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"plaintext": "The European Commission zero pollution action plan aims to reduce ecosystems at risk of eutrophication caused by atmospheric nitrogen deposition by 25% in the European Union by 2030, compared to 2005 levels. The total area where nitrogen deposition exceeded the alleged critical loads for eutrophication - the parameter that measures such a risk - fell by 13% between 2005 and 2022. Initiatives such as the National Emission reduction Commitments Directive, Farm to Fork strategy and Biodiversity strategy for 2030 are key frameworks to further reduce the risk of eutrophication in ecosystems.",
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"text": " aims to reduce ecosystems at risk of eutrophication caused by atmospheric nitrogen deposition by 25% in the European Union by 2030, compared to 2005 levels. The total area where nitrogen deposition exceeded the alleged critical loads for eutrophication - the parameter that measures such a risk - fell by 13% between 2005 and 2022. Initiatives such as the National Emission reduction Commitments Directive, Farm to Fork strategy and Biodiversity strategy for 2030 are key frameworks to further reduce the risk of eutrophication in ecosystems."
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Supporting information
Methodology
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"text": "Areas where critical loads for eutrophication are exceeded are given as percentages of the total ecosystem area in each grid cell. \u2018Total ecosystem area\u2019 is defined as the area of ecosystem types classified according to the European Nature Information System ("
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"text": ") habitats classification. European background information from around 2001, when the national emission ceilings directive (2001/81/EC) was adopted, covered only forest ecosystems (EUNIS class G) and freshwater ecosystems. Now, semi-natural vegetation ecosystems (EUNIS classes D, E and F) are also included. For details on changes in the scientific knowledge base since 2001"
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"text": "The Aaverage accumulated exceedance (AAE) can be computed for an ecosystem, a grid cell or any region or country for which multiple critical loads and deposition values are available."
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"text": "The European database of critical loads for eutrophication used in this indicator is compiled by the Coordination Centre for Effects (CCE) under the Air Convention. The CCE applies methods that are described in detail in CCE status reports, and adopted by the Task Force of the International Cooperative Programme on Modelling and Mapping (ICP M&M) in a mapping manual"
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"footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">CCE, 2020, 'Manual for modelling and mapping critical loads & levels', <i>Coordination Centre for Effects, Umwelt Bundesamt</i> (https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/en/manual-for-modelling-mapping-critical-loads-levels).</div>\n</div>\n",
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"text": ", for use by national focal centres (NFCs) under the ICP M&M. NFCs compute critical loads and submit data to the CCE at regular intervals after a consensus has been reached by Parties to the Air Convention (including most EEA member countries)."
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"text": "\u00b7 country-specific critical loads of nitrogen for ecosystem types such as nutrient-poor grasslands, forests or freshwater ecosystems ("
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"text": "\u00b7 gap-filled air pollutant emissions data based on data officially reported under the Gothenburg Protocol (gridded), derived by the "
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"text": "\u00b7 the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP) atmospheric dispersion model, which simulates how pollutants emitted to the air disperse in the ambient atmosphere ("
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"text": "\u00b7 modelled ecosystem-specific (gridded) nitrogen deposition rates (nitrate-N plus ammonium-N) for calculating critical load exceedances for single years ("
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"text": "\u00b7 monitoring of wet and dry nitrogen deposition, used to calibrate the EMEP model (e.g. monitored by the "
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"footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">EC, 2022, 'The Third Clean Air Outlook', (https://environment.ec.europa.eu/publications/third-clean-air-outlook_en).</div>\n</div>\n",
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Data sources and providers
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"title": "Ecosystem area at risk of eutrophication and the magnitude of exceedance (direct link to the dataset is not available)"
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Definition
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Unit of measure
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Policy / environmental relevance
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"text": "Target 3 of the European Commission\u2019s zero pollution action plan is for the EU to achieve a reduction of 25% in the ecosystem area where nitrogen deposition is above critical loads for eutrophication by 2030, compared with 2005"
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"type": "zotero"
},
{
"text": ")."
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": " "
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "The NAPCPs (under Article 6 of the NEC Directive) are the main governance instruments of the NEC Directive and set out how EU Member States must ensure that their emission reduction commitments for 2020-2029 and 2030 onwards are met. With respect to nitrogen, the NEC Directive includes binding commitments for NO"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "x"
}
],
"type": "sub"
},
{
"text": " and NH"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "3"
}
],
"type": "sub"
},
{
"text": " emissions."
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": " "
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Target 3 of the zero pollution action plan is realistically expected to be achieved through:"
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": " "
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "1. the implementation of measures already announced by Member States in their first NAPCPs (see the third clean air outlook and underpinning study"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"data": {
"footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">EC, 2022, 'The Third Clean Air Outlook', (https://environment.ec.europa.eu/publications/third-clean-air-outlook_en).</div>\n</div>\n",
"footnoteTitle": "EC, 2022, The Third Clean Air Outlook",
"uid": "Bj6eh",
"zoteroId": "VTXW7MRS"
},
"type": "zotero"
},
{
"text": ") and of further measures to reach the NEC Directive ammonia emission reduction commitments."
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": " "
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "2. the implementation of additional measures needed to achieve the 50% reduction in nutrient losses set out in the Farm to fork strategy"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"data": {
"footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">EC, 2021, 'Farm to fork strategy', <i>European Commission</i> (https://ec.europa.eu/food/horizontal-topics/farm-fork-strategy_en).</div>\n</div>\n",
"footnoteTitle": "EC, 2021, Farm to fork strategy",
"uid": "5qZrT",
"zoteroId": "F6XLEVXI"
},
"type": "zotero"
},
{
"text": " and the nature restoration targets set out in the Biodiversity strategy for 2030"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"data": {
"footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">EC, 2021, 'Biodiversity strategy for 2030', <i>European Commission</i> (https://ec.europa.eu/environment/strategy/biodiversity-strategy-2030_en).</div>\n</div>\n",
"footnoteTitle": "EC, 2021, Biodiversity strategy for 2030",
"uid": "9V6sm",
"zoteroId": "A4HWFJFQ"
},
"type": "zotero"
},
{
"text": "."
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": " "
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "The indicator is also relevant for the ongoing review (2019-2022) and planned revision of the Gothenburg Protocol"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"data": {
"footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">UNECE, 2021, 'Gothenburg Protocol', <i>United Nations Economic Commission for Europe</i> (https://unece.org/gothenburg-protocol).</div>\n</div>\n",
"footnoteTitle": "UNECE, 2021, Gothenburg Protocol",
"uid": "Q0kwU",
"zoteroId": "D3XJUYB5"
},
"type": "zotero"
},
{
"text": " of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe\u2019s Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (Air Convention)"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"data": {
"footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">UNECE, 2021, 'Air', <i>United Nations Economic Commission for Europe</i> (https://unece.org/environment-policy/air) accessed December 17, 2021.</div>\n</div>\n",
"footnoteTitle": "UNECE, 2021, Air",
"uid": "fYpW0",
"zoteroId": "RKIT3WHD"
},
"type": "zotero"
},
{
"text": "."
}
],
"type": "p"
}
]
Frequency of dissemination
1
Accuracy and uncertainties
[
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Since the critical loads exceedance approach is a tool used in policy-related analysis, assessment of biases and the robustness of the approach are a major focus when addressing uncertainties. This assessment is also affected by the degrees of uncertainty in the emissions and atmospheric dispersion modelling estimates, and the scenarios used. Sensitivity analyses using, for example, different emission estimates for future years or excluding the correlation in the dispersion of pollutants give information on the uncertainty range"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"data": {
"footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">Hettelingh, J.-P., Posch, M. and Slootweg, J., 2012, <i>EC4MACS modelling methodology — The CCE-EIA ecosystems impact model</i>, European Consortium for Modelling of Air Pollution and Climate Strategies, Coordination Centre for Effects, Bilthoven, Netherlands.</div>\n</div>\n",
"footnoteTitle": "Hettelingh, J. -P., 2012, EC4MACS modelling methodology \u2014 The CCE-, Bilthoven, Netherlands",
"uid": "eztoI",
"zoteroId": "J5HLDBEF"
},
"type": "zotero"
},
{
"text": "."
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": " "
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "A comprehensive uncertainty analysis of the integrated assessment approach, including ecosystem effects (critical loads)"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"data": {
"footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">Suutari, R., Amann, M., Cofala, J., Klimont, Z. and Schöpp, W., 2001, <i>From economic activities to critical load exceedances in Europe — An uncertainty analysis of two scenarios of the RAINS integrated assessment model</i>, Interim Report, IR-01-020, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria.</div>\n</div>\n",
"footnoteTitle": "Suutari, R., 2001, From economic activities to critical loa, Laxenburg, Austria",
"uid": "8uJyn",
"zoteroId": "JW33DUWS"
},
"type": "zotero"
},
{
"text": "."
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": " "
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "The critical loads concept has been applied to the air pollution policy context for several decades (Air Convention and EU legislation). "
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": " "
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Critical load calculation methods are based on information provided by the scientific community in the "
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Working Group on Effects"
}
],
"data": {
"url": "http://www.unece-wge.org/"
},
"type": "link"
},
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": " "
}
],
"data": {
"footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">UNECE WGE, 2021, 'The Working Group on Effects (WGE) under the UNECE Air Convention', <i>Working Group on Effects of the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution</i> (http://www.unece-wge.org).</div>\n</div>\n",
"footnoteTitle": "UNECE WGE, 2021, The Working Group on Effects (WGE) under",
"uid": "qt4iM",
"zoteroId": "HCF44KKS"
},
"type": "zotero"
},
{
"text": "(UNECE WGE, 2021) under the "
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Air Convention"
}
],
"data": {
"url": "https://unece.org/environment-policy/air"
},
"type": "link"
},
{
"text": "."
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": " "
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Critical loads exceedance modelling requires input from many different sources, all of which are well documented and based on international standards/consensus (please see input sources listed under data sources and providers)."
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": " "
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "For deriving the indicator, the latest scientific knowledge and modelling approaches, consistent with the ones used under the Air Convention (Gothenburg Protocol), are used by the "
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "CCE"
}
],
"data": {
"url": "https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/en/Coordination_Centre_for_Effects"
},
"type": "link"
},
{
"text": "."
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": " "
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Both critical loads and land cover-specific EMEP deposition data are geo-referenced with a harmonised land cover data set, allowing for spatially consistent critical load exceedance maps."
}
],
"type": "p"
}
]
