Exceedance of air quality standards in Europe

European Union legislation has led to significant improvements in air quality. The percentage of urban citizens exposed to pollutant levels above legal standards set in 2004 and 2008 to protect human health fell between 2000 and 2023, especially for particulate matter and nitrogen dioxide. Poor air quality remains a problem. In 2023, 16% and 8% of EU citizens were exposed, respectively, to ozone and benzo(a)pyrene levels above EU standards. World Health Organization guideline values are more stringent than EU legal standards. More than 94% of urban citizens were exposed to unsafe levels of fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ).

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Metadata
DPSIR State
Typology Descriptive indicator (Type A - What is happening to the environment and to humans?)
UN SDGs SDG11: Sustainable cities and communities
Topics Air pollution, Environmental health impacts, Urban sustainability, Pollution
Temporal coverage { "readOnly": true, "temporal": [ { "label": "2000", "value": "2000" }, { "label": "2001", "value": "2001" }, { "label": "2002", "value": "2002" }, { "label": "2003", "value": "2003" }, { "label": "2004", "value": "2004" }, { "label": "2005", "value": "2005" }, { "label": "2006", "value": "2006" }, { "label": "2007", "value": "2007" }, { "label": "2008", "value": "2008" }, { "label": "2009", "value": "2009" }, { "label": "2010", "value": "2010" }, { "label": "2011", "value": "2011" }, { "label": "2012", "value": "2012" }, { "label": "2013", "value": "2013" }, { "label": "2014", "value": "2014" }, { "label": "2015", "value": "2015" }, { "label": "2016", "value": "2016" }, { "label": "2017", "value": "2017" }, { "label": "2018", "value": "2018" }, { "label": "2019", "value": "2019" }, { "label": "2020", "value": "2020" }, { "label": "2021", "value": "2021" }, { "label": "2022", "value": "2022" }, { "label": "2023", "value": "2023" } ] }
Geographic coverage { "readOnly": true, "geolocation": [ { "label": "Austria", "value": "geo-2782113" }, { "label": "Belgium", "value": "geo-2802361" }, { "label": "Bulgaria", "value": "geo-732800" }, { "label": "Croatia", "value": "geo-3202326" }, { "label": "Cyprus", "value": "geo-146669" }, { "label": "Czechia", "value": "geo-3077311" }, { "label": "Denmark", "value": "geo-2623032" }, { "label": "Estonia", "value": "geo-453733" }, { "label": "Finland", "value": "geo-660013" }, { "label": "France", "value": "geo-3017382" }, { "label": "Germany", "value": "geo-2921044" }, { "label": "Greece", "value": "geo-390903" }, { "label": "Hungary", "value": "geo-719819" }, { "label": "Ireland", "value": "geo-2963597" }, { "label": "Italy", "value": "geo-3175395" }, { "label": "Latvia", "value": "geo-458258" }, { "label": "Lithuania", "value": "geo-597427" }, { "label": "Luxembourg", "value": "geo-2960313" }, { "label": "Malta", "value": "geo-2562770" }, { "label": "Netherlands", "value": "geo-2750405" }, { "label": "Poland", "value": "geo-798544" }, { "label": "Portugal", "value": "geo-2264397" }, { "label": "Romania", "value": "geo-798549" }, { "label": "Slovakia", "value": "geo-3057568" }, { "label": "Slovenia", "value": "geo-3190538" }, { "label": "Spain", "value": "geo-2510769" }, { "label": "Sweden", "value": "geo-2661886" } ] }
Workflow
Content responsible Head of Group Ian Marnane
Layout
Blocks { "0129c116-f90e-4d46-88c4-d979fd0913d2": { "@layout": "1bc4379d-cddb-4120-84ad-5ab025533b12", "@type": "group", "allowedBlocks": [ "slate" ], "as": "section", "block": "3dbb2e57-75df-4cba-9790-32e21ad7bd96", "data": { "blocks": { "12e4dcf5-1126-4fd1-9362-d173145a597f": { "@type": "slate", "plaintext": " Analysis of Individual Pollutants ", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "" }, { "children": [ { "text": "Analysis of Individual Pollutants" } ], "type": "b" }, { "text": "" } ], "type": "p" } ] }, "195f24b4-c426-47bb-9232-42e4732b044c": { "@type": "slate", "plaintext": "More than 70% of EU citizens live in\u00a0urban areas , where high population densities and economic activities cause high levels of air pollution. Air pollutants, such as particulate matter (PM), ozone (O 3 ), nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ),\u00a0sulphur dioxide (SO 2 )\u00a0and benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) are associated with serious health problems , such as respiratory and heart problems, and\u00a0cancer.", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "More than\u00a0" }, { "children": [ { "text": "70% of EU citizens live in\u00a0urban areas" } ], "data": { "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Urban-rural_Europe_-_introduction" }, "type": "link" }, { "text": ", where high population densities and economic activities cause\u00a0" }, { "children": [ { "text": "high levels" } ], "type": "b" }, { "text": "\u00a0of air pollution. Air pollutants, such as particulate matter (PM), ozone (O" }, { "children": [ { "text": "3" } ], "type": "sub" }, { "text": "), nitrogen dioxide (NO" }, { "children": [ { "text": "2" } ], "type": "sub" }, { "text": "),\u00a0sulphur dioxide (SO" }, { "children": [ { "text": "2" } ], "type": "sub" }, { "text": ")\u00a0and benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) are associated with serious\u00a0" }, { "children": [ { "text": "health problems" } ], "data": { "url": "https://www.who.int/teams/environment-climate-change-and-health/air-quality-energy-and-health/health-impacts" }, "type": "link" }, { "text": ", such as respiratory and heart problems, and\u00a0cancer." } ], "type": "p" } ] }, "1dbb1092-db77-48ee-ad5c-4a8fb97bf73c": { "@type": "slate", "plaintext": "Percentages of urban population exposed to levels above EU standards has decreased since 2000 for all pollutants except O 3 . Less than 1% of the urban population was exposed to concentrations above the annual limit values for PM 2.5 and NO 2 and above the SO 2 daily limit value in 2023, with less than 4% and 8% to concentrations above the annual standards for PM 10 and BaP, respectively (Figure 1). The SO 2 values are not included in the figure as they are below 0.1% for the period of 2010-2023. PM 2.5 and BaP are only presented from 2006 and 2008, respectively, when enough measurements were present to consider them homogeneous and representative across Europe.", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "Percentages of urban population exposed to levels above EU standards has decreased since 2000 for all pollutants except O" }, { "children": [ { "text": "3" } ], "type": "sub" }, { "text": ". Less than 1% of the urban population was exposed to concentrations above the annual limit values for PM" }, { "children": [ { "text": "2.5 " } ], "type": "sub" }, { "text": "and NO" }, { "children": [ { "text": "2 " } ], "type": "sub" }, { "text": "and above the SO" }, { "children": [ { "text": "2" } ], "type": "sub" }, { "text": " daily limit value in 2023, with less than 4% and 8% to concentrations above the annual standards for PM" }, { "children": [ { "text": "10" } ], "type": "sub" }, { "text": " and BaP, respectively (Figure 1). The SO" }, { "children": [ { "text": "2" } ], "type": "sub" }, { "text": " values are not included in the figure as they are below 0.1% for the period of 2010-2023. PM" }, { "children": [ { "text": "2.5" } ], "type": "sub" }, { "text": " and BaP are only presented from 2006 and 2008, respectively, when enough measurements were present to consider them homogeneous and representative across Europe. " } ], "type": "p" } ] }, "4c260b4e-dc49-4afc-9f42-9634072f9b7e": { "@type": "group", "className": "figure-metadata", "data": { "blocks": { "71ac5b10-055d-4440-9d1d-129f2b630a0a": { "@type": "slate", "plaintext": "Figure 1. Urban population exposed to air pollutant concentrations above selected EU air quality standards, EU-27", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "Figure 1. Urban population exposed to air pollutant concentrations above selected EU air quality standards, EU-27" } ], "type": "h3-light" } ] } }, "blocks_layout": { "items": [ "71ac5b10-055d-4440-9d1d-129f2b630a0a" ] } }, "id": "figure-metadata-b0279dde-1ceb-4137-a7f1-5ab7b46a782c", "styles": {} }, "56543d5e-d695-4365-9097-3dc62bccf5d6": { "@type": "slate", "plaintext": "The revised Directive (EU) 2024/2881 on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe has introduced lower air quality standards, to be attained by 2030. The limits in force for 2023, the last year analysed, remained as defined in the 2004 and 2008 Directives.", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "The " }, { "children": [ { "text": "revised Directive (EU) 2024/2881 on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe" } ], "data": { "url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=OJ:L_202402881" }, "type": "link" }, { "text": "\u00a0has introduced lower air quality standards, to be attained by 2030. The limits in force for 2023, the last year analysed, remained as defined in the 2004 and 2008 Directives." } ], "type": "p" } ] }, "af53b880-3651-438c-a73e-f6b9bd5f32b2": { "@type": "slate", "plaintext": "O 3 is a secondary pollutant formed from other pollutants reactions, mainly nitrogen oxides\u00a0and volatile organic compounds, and strongly dependent on meteorology. The proportion of the urban population exposed to O 3 above the EU target value threshold for human protection has fluctuated from a 63.8% peak in 2003 to 8.4% in 2014, with a 2023 value of 16.4%. As shown in Figure 1, there is no clear trend but a high interannual variability.", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "O" }, { "children": [ { "text": "3" } ], "type": "sub" }, { "text": "\u00a0is a secondary pollutant formed from other pollutants reactions, mainly nitrogen oxides\u00a0and volatile organic compounds, and strongly dependent on meteorology. The proportion of the urban population exposed to O" }, { "children": [ { "text": "3" } ], "type": "sub" }, { "text": "\u00a0above the EU target value threshold for human protection has fluctuated from a 63.8% peak in 2003 to 8.4% in 2014, with a 2023 value of 16.4%. 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with a diameter of less than 2.5\u03bcm; PM" }, { "children": [ { "text": "10" } ], "type": "sub" }, { "text": ": particulate matter with a diameter of less than 10\u03bcm; O" }, { "children": [ { "text": "3" } ], "type": "sub" }, { "text": ": tropospheric ozone; NO" }, { "children": [ { "text": "2" } ], "type": "sub" }, { "text": ": nitrogen dioxide; BaP: benzo(a)pyrene" } ], "type": "p" }, { "children": [ { "text": "" } ], "type": "p" }, { "children": [ { "text": "Criteria for each pollutant: PM" }, { "children": [ { "text": "2.5" } ], "type": "sub" }, { "text": " - population exposed to concentrations above 25\u00b5g/m" }, { "children": [ { "text": "3" } ], "type": "sup" }, { "text": "; PM" }, { "children": [ { "text": "10" } ], "type": "sub" }, { "text": " - population exposed to daily concentrations exceeding 50\u00b5g/m" }, { "children": [ { "text": "3" } ], "type": "sup" }, { "text": " for more than 35 days per year; O" }, { "children": [ { "text": "3" } ], "type": "sub" }, { "text": " - population exposed to maximum daily 8-hour mean concentrations exceeding 120\u00b5g/m" }, { "children": [ { "text": "3" } ], "type": "sup" }, { "text": " for more than 25 days per year; NO" }, { "children": [ { "text": "2" } ], "type": "sub" }, { "text": " - population exposed to annual concentrations above 40\u00b5g/m" }, { "children": [ { "text": "3" } ], "type": "sup" }, { "text": "; BaP - population exposed to annual concentrations above 1ng/m" }, { "children": [ { "text": "3" } ], "type": "sup" }, { "text": ". 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The\u00a0World Health Organization (" }, { "children": [ { "text": "WHO) has also set air quality guideline levels, " } ], "data": { "url": "https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/345329" }, "type": "link" }, { "text": "lower than the EU limit and target values, and aim to prevent significant impact on human health. " } ], "type": "p" } ] }, "f7eca51d-1b33-46e7-abf5-c72f16714beb": { "@type": "slate", "plaintext": "The European Green Deal \u2019s Zero Pollution Action Plan has a 2050 vision of achieving pollution levels which are no longer harmful to health and natural ecosystems. It also set the 2030 health-related interim goal of reducing the number of premature deaths caused by fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) by at least 55% compared with 2005 levels. The EU is currently on track to achieve this target.", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "The\u00a0" }, { "children": [ { "text": "European Green Deal" } ], "data": { "url": "https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/priorities-2019-2024/european-green-deal_en" }, "type": "link" }, { "text": "\u2019s\u00a0" }, { "children": [ { "text": "Zero Pollution Action Plan" } ], "data": { "url": "https://environment.ec.europa.eu/strategy/zero-pollution-action-plan_en" }, "type": "link" }, { "text": "\u00a0has a\u00a0" }, { "children": [ { "text": "2050 vision" } ], "type": "b" }, { "text": "\u00a0of achieving pollution levels which are no longer harmful to health and natural ecosystems. It also set the 2030 health-related interim goal of reducing the number of premature deaths caused by fine particulate matter (PM" }, { "children": [ { "text": "2.5" } ], "type": "sub" }, { "text": ") by at least 55% compared with 2005 levels. 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cities[urb_cpop1]" }, { "@id": "5947cbfd-9d23-4aa1-a657-acec66b5a4d0", "link": "https://eeadmz1-downloads-webapp.azurewebsites.net/", "organisation": "European Environment Agency (EEA)", "title": "Validated AQ data (E1a)" } ] }, "description": "The figure presents the percentage of urban population in EU-27 exposed to concentrations of pollutants above selected World Health Organization guidance levels.", "figure_note": [ { "children": [ { "text": "PM" }, { "children": [ { "text": "2.5" } ], "type": "sub" }, { "text": ": particulate matter with a diameter of less than 2.5\u03bcm; PM" }, { "children": [ { "text": "10" } ], "type": "sub" }, { "text": ": particulate matter with a diameter of less than 10\u03bcm; O" }, { "children": [ { "text": "3" } ], "type": "sub" }, { "text": ": tropospheric ozone; NO" }, { "children": [ { "text": "2" } ], "type": "sub" }, { "text": ": nitrogen dioxide; BaP: benzo(a)pyrene." } ], "type": "p" }, { "children": [ { "text": "" } ], "type": "p" }, { "children": [ { "text": "Criteria for each pollutant: PM" }, { "children": [ { "text": "2.5" } ], "type": "sub" }, { "text": " - population exposed to annual concentrations above 5\u00b5g/m3; PM" }, { "children": [ { "text": "10" } ], "type": "sub" }, { "text": " - population exposed to annual concentrations above 15\u00b5g/m" }, { "children": [ { "text": "3" } ], "type": "sup" }, { "text": "; O" }, { "children": [ { "text": "3" } ], "type": "sub" }, { "text": " - population exposed to maximum daily 8-hour mean concentrations exceeding 100\u00b5g/m" }, { "children": [ { "text": "3" } ], "type": "sup" }, { "text": " for more than 3-4 days per year; NO" }, { "children": [ { "text": "2" } ], "type": "sub" }, { "text": " - population exposed to annual concentrations above 10\u00b5g/m" }, { "children": [ { "text": "3" } ], "type": "sup" }, { "text": "; BaP: population exposed to annual concentrations above 0,12ng/m" }, { "children": [ { "text": "3" } ], "type": "sup" }, { "text": "." } ], 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In contrast to the comparison with existing EU standards, there are significant proportions of the European population living in cities where air pollution is above the WHO guideline values (Figure 2).", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "The\u00a0" }, { "children": [ { "text": "2021 WHO air quality guideline levels" } ], "data": { "url": "https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/345329" }, "type": "link" }, { "text": "\u00a0are lower than the EU air quality standards presented above, except for SO" }, { "children": [ { "text": "2" } ], "type": "sub" }, { "text": ". In contrast to the comparison with existing EU standards, there are significant proportions of the European population living in cities where air pollution is " }, { "children": [ { "text": "above" } ], "type": "strong" }, { "text": " the WHO guideline values (Figure 2). " } ], "type": "p" } ] }, "63550c84-0244-40d2-bc56-399087c588fa": { "@type": "slate", "plaintext": "For PM 2.5 , the share of the urban population exposed to annual averages above 5\u00b5g/m 3 (WHO annual guideline level) has slightly decreased from 100% in 2006 to 94.4% in 2023. For O 3 , the proportion of the urban population exposed to concentrations\u00a0above the WHO short-term guideline level of 100\u00b5g/m 3 fluctuated between 92.7% and 97.6% in the period 2013-2022, with a value of 95.3% in 2023.", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "For PM" }, { "children": [ { "text": "2.5" } ], "type": "sub" }, { "text": ", the share of the urban population exposed to annual averages above 5\u00b5g/m" }, { "children": [ { "text": "3" } ], "type": "sup" }, { "text": "\u00a0(WHO annual guideline level) has slightly decreased from 100% in 2006 to 94.4% in 2023. For O" }, { "children": [ { "text": "3" } ], "type": "sub" }, { "text": ", the proportion of the urban population exposed to concentrations\u00a0above the WHO short-term guideline level of 100\u00b5g/m" }, { "children": [ { "text": "3" } ], "type": "sup" }, { "text": "\u00a0fluctuated between 92.7% and 97.6% in the period 2013-2022, with a value of 95.3% in 2023. " } ], "type": "p" } ] }, "ba98a32d-6084-4965-b84c-ecb2c0b57c61": { "@type": "slate", "plaintext": "The proportion of the EU urban population exposed to concentrations above the WHO annual guideline levels for PM 10 , NO 2 , SO 2 and above the BaP \u2018reference level\u2019 were below 85% in 2023. All four cases reached historical minimum values: 84.1% above the guideline value for NO 2 , 62.0% for PM 10 , 55.8% for BaP and 0.2% for SO 2 .", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "The proportion of the EU urban population exposed to concentrations above the WHO annual guideline levels for PM" }, { "children": [ { "text": "10" } ], "type": "sub" }, { "text": ", NO" }, { "children": [ { "text": "2" } ], "type": "sub" }, { "text": ", SO" }, { "children": [ { "text": "2" } ], "type": "sub" }, { "text": " and above the BaP \u2018reference level\u2019 were below 85% in 2023. All four cases reached historical minimum values: 84.1% above the guideline value for NO" }, { "children": [ { "text": "2" } ], "type": "sub" }, { "text": ", 62.0% for PM" }, { "children": [ { "text": "10" } ], "type": "sub" }, { "text": ", 55.8% for BaP and 0.2% for SO" }, { "children": [ { "text": "2" } ], "type": "sub" }, { "text": ". 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The percentage of urban citizens exposed to pollutant levels above legal standards set in 2004 and 2008 to protect human health fell between 2000 and 2023, especially for particulate matter and nitrogen dioxide. Poor air quality remains a problem. In 2023, 16% and 8% of EU citizens were exposed, respectively, to ozone and benzo(a)pyrene levels above EU standards. World Health Organization guideline values are more stringent than EU legal standards. More than 94% of urban citizens were exposed to unsafe levels of fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ).", "readOnlySettings": true, "required": true, "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": " " } ], "type": "p" }, { "children": [ { "text": "European Union legislation has led to significant improvements in air quality. The percentage of urban citizens exposed to pollutant levels above legal standards set in 2004 and 2008 to protect human health fell between 2000 and 2023, especially for particulate matter and nitrogen dioxide. Poor air quality remains a problem. In 2023, 16% and 8% of EU citizens were exposed, respectively, to ozone and benzo(a)pyrene levels above EU standards. World Health Organization guideline values are more stringent than EU legal standards. More than 94% of urban citizens were exposed to unsafe levels of fine particulate matter (PM" }, { "children": [ { "text": "2.5" } ], "type": "sub" }, { "text": ")." } ], "type": "p" } ] }, "3cccc2bb-471a-44c7-b006-5595c4713ff2": { "@type": "layoutSettings", "disableNewBlocks": true, "fixed": true, "layout_size": "narrow_view", "readOnly": true, "readOnlySettings": true, "required": true }, "ddde07aa-4e48-4475-94bd-e1a517d26eab": { "copyrightIcon": "ri-copyright-line", "styles": {}, "variation": "default", "@type": "title", "disableNewBlocks": true, "fixed": true, "hideContentType": true, "hideCreationDate": true, "hideDownloadButton": true, "hideModificationDate": true, "placeholder": "Indicator title", "readOnlySettings": true, "required": true } }, "blocks_layout": { "items": [ "ddde07aa-4e48-4475-94bd-e1a517d26eab", "1c31c956-5086-476a-8694-9936cfa6c240", "3cccc2bb-471a-44c7-b006-5595c4713ff2" ] } }, "disableInnerButtons": true, "disableNewBlocks": true, "fixed": true, "fixedLayout": true, "ignoreSpaces": true, "instructions": { "content-type": "text/html", "data": "<p>The summary tells the reader about the indicator trend over the examined period and whether or not it helps to achieve the associated policy objective, which can be either quantitative or directional.</p><p>In the absence of a policy objective, it explains whether the trend is in the right or wrong direction in relation to the issue examined.</p><p>If there has been an important change over the most recent period of the time series, e.g. over the last year, this is indicated too.</p><p>Furthermore, if there is a quantitative target, it also indicates whether we are on track to meet it and if not what are the reasons preventing that, e.g. socio-economic drivers, implementation gap etc.</p>", "encoding": "utf8" }, "maxChars": "500", "readOnlySettings": true, "required": true, "styles": { "style_name": "environment-theme-bg" }, "title": "Content header" }, "e9736b7c-4902-48aa-aecd-b706409a576d": { "@type": "dividerBlock", "disableNewBlocks": true, "fixed": true, "hidden": true, "readOnly": true, "required": true, "section": false, "spacing": "m", "styles": {} }, "e9e4ae94-84bc-427b-ba7a-f3ea6cbe1cda": { "@type": "slate" } }
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Supporting information
Methodology [ { "children": [ { "text": "" }, { "children": [ { "text": "Methodology for indicator calculation" } ], "type": "strong" }, { "text": "" } ], "type": "p" }, { "children": [ { "text": " " } ], "type": "p" }, { "children": [ { "text": "Information on cities is obtained from the\u00a0" }, { "type": "link", "data": { "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/cache/metadata/en/urb_esms.htm" }, "children": [ { "text": "Urban Audit (UA) data" } ] }, { "text": ". UA data collection, maintained by Eurostat, provides information and comparable measurements on the different aspects of the quality of urban life in selected European cities. The urban population considered is the total number of people represented by any of the urban monitoring stations in the 'core city' and the 'greater city' of the UA cities taking part in the calculations. " } ], "type": "p" }, { "children": [ { "text": "" } ], "type": "p" }, { "children": [ { "text": "Initially, stations in the EEA air-quality database are spatially joined with UA core and, from 2016, greater\u00a0cities in a geographical information system in order to select those stations that fall within the boundaries of the cities included in the UA collection. The selected stations include station types classified as 'urban traffic', 'suburban traffic', 'urban background' and 'suburban background'. Stations classified as 'industrial' are influenced by other local emissions and such environments are generally not representative for residential areas. The industrial stations are therefore not selected for the indicator calculations. " } ], "type": "p" }, { "children": [ { "text": "" } ], "type": "p" }, { "children": [ { "text": "From 2022 onwards, the 2020 version of the UA is used. " } ], "type": "p" }, { "children": [ { "text": "" } ], "type": "p" }, { "children": [ { "text": "According to a study for the\u00a0European Commission by Entec UK Limited, in Europe, on average, 5% of the city population lives closer than 100 metres from major roads and is therefore potentially exposed to concentrations measured at traffic stations. The remaining 95% of the city population is assumed to be exposed to urban and suburban background concentrations. " } ], "type": "p" }, { "children": [ { "text": "" } ], "type": "p" }, { "children": [ { "text": "These percentages vary from country to country. To calculate them, national data on the population living closer than 100 metres from major roads have been taken\u00a0from Appendix D of the above-mentioned study. These data have been divided by the total population figures for 2001 according to the\u00a0Eurostat census. " } ], "type": "p" }, { "children": [ { "text": "" } ], "type": "p" }, { "children": [ { "text": "For Croatia and Malta there are no data on the 2001 population in that census, so the data in the publication\u00a0Europe in Figures \u2013 Eurostat yearbook 2006-07\u00a0have been used. Furthermore, for Cyprus and Malta there are no data for people living close to roads in\u00a0the study, so for them, and also for T\u00fcrkiye, the average value of 5% was used. " } ], "type": "p" }, { "children": [ { "text": "" } ], "type": "p" }, { "children": [ { "text": "For PM" }, { "children": [ { "text": "10" } ], "type": "sub" }, { "text": ", PM" }, { "children": [ { "text": "2.5" } ], "type": "sub" }, { "text": ", O" }, { "children": [ { "text": "3" } ], "type": "sub" }, { "text": ", NO" }, { "children": [ { "text": "2" } ], "type": "sub" }, { "text": "\u00a0and SO" }, { "children": [ { "text": "2" } ], "type": "sub" }, { "text": ", only stations with at least 75% of valid data per calendar year are used. That is, in the case of daily values, those having more than 274 valid daily values per calendar year (or 275 days in a leap year). And in the case of hourly values, having more than 6,570 valid hourly values per calendar year (or 6,588 hours in a leap year). For PM random fixed measurements and for BaP, the minimum data time coverage accepted is 13% (51 days), according to the data quality objectives related to indicative measurements in the\u00a0" }, { "children": [ { "text": "Air Quality Directives" } ], "data": { "url": "https://environment.ec.europa.eu/topics/air/air-quality_en#law" }, "type": "link" }, { "text": ". " } ], "type": "p" }, { "children": [ { "text": "" } ], "type": "p" }, { "children": [ { "text": "For every year, each city (i) in country (j), and every pollutant, the total number of urban or suburban traffic stations (n" }, { "children": [ { "text": "it" } ], "type": "sub" }, { "text": ") and the total number of urban or suburban background stations (n" }, { "children": [ { "text": "ib" } ], "type": "sub" }, { "text": ") are obtained. P" }, { "children": [ { "text": "tj" } ], "type": "sub" }, { "text": "\u00a0% of the total population of the city (Pop" }, { "children": [ { "text": "i" } ], "type": "sub" }, { "text": ") is proportionally assigned to each of the traffic stations and P" }, { "children": [ { "text": "bj" } ], "type": "sub" }, { "text": "\u00a0% of Pop" }, { "children": [ { "text": "i" } ], "type": "sub" }, { "text": "\u00a0is proportionally assigned to each of the background stations. So, every traffic station has an allocated population equal to ((P" }, { "children": [ { "text": "tj" } ], "type": "sub" }, { "text": "\u00a0/ 100) * Pop" }, { "children": [ { "text": "i" } ], "type": "sub" }, { "text": "\u00a0/ n" }, { "children": [ { "text": "it" } ], "type": "sub" }, { "text": ") and every background station has an allocated population equal to ((P" }, { "children": [ { "text": "bj" } ], "type": "sub" }, { "text": "\u00a0/100) *Pop" }, { "children": [ { "text": "i" } ], "type": "sub" }, { "text": "\u00a0/ n" }, { "children": [ { "text": "ib" } ], "type": "sub" }, { "text": "). " } ], "type": "p" }, { "children": [ { "text": "For city and/or greater city geometries with no information on population in the Urban Audit data collection, population data have been retrieved from\u00a0" }, { "children": [ { "text": "http://www.citypopulation.de/" } ], "data": { "url": "http://www.citypopulation.de/" }, "type": "link" }, { "text": ". " } ], "type": "p" }, { "children": [ { "text": "" } ], "type": "p" }, { "children": [ { "text": "Methodology for gap filling" } ], "type": "h4" }, { "children": [ { "text": "No related methodology for gap filling has been specified." }, { "children": [ { "text": "" } ], "type": "b" }, { "text": "" } ], "type": "p" } ]
Data sources and providers { "readOnly": true, "data": [ { "@id": "4d66617a-80cf-49da-9cde-104e9798e5b3", "link": "https://eeadmz1-downloads-webapp.azurewebsites.net/", "organisation": "European Environment Agency (EEA)", "title": "Validated AQ data (E1a)" }, { "@id": "5b2c5955-6d08-43e1-b6c1-e7b872a00884", "link": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/gisco/geodata/statistical-units/urban-audit", "organisation": "Statistical Office of the European Union (EUROSTAT)", "title": "Urban Audit 2020" }, { "@id": "1da78794-f014-4e6b-b067-bb775d25c6df", "link": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/urb_cpop1/default/table?lang=en", "organisation": "Statistical Office of the European Union (EUROSTAT)", "title": "Population on 1 January by age groups and sex - cities and greater cities [urb_cpop1]" } ] }
Definition [ { "children": [ { "text": "This indicator shows the fraction of the EU-27 urban population that is potentially exposed to ambient air concentrations of six key pollutants (PM" }, { "children": [ { "text": "2.5" } ], "type": "sub" }, { "text": ", PM" }, { "children": [ { "text": "10" } ], "type": "sub" }, { "text": ", O" }, { "children": [ { "text": "3" } ], "type": "sub" }, { "text": ", NO" }, { "children": [ { "text": "2" } ], "type": "sub" }, { "text": ", SO" }, { "children": [ { "text": "2" } ], "type": "sub" }, { "text": "\u00a0and BaP) that are in excess of the\u00a0" }, { "children": [ { "text": "EU\u00a0limit or target values" } ], "data": { "url": "https://environment.ec.europa.eu/topics/air/air-quality/eu-air-quality-standards_en" }, "type": "link" }, { "text": "\u00a0set in 2004 and 2008 for the protection of human health, and to concentrations of these pollutants in excess of the\u00a0" }, { "children": [ { "text": "2021 WHO Air quality Guideline levels" } ], "data": { "url": "https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/345329" }, "type": "link" }, { "text": ". " } ], "type": "p" }, { "children": [ { "text": "" } ], "type": "p" }, { "children": [ { "text": "The 2004 and 2008 EU standards assessed in this report are the more restrictive ones for each pollutant, i.e. the annual limit value for PM" }, { "children": [ { "text": "2.5" } ], "type": "sub" }, { "text": " and NO" }, { "children": [ { "text": "2" } ], "type": "sub" }, { "text": ", the daily value for PM" }, { "children": [ { "text": "10" } ], "type": "sub" }, { "text": ", the target value threshold for O" }, { "children": [ { "text": "3" } ], "type": "sub" }, { "text": " for the protection of human health, the annual target value for BaP and the daily limit value for SO" }, { "children": [ { "text": "2" } ], "type": "sub" }, { "text": ". " } ], "type": "p" }, { "children": [ { "text": " " } ], "type": "p" }, { "children": [ { "text": "The indicator is based on measurements of air pollutants as reported under the\u00a0" }, { "children": [ { "text": "Air Quality Directives" } ], "data": { "url": "https://environment.ec.europa.eu/topics/air/air-quality_en#law" }, "type": "link" }, { "text": "\u00a0and the\u00a0" }, { "children": [ { "text": "Decision on the exchange of information" } ], "data": { "url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1529998035942&uri=CELEX:32011D0850" }, "type": "link" }, { "text": ". " } ], "type": "p" } ]
Unit of measure [ { "children": [ { "text": "Percentage of the urban population." } ], "type": "p" } ]
Policy / environmental relevance [ { "children": [ { "text": "Context description" } ], "type": "h4" }, { "children": [ { "text": " " } ], "type": "p" }, { "children": [ { "text": "This indicator is relevant for current European air quality legislation related to the protection of human health in the\u00a0Air Quality Directives\u00a0" }, { "children": [ { "text": "2004/107/EC," } ], "data": { "url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2004/107/oj" }, "type": "link" }, { "text": "\u00a0" }, { "type": "link", "data": { "url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2008/50/oj/eng" }, "children": [ { "text": "2008/50/EC" } ] }, { "text": " and " }, { "type": "link", "data": { "url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2024/2881/oj/eng" }, "children": [ { "text": "(EU) 2024/2881" } ] }, { "text": ". Besides EU policies on air quality, it is also related to the\u00a0" }, { "children": [ { "text": "2021 WHO Air Quality Guidelines" } ], "data": { "url": "https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/345329" }, "type": "link" }, { "text": "\u00a0for protecting public health.\u00a0 " } ], "type": "p" }, { "children": [ { "text": "" } ], "type": "p" }, { "children": [ { "text": "The\u00a0" }, { "children": [ { "text": "European Green Deal" } ], "data": { "url": "https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/priorities-2019-2024/european-green-deal_en" }, "type": "link" }, { "text": ", adopted by the European Commission on 11 December 2019, will improve the well-being and health of citizens and future generations by providing, among others,\u00a0fresh air,\u00a0more public transport,\u00a0cleaner energy or\u00a0longer lasting products. The European Green Deal\u00a0proposed to revise the EU air quality standards to align them more closely with the World Health Organization recommendations.\u00a0This was done with the approval of the revised Ambient Air Quality " }, { "type": "link", "data": { "url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=OJ:L_202402881" }, "children": [ { "text": "Directive (EU) 2024/2881" } ] }, { "text": ". " } ], "type": "p" }, { "type": "p", "children": [ { "text": "" } ] }, { "children": [ { "text": "As part of the European Green Deal,\u00a0the\u00a0" }, { "children": [ { "text": "Zero Pollution Action Plan" } ], "data": { "url": "https://environment.ec.europa.eu/strategy/zero-pollution-action-plan_en" }, "type": "link" }, { "text": " has the 2050 vision of reducing air pollution to levels no longer considered harmful to health and natural ecosystems and the 2030 target of reducing premature deaths due to air pollution\u00a0by more than 55%, in comparison with those in 2005. " } ], "type": "p" }, { "children": [ { "text": "" } ], "type": "p" }, { "children": [ { "text": "The\u00a0" }, { "children": [ { "text": "8th Environment Action Programme" } ], "data": { "url": "https://environment.ec.europa.eu/strategy/environment-action-programme-2030_en" }, "type": "link" }, { "text": "\u00a0(8EAP) entered into force in 2022, as the EU\u2019s legally agreed common agenda for environment policy until 2030.\u00a0The 8thEAP supports the environment\u00a0objectives of the\u00a0European Green Deal and\u00a0reiterates the commitment to the 2050 vision of living well, within planetary boundaries. " } ], "type": "p" }, { "children": [ { "text": "" } ], "type": "p" }, { "children": [ { "text": "Targets" } ], "type": "h4" }, { "children": [ { "text": "No related targets have been specified." } ], "type": "p" } ]
Frequency of dissemination 1
Accuracy and uncertainties [ { "children": [ { "text": "" }, { "children": [ { "text": "Methodology uncertainty" } ], "type": "strong" }, { "text": "" } ], "type": "p" }, { "children": [ { "text": "No related methodology uncertainty has been specified." } ], "type": "p" }, { "children": [ { "text": "" } ], "type": "p" }, { "children": [ { "text": "Data sets uncertainty" } ], "type": "h4" }, { "children": [ { "text": "No related data sets uncertainty has been specified." } ], "type": "p" }, { "children": [ { "text": "" } ], "type": "p" }, { "children": [ { "text": "Rationale uncertainty" } ], "type": "h4" }, { "children": [ { "text": "No related rationale uncertainty has been specified." } ], "type": "p" } ]
Settings
Short name exceedance-of-air-quality-standards
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