilient to climate-related disturbances." } ], "type": "p" } ]
Frequency of dissemination 2
Accuracy and uncertainties [ { "children": [ { "text": "Methodology uncertainty" } ], "type": "h4" }, { "children": [ { "text": "Not applicable." } ], "type": "p" }, { "children": [ { "text": "" } ], "type": "p" }, { "children": [ { "text": "Data sets uncertainty" } ], "type": "h4" }, { "children": [ { "text": "Information on forest fires is collected in the JRC\u2019s European Fire Database. This database is an important component of EFFIS. Forest fire data are provided each year by individual EU Member States in accordance with several EU regulations, and additional data from other European countries are checked, stored and managed by the JRC within EFFIS. Time series on forest fires for the five European countries most affected by forest fires (EUMED5) go back to 1980; data from other countries have been increasingly available since 1990. EFFIS covers all EEA member countries except Iceland. Currently, the database contains over 2 million individual fire event records. Data quality is generally high. However, a few countries have changed their reporting methodology over time, such as Greece in 1998." } ], "type": "p" }, { "children": [ { "text": "" } ], "type": "p" }, { "children": [ { "text": "Rationale uncertainty" } ], "type": "h4" }, { "children": [ { "text": "No uncertainty has been specified" } ], "type": "p" } ]
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