Lead Image
No image
Lead Image Caption
Metadata
DPSIR
Impact
Typology
Descriptive indicator (Type A - What is happening to the environment and to humans?)
UN SDGs
SDG13: Climate action
Topics
Climate change adaptation , Water , Extreme weather , Seas and coasts
Temporal coverage
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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"footnoteTitle": "Almar, Rafael, 2021-06-18, A global analysis of extreme coastal wat, Nature Communications",
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"text": ". A 10cm rise in sea level typically increases the frequency of flooding to a given height by a factor of approximately 10. Extreme sea levels along coastlines result from a combination of "
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"text": ", including increases in local mean sea levels and tidal levels, storm surge events, waves and local flood protection standards. Changes in mean local sea levels are the main driver of observed and projected changes in extreme sea levels along the coastline"
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"footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">Marcos, M. and Woodworth, P. L., 2017, 'Spatiotemporal changes in extreme sea levels along the coasts of the North Atlantic and the Gulf of Mexico: extreme sea level changes', <i>Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans</i> 122(9), pp. 7031–7048 (http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/2017JC013065) accessed September 23, 2020.</div>\n</div>\n",
"footnoteTitle": "Marcos, Marta, 09/2017, Spatiotemporal changes in extreme sea le, Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans",
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"footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">Vousdoukas, M. I., Mentaschi, L., Voukouvalas, E., Verlaan, M. and Feyen, L., 2017, 'Extreme sea levels on the rise along Europe’s coasts', <i>Earth’s Future</i> 5(3), pp. 304–323 (https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2016EF000505) accessed November 10, 2023.</div>\n</div>\n",
"footnoteTitle": "Vousdoukas, Michalis I., 03/2017, Extreme sea levels on the rise along Eur, Earth's Future",
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"footnoteTitle": "Kirezci, Ebru, 12/2020, Projections of global-scale extreme sea , Scientific Reports",
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"footnoteTitle": "Weisse, Ralf, 2014, Changing extreme sea levels along Europe, Coastal Engineering",
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"text": "\ufeff. The "
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"text": " of glaciers and icesheets along with ocean thermal expansion being the most relevant processes impacting Europe\u2019s seas"
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"footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">Vousdoukas, M. I., Mentaschi, L., Voukouvalas, E., Verlaan, M., Jevrejeva, S., Jackson, L. P. and Feyen, L., 2018, 'Global probabilistic projections of extreme sea levels show intensification of coastal flood hazard', <i>Nature Communications</i> 9(1), pp. 2360 (http://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-018-04692-w) accessed September 23, 2020.</div>\n</div>\n",
"footnoteTitle": "Vousdoukas, Michalis I., 12/2018, Global probabilistic projections of extr, Nature Communications",
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"text": "Figure 1. Requested sea level rise for an amplification factor of 10 and 100 times"
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Supporting information
Methodology
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"text": "The frequency of coastal flooding historical extreme events are calculated using a probabilistic approach"
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"footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">Hermans, T. H. J., Malagón-Santos, V., Katsman, C. A., Jane, R. A., Rasmussen, D. J., Haasnoot, M., Garner, G. G., Kopp, R. E., Oppenheimer, M. and Slangen, A. B. A., 2023, 'The timing of decreasing coastal flood protection due to sea-level rise', <i>Nature Climate Change</i> 13(4), pp. 359–366 (https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-023-01616-5) accessed November 17, 2023.</div>\n</div>\n",
"footnoteTitle": "Hermans, Tim H. J., 04/2023, The timing of decreasing coastal flood p, Nature Climate Change",
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"text": " from the high-frequency tide gauge observations distributed along European coast of the GESLA-3 dataset"
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"footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">Haigh, I. D., Marcos, M., Talke, S. A., Woodworth, P. L., Hunter, J. R., Hague, B. S., Arns, A., Bradshaw, E. and Thompson, P., 2023, '<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">GESLA</span> Version 3: A major update to the global higher‐frequency sea‐level dataset', <i>Geoscience Data Journal</i> 10(3), pp. 293–314 (https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/gdj3.174) accessed November 10, 2023.</div>\n</div>\n",
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"text": ", accounting for the estimated flood protection standards at different locations"
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"footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">Tiggeloven, T., de Moel, H., Winsemius, H. C., Eilander, D., Erkens, G., Gebremedhin, E., Diaz Loaiza, A., Kuzma, S., Luo, T., Iceland, C., Bouwman, A., van Huijstee, J., Ligtvoet, W. and Ward, P. J., 2020, 'Global-scale benefit–cost analysis of coastal flood adaptation to different flood risk drivers using structural measures', <i>Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences</i> 20(4), pp. 1025–1044 (https://nhess.copernicus.org/articles/20/1025/2020/) accessed November 10, 2023.</div>\n</div>\n",
"footnoteTitle": "Tiggeloven, Timothy, 2020-04-17, Global-scale benefit\u2013cost analysis of co, Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences",
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"text": ". Relative sea-level projections from IPCC AR6"
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"text": " (Garner al., 2021) up to 2150 for a range of Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP) scenarios are used in combination with the estimated projections amplification factors (AFs) to determine the timing of changes in the frequency of extreme sea levels due to sea level rise. The amplification factor is the projected probability increase of a certain extreme sea level, which indicates the ratio between the future and historical probability of that extreme sea level"
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"text": ". For example, an amplification factor of 10 by year 2050 indicates that a 1-in-100 years extreme event that has a 1% chance of occurring under present climate conditions will have a 10% chance of happening from year 2050 onward.\u00a0"
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"text": "Uncertainty in future projections of extreme sea levels for Europe remains high and is ultimately linked to the uncertainty around "
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"text": "future changes in mid-latitude storminess"
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"text": ". Scientific understanding is advancing quickly in this area, as climate model representations of northern hemisphere storm track behaviour are showing improvements associated with, for instance, greater ocean and atmosphere resolution. However, the most recent global climate models have typically not yet been downscaled to suitably fine scales and used in studies of future storm surges."
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Data sources and providers
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Definition
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"text": "This indicator reports changes in the frequency of historically 1-in-100-year floods along the European coastline. Such floods are caused by extreme sea levels, particularly during storm surges."
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Unit of measure
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Policy / environmental relevance
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"text": "Sea level rise can have significant impacts on settlements, infrastructure, people and natural systems. In Europe, the potential impacts of sea level rise include flooding, coastal erosion and the submergence of flat regions along continental coastlines and on islands. Low-lying coastlines with high population densities and small tidal ranges are most vulnerable to sea level rise and coastal flooding, particularly where adaptation is hindered by a lack of economic resources or other constraints. Currently, around 200 million people live along the coastal zone in Europe."
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"text": "Damage associated with sea level rise is mostly caused by extreme events, such as storm surges. Of most concern is the coincidence of a storm surge with high tidal levels, leading to extreme sea levels. In Europe, the most intense surge events typically occur during the winter months. Furthermore, the concurrence of high sea levels and heavy precipitation resulting in large run-off volumes may cause compound flooding in low-lying coastal areas."
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Frequency of dissemination
2
Accuracy and uncertainties
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Settings
Short name
extreme-sea-levels-and-coastal-flooding
Versioning enabled
yes
Contents
There are currently no items in this folder.
