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Methodology
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"footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">Vogt, P. and et al., 2019, <i>An approach for pan-European monitoring of forest fragmentation</i>, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg.</div>\n</div>\n",
"footnoteTitle": "Vogt, Peter, 2019, An approach for pan-European monitoring , Luxembourg",
"uid": "TmS8v",
"zoteroId": "QXMPM8EA"
},
"type": "zotero"
},
{
"text": ". Connectivity is scale-dependent, and the scale is chosen by the size of the local neighbourhood for which connectivity is assessed, here 10 hectares. FAD measures the degree of spatial agglomeration of forest land cover and accounts for key fragmentation aspects, such as isolation of small fragments and perforations within compact forest patches"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"data": {
"footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">Maes, J. and et al., 2023, 'Accounting for forest condition in Europe based on an international statistical standard', <i>Nature Communications</i> 14(1), pp. 3723 (https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-39434-0) accessed November 3, 2023.</div>\n</div>\n",
"footnoteTitle": "Maes, Joachim, 2023, Accounting for forest condition in Europ, Nature Communications",
"uid": "afNpr",
"zoteroId": "EFAF33KG"
},
"type": "zotero"
},
{
"text": " . It provides scalable and consistent assessments across large regions, like the EU, but does not account for specific ecological functions or species-specific needs. Unlike species-specific models, which are manifold and highly variable, FAD focuses on general structural connectivity, which is independent of habitat quality or species-specific demands. Efforts are underway to refine FAD by integrating additional data layers to complement the connectivity assessments."
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "The indicator is derived from the FAO compliant 10-metre resolution forest type products 2018 and 2021 from Copernicus. "
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
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{
"children": [
{
"text": "The primary result is a spatially explicit map showing the degree of forest connectivity for each 10x10-metre forest grid cell. For the statistics presented in Figure 2, the grid cell values are divided into five categories, where forest connectivity is either very high (90% \u2013 100% FAD), high (60% \u2013 <90% FAD), intermediate (40% \u2013 <60% FAD), low (10% \u2013 <40% FAD), or very low (0% \u2013 <10% FAD). The connectivity map can be used to aggregate the grid cell level values to an average indicator value at for any given reporting level, for example, at country or EU-level. This aggregated average value indicates the overall degree of structural connectivity of forest cover in the reporting unit. This is one of the summary statistics available to characterise forest connectivity, which is mainly driven by the presence of large continuous forest patches."
}
],
"type": "p"
}
]
Data sources and providers
{
"readOnly": true,
"data": [
{
"@id": "b942e444-9b9a-44d3-889e-805049d6e0d8",
"link": "https://sdi.eea.europa.eu/catalogue/srv/eng/catalog.search#/metadata/3c73f63b-fc23-4c87-be10-3aeceb870971",
"organisation": "EEA",
"title": "Forest Type 2018 (raster 10 m), Europe, 3-yearly, Oct. 2020"
}
]
}
Definition
[
{
"children": [
{
"text": "The forest connectivity indicator quantifies the degree of spatial agglomeration of forest cover. It assesses structural connectivity using EU level forest."
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "High forest connectivity supports animal movement, plant dispersal, preserves forest microclimate"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"data": {
"footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">Hofmeister, J., Hošek, J., Brabec, M., Střalková, R., Mýlová, P., Bouda, M., Pettit, J. L., Rydval, M. and Svoboda, M., 2019, 'Microclimate edge effect in small fragments of temperate forests in the context of climate change', <i>Forest Ecology and Management</i> 448, pp. 48–56 (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112719301707) accessed September 26, 2024.</div>\n</div>\n",
"footnoteTitle": "Hofmeister, Je\u0148\u00fdk, 2019-09-15, Microclimate edge effect in small fragme, Forest Ecology and Management",
"uid": "SQPke",
"zoteroId": "DPXT6772"
},
"type": "zotero"
},
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "sup"
},
{
"text": ", and genetic exchange. Connectivity maps are crucial for biodiversity initiatives, like tree planting, by identifying areas lacking connectivity. However, increased connectivity may also facilitate the spread of invasive species, pests, and diseases"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"data": {
"footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">Pyšek, P. and et al., 2020, 'Scientists’ warning on invasive alien species', <i>Biological Reviews</i> 95(6), pp. 1511–1534 (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/brv.12627) accessed November 24, 2023.</div>\n</div>\n",
"footnoteTitle": "Py\u0161ek, Petr, 2020, Scientists' warning on invasive alien sp, Biological Reviews",
"uid": "EFK0g",
"zoteroId": "5JL44MTR"
},
"type": "zotero"
},
{
"text": " and fire"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"data": {
"footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">Duane, A. and et al., 2021, 'Forest connectivity percolation thresholds for fire spread under different weather conditions', <i>Forest Ecology and Management</i> 498, pp. 119558 (https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378112721006484) accessed June 16, 2023.</div>\n</div>\n",
"footnoteTitle": "Duane, Andrea, 2021, Forest connectivity percolation threshol, Forest Ecology and Management",
"uid": "gmz-V",
"zoteroId": "47UXEJ4C"
},
"type": "zotero"
},
{
"text": "."
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "The calculation of the indicator is based on the High-Resolution Forest Type Layer from the "
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Copernicus programme"
}
],
"data": {
"url": "https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/data/external/copernicus-remote-sensing-data"
},
"type": "link"
},
{
"text": ". For this layer, in line with the definition of the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"data": {
"footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">FAO, 2018, <i>Terms and Definitions - FRA 2020</i>, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.</div>\n</div>\n",
"footnoteTitle": "FAO, 2018, Terms and Definitions - FRA 2020, Rome, Italy",
"uid": "PLjLl",
"zoteroId": "JGBBJ7V7"
},
"type": "zotero"
},
{
"text": ", forest are \u201cland spanning more than 0.5 hectares with trees higher than five metres and a canopy cover of more than 10 percent, or trees able to reach these thresholds in situ. It excludes agricultural and urban land\u201d. However, for technical reasons, forest land use not covered by trees is not mapped as forest. Therefore, on the one hand, in the cased of afforestation, there is a delay between the conversion of land use to forestry (at the time of plantation) and the time the forest cover is reported in this indicator (canopy cover reaching the thresholds). This delay is however quite consistent with the new forest reaching characteristics that make it play a role in connectivity. On the other hand, temporarily unstocked forest areas (such as clearcut or burnt areas) are not mapped as forest in this layer, which leads to considering that these areas fragment the forest."
}
],
"type": "p"
}
]
Unit of measure
[
{
"children": [
{
"text": " "
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"type": "p",
"children": [
{
"text": "The degree of forest connectivity is measured in a range from 0% to 100%, with 0% meaning no forest connectivity (a single grid cell forest patch without any other forest grid cell in a 10-hectare surrounding neighbourhood), and 100% meaning full connectivity (full continuous forest cover in a 10-hectare surrounding neighbourhood). At reporting unit level, the indicator is calculated as the average value of Forest Area Density (FAD) of all forest grid cells of the reporting unit."
}
]
}
]
Policy / environmental relevance
[
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Forest connectivity is a headline indicator for monitoring progress towards the "
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "8th Environment Action Programme (8th EAP)"
}
],
"data": {
"url": "https://environment.ec.europa.eu/strategy/environment-action-programme-2030_en"
},
"type": "link"
},
{
"text": ". It mainly contributes to monitoring aspects of the 8th EAP priority objective (Article 2.2.e) that shall be met by 2030: \u2018protecting, preserving and restoring marine and terrestrial biodiversity and the biodiversity of inland waters inside and outside protected areas by, inter alia, halting and reversing biodiversity loss and improving the state of ecosystems and their functions and the services they provide, and by improving the state of the environment, in particular air, water and soil, as well as by combating desertification and soil degradation\u2019"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"data": {
"footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">EU, 2022, Decision (EU) 2022/591 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 April 2022 on a General Union Environment Action Programme to 2030, OJ L.</div>\n</div>\n",
"footnoteTitle": "EU, Decision (EU) 2022/591 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6\u00a0April 2022 on a General Union Environment Action Programme to 2030",
"uid": "zpUxZ",
"zoteroId": "HXXSRCZN"
},
"type": "zotero"
},
{
"text": ". For the purposes of the 8th EAP monitoring framework, this indicator assesses whether the EU will \u2018increase the degree of connectivity in forest ecosystems\u2019 by 2030"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"data": {
"footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">EC, 2022, Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions on the monitoring framework for the 8th Environment Action Programme: Measuring progress towards the attainment of the Programme’s 2030 and 2050 priority objectives. COM(2022) 357 final</div>\n</div>\n",
"footnoteTitle": "EC, Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions on the monitoring framework for the 8th Environment Action Programme: Measuring progress towards the attainment of the Programme's 2030 and 2050 priority objectives. COM(2022) 357 final",
"uid": "nzO1g",
"zoteroId": "ADUQ5Z3U"
},
"type": "zotero"
},
{
"text": ". Ensuring connectivity between and inside habitats is a goal set in the Regulation on Nature Restoration"
},
{
"type": "zotero",
"data": {
"uid": "UD5ok",
"footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">European Parliament and Council of the European Union, 2024, Regulation (EU) 2024/1991 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 June 2024 on nature restoration and amending Regulation (EU) 2022/869</div>\n</div>\n",
"zoteroId": "RS56ICQN",
"footnoteTitle": "European Parliament, Regulation (EU) 2024/1991 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 June 2024 on nature restoration and amending Regulation (EU) 2022/869"
},
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
]
},
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "sup"
},
{
"text": ""
},
{
"type": "sup",
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
]
},
{
"text": " and the EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"data": {
"footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">EC, 2020, Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030 Bringing nature back into our lives</div>\n</div>\n",
"footnoteTitle": "EC, Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030 Bringing nature back into our lives",
"uid": "WpdOi",
"zoteroId": "DQCLGV3A"
},
"type": "zotero"
},
{
"text": ". "
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "The 3-Billion-Tree Pledge For 2030"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"data": {
"footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">EC, 2021, Commission Staff Working Document - The 3 Billion Tree Planting Pledge For 2030 Accompanying the document Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. New EU Forest Strategy for 2030. SWD(2021) 651 final</div>\n</div>\n",
"footnoteTitle": "EC, 16.7.2021, Commission Staff Working Document - The ",
"uid": "QWGQV",
"zoteroId": "7MQSBQ38"
},
"type": "zotero"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"data": {
"url": "https://environment.ec.europa.eu/strategy/biodiversity-strategy-2030/3-billion-trees_en"
},
"type": "link"
},
{
"text": " indicates that \u2018afforestation should be carried out at landscape level to strengthen connectivity with natural or semi-natural areas\u2019 and therefore lead to increased forest connectivity."
}
],
"type": "p"
}
]
Frequency of dissemination
3
Accuracy and uncertainties
[
{
"type": "p",
"children": [
{
"text": "Under processing"
}
]
}
]
