Layout
Blocks
{
"2dc79b22-b2c8-450a-8044-ef04bfd044cf": {
"@type": "dividerBlock",
"disableNewBlocks": true,
"fixed": true,
"hidden": true,
"readOnly": true,
"required": true,
"section": false,
"spacing": "m",
"styles": {}
},
"2ec8ba1c-769d-41fd-98c3-1e72b9c1d736": {
"@type": "dividerBlock",
"disableNewBlocks": true,
"fixed": true,
"hidden": true,
"readOnly": true,
"required": true,
"section": false,
"spacing": "m",
"styles": {}
},
"677f7422-6da4-4c86-bca8-de732b7047b9": {
"@type": "dividerBlock",
"disableNewBlocks": true,
"fixed": true,
"hidden": true,
"readOnly": true,
"required": true,
"section": false,
"spacing": "m",
"styles": {}
},
"6fa8391f-9950-4a53-82e9-aa42bb879326": {
"@layout": "d060487d-88fc-4f7b-8ea4-003f14e0fb0c",
"@type": "group",
"allowedBlocks": [
"slate"
],
"as": "section",
"block": "6fa8391f-9950-4a53-82e9-aa42bb879326",
"data": {
"blocks": {
"02ba4a04-fcfe-4968-806f-1dac3119cfef": {
"@type": "embed_content",
"disableNewBlocks": true,
"fixed": true,
"instructions": {
"content-type": "text/html",
"data": "<p><br/></p>",
"encoding": "utf8"
},
"old_type": "dataFigure",
"readOnlySettings": true,
"required": true,
"svg_as_img": true,
"with_metadata_section": true,
"with_notes": false
},
"17c2411e-8f17-4ae2-ad29-0d7612b995cf": {
"@type": "slate",
"plaintext": "In addition, it is crucial that more effective and ambitious measures to halt biodiversity loss are included in other policies, such as the EU common agricultural policy (CAP). Furthermore, that the CAP Strategic Plans support the implementation and effectiveness of the current and upcoming EU biodiversity and nature legislation . ",
"value": [
{
"children": [
{
"text": "In addition, it is crucial that more effective and ambitious measures to halt biodiversity loss are included in other policies, such as the "
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "EU common agricultural policy"
}
],
"data": {
"url": "https://agriculture.ec.europa.eu/common-agricultural-policy_en"
},
"type": "link"
},
{
"text": " (CAP). Furthermore, that the "
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "CAP Strategic Plans"
}
],
"data": {
"url": "https://agriculture.ec.europa.eu/cap-my-country/cap-strategic-plans_en"
},
"type": "link"
},
{
"text": " support the implementation and effectiveness of the current and upcoming EU biodiversity and nature legislation "
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"data": {
"footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">Pe’er, G., Finn, J. A., Díaz, M., Birkenstock, M., Lakner, S., Röder, N., Kazakova, Y., Šumrada, T., Bezák, P., Concepción, E. D., Dänhardt, J., Morales, M. B., Rac, I., Špulerová, J., Schindler, S., Stavrinides, M., Targetti, S., Viaggi, D., Vogiatzakis, I. N. et al., 2022, 'How can the European Common Agricultural Policy help halt biodiversity loss? Recommendations by over 300 experts', <i>Conservation Letters</i> (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/conl.12901) accessed September 16, 2022.</div>\n</div>\n",
"footnoteTitle": "Pe'er, Guy, 2022-06-30, How can the European Common Agricultural, Conservation Letters",
"uid": "9-S9U",
"zoteroId": "QB5M56NM"
},
"type": "zotero"
},
{
"text": "."
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "b"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
}
]
},
"3588d07d-356d-48e6-945e-27374820f7ac": {
"@type": "slate",
"plaintext": "Special Protected Areas (SPA), established as part of Natura 2000 network , help protect the threatened species and their habitats . However, the overall decline of bird populations in the EU is mainly driven by large declines in a number of common species, which contibute to this indicator . These are the house sparrow ( Passer domesticus ), yellow wagtail ( Motacilla flava ), starling ( Sturnus vulgaris ), skylark ( Alauda arvensis ), willow warbler ( Phylloscopus trochilus ), serin ( Serinus serinus ), common linnet ( Linaria cannabina ), and tree sparrow ( Passer montanus ).",
"value": [
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Special Protected Areas (SPA), established as part of "
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Natura 2000 network"
}
],
"data": {
"url": "https://environment.ec.europa.eu/topics/nature-and-biodiversity/natura-2000_en"
},
"type": "link"
},
{
"text": ", help protect the threatened species and their habitats"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "strong"
},
{
"text": ". However, the overall decline of bird populations in the EU is mainly driven by "
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "large declines"
}
],
"type": "strong"
},
{
"text": " in a number of common species, which contibute to this indicator"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"data": {
"extra": [
{
"footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">Rigal, S., Dakos, V., Alonso, H., Auniņš, A., Benkő, Z., Brotons, L., Chodkiewicz, T., Chylarecki, P., de Carli, E., del Moral, J. C., Domşa, C., Escandell, V., Fontaine, B., Foppen, R., Gregory, R., Harris, S., Herrando, S., Husby, M., Ieronymidou, C. et al., 2023, 'Farmland practices are driving bird population decline across Europe', <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i> 120(21), pp. e2216573120 (https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2216573120) accessed May 19, 2023.</div>\n</div>\n",
"footnoteTitle": "Rigal, Stanislas, 2023-05-23, Farmland practices are driving bird popu, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences",
"zoteroId": "PFXE3PKB"
}
],
"footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">Burns, F., Eaton, M. A., Burfield, I. J., Klvaňová, A., Šilarová, E., Staneva, A. and Gregory, R. D., 2021, 'Abundance decline in the avifauna of the European Union reveals cross-continental similarities in biodiversity change', <i>Ecology and Evolution</i> 11(23), pp. 16647–16660 (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ece3.8282) accessed May 19, 2023.</div>\n</div>\n",
"footnoteTitle": "Burns, Fiona, 2021, Abundance decline in the avifauna of the, Ecology and Evolution",
"uid": "U06X7",
"zoteroId": "TB2QUYK7"
},
"type": "zotero"
},
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "strong"
},
{
"text": ". These are the house sparrow ("
},
{
"type": "i",
"children": [
{
"text": "Passer domesticus"
}
]
},
{
"text": "), yellow wagtail ("
},
{
"type": "i",
"children": [
{
"text": "Motacilla flava"
}
]
},
{
"text": "), starling ("
},
{
"type": "light",
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
]
},
{
"text": ""
},
{
"type": "i",
"children": [
{
"text": "Sturnus"
}
]
},
{
"text": " "
},
{
"type": "i",
"children": [
{
"text": "vulgaris"
}
]
},
{
"text": "), skylark ("
},
{
"type": "i",
"children": [
{
"text": "Alauda arvensis"
}
]
},
{
"text": "), willow warbler ("
},
{
"type": "i",
"children": [
{
"text": "Phylloscopus trochilus"
}
]
},
{
"text": "), serin ("
},
{
"type": "i",
"children": [
{
"text": "Serinus serinus"
}
]
},
{
"text": "), common linnet ("
},
{
"type": "i",
"children": [
{
"text": "Linaria cannabina"
}
]
},
{
"text": "), and tree sparrow ("
},
{
"type": "i",
"children": [
{
"text": "Passer montanus"
}
]
},
{
"text": ")."
}
],
"type": "p"
}
]
},
"4d48cd90-1764-4c98-a5ac-ae336302765a": {
"@type": "slate",
"plaintext": "The EU regulation on nature restoration includes obligations to achieve an increasing trend of common farmland and forest bird indices by 2030 and beyond, based on species sets that are relevant to each Member State. It also requires Member States to put in place restoration measures to improve the quantity and quality of habitats of species covered by the Birds Directive where this is needed to ensure the long-term survival of the species.",
"value": [
{
"children": [
{
"text": "The "
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "EU regulation on nature restoration"
}
],
"data": {
"url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32024R1991&qid=1722240349976"
},
"type": "link"
},
{
"text": "\u00a0includes "
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "obligations"
}
],
"type": "strong"
},
{
"text": " to achieve an increasing trend of common farmland and forest bird indices by 2030 and beyond, based on species sets that are relevant to each Member State. It also requires Member States to put in place "
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "restoration measures"
}
],
"type": "strong"
},
{
"text": " to improve the quantity and quality of habitats of species covered by the "
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Birds Directive"
}
],
"data": {
"url": "https://environment.ec.europa.eu/topics/nature-and-biodiversity/birds-directive_en"
},
"type": "link"
},
{
"text": " where this is needed to ensure the long-term survival of the species. "
}
],
"type": "p"
}
]
},
"b59de30f-f0ff-4016-abfa-5fec5fcf4e9a": {
"@type": "slate",
"plaintext": "The recovery of birds is influenced by a complex combination of socio-economic drivers, environmental factors, and policy measures. The EU has taken action to protect all wild bird species present in the EU territory since the adoption of the Birds Directive in 1979 . The directive protects rare and threatened as well as common species.",
"value": [
{
"children": [
{
"text": "The "
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "recovery of birds"
}
],
"type": "strong"
},
{
"text": " is influenced by a complex combination of socio-economic drivers, environmental factors, and policy measures. The EU has taken action to protect all wild bird species present in the EU territory since the adoption of the "
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Birds Directive"
}
],
"data": {
"url": "https://environment.ec.europa.eu/topics/nature-and-biodiversity/birds-directive_en"
},
"type": "link"
},
{
"text": " in 1979"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"data": {
"footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">Sanderson, F. J., Pople, R. G., Ieronymidou, C., Burfield, I. J., Gregory, R. D., Willis, S. G., Howard, C., Stephens, P. A., Beresford, A. E. and Donald, P. F., 2016, 'Assessing the Performance of EU Nature Legislation in Protecting Target Bird Species in an Era of Climate Change', <i>Conservation Letters</i> 9(3), pp. 172–180 (https://conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/conl.12196) accessed July 10, 2025.</div>\n</div>\n",
"footnoteTitle": "Sanderson, Fiona J., 05/2016, Assessing the Performance of EU Nature L, Conservation Letters",
"uid": "pccVp",
"zoteroId": "VBQ4F73V"
},
"type": "zotero"
},
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"data": {
"footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">European Environment Agency., 2020, <i>State of nature in the EU :results from reporting under the nature directives 2013 2018.</i>, Publications Office, LU.</div>\n</div>\n",
"footnoteTitle": "European Environment Agency., 2020, State of nature in the EU :results from , LU",
"uid": "An0W_",
"zoteroId": "U6Q6ZVID"
},
"type": "zotero"
},
{
"text": ". The directive protects rare and threatened as well as common species. "
}
],
"type": "p"
}
]
},
"d3d49723-14e5-4663-b346-37ee3572f28d": {
"@type": "slate",
"fixed": true,
"instructions": {
"content-type": "text/html",
"data": "<p><br/></p>",
"encoding": "utf8"
},
"plaintext": "",
"readOnlySettings": true,
"required": true,
"value": [
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
}
]
},
"43df8fab-b278-4b0e-a62c-ce6b8e0a881e": {
"@type": "dividerBlock",
"section": false,
"short": true,
"disableNewBlocks": true,
"fixed": true,
"hidden": true,
"readOnly": true,
"required": true,
"spacing": "m",
"fitted": false
}
},
"blocks_layout": {
"items": [
"02ba4a04-fcfe-4968-806f-1dac3119cfef",
"43df8fab-b278-4b0e-a62c-ce6b8e0a881e",
"b59de30f-f0ff-4016-abfa-5fec5fcf4e9a",
"3588d07d-356d-48e6-945e-27374820f7ac",
"4d48cd90-1764-4c98-a5ac-ae336302765a",
"17c2411e-8f17-4ae2-ad29-0d7612b995cf"
]
}
},
"disableInnerButtons": true,
"disableNewBlocks": false,
"fixed": true,
"ignoreSpaces": true,
"instructions": {
"content-type": "text/html",
"data": "<ol keys=\"9bbul,b1sa2,171og,1c1t5\" depth=\"0\"><li>Depending on the indicator context, this text can provide information at country level or, if this is not relevant, at some other level, e.g. sectoral, regional level.</li><li>This text interprets the data represented in the chart, rather than describing results, i.e. it provides explanations for some of the results.</li><li>The text related to progress at this level does not have to be comprehensive.</li><li>If there is no information that adds value to what is already visible there is no need to have any text.</li></ol>",
"encoding": "utf8"
},
"maxChars": "1000",
"placeholder": "Disaggregate level assessment e.g. country, sectoral, regional level assessment",
"readOnly": false,
"readOnlySettings": true,
"required": true,
"title": "Disaggregate level assessment"
},
"8b2e9b73-c0b1-47b5-9398-fbb5f9ba38ac": {
"@layout": "8cb090c3-7071-40b8-9c7b-aca2ca3d0ad9",
"@type": "accordion",
"allowedBlocks": [
"columnsBlock",
"slateFootnotes",
"metadataSection"
],
"block": "8b2e9b73-c0b1-47b5-9398-fbb5f9ba38ac",
"collapsed": true,
"data": {
"blocks": {
"309c5ef9-de09-4759-bc02-802370dfa366": {
"@type": "accordionPanel",
"blocks": {
"e047340c-c02e-4247-89ab-5fec73aeb5d3": {
"@type": "columnsBlock",
"data": {
"blocks": {
"a8a2323e-32af-426e-9ede-1f17affd664c": {
"blocks": {
"fe145094-71e0-4b3d-82f3-e4d79ac13533": {
"@type": "metadataSection",
"disableNewBlocks": true,
"fields": [
{
"@id": "94d638f1-89e1-4f97-aa59-b89b565f60fb",
"field": {
"id": "taxonomy_typology",
"title": "Typology",
"widget": "choices"
},
"showLabel": true
},
{
"@id": "ec261e45-f97d-465c-b5a3-0e4aa5187114",
"field": {
"id": "taxonomy_un_sdgs",
"title": "UN SDGs",
"widget": "array"
},
"showLabel": true
},
{
"@id": "eaef9ff4-0f8d-4360-9d19-5c6a2fd2dd00",
"field": {
"id": "unit_of_measure",
"title": "Unit of measure",
"widget": "slate"
},
"showLabel": true
},
{
"@id": "089cd1a1-92d4-47e2-8f6e-4bdb358600fe",
"field": {
"id": "frequency_of_dissemination",
"title": "Frequency of dissemination",
"widget": "integer"
},
"showLabel": true
}
],
"fixed": true,
"fixedLayout": true,
"readOnly": false,
"readOnlySettings": true,
"required": true,
"title": "Right column",
"variation": "default"
}
},
"blocks_layout": {
"items": [
"fe145094-71e0-4b3d-82f3-e4d79ac13533"
]
},
"readOnlySettings": true
},
"d9b41958-c17c-45f8-bae1-4140b537a033": {
"blocks": {
"2a56568a-10af-4a5b-8c73-22aa8cb734fe": {
"@type": "metadataSection",
"disableNewBlocks": true,
"fields": [
{
"@id": "48a20e0b-d3bd-41ac-aa06-e97c61071bd2",
"field": {
"id": "taxonomy_dpsir",
"title": "DPSIR",
"widget": "choices"
},
"showLabel": true
},
{
"@id": "34ceb93f-b405-4afd-aeae-a05abd44d355",
"field": {
"id": "topics",
"title": "Topics",
"widget": "array"
},
"showLabel": true
},
{
"@id": "fd2cdb9e-5ddd-4b46-8382-0d687ce2883e",
"field": {
"id": "subjects",
"title": "Tags",
"widget": "tags"
},
"showLabel": true
},
{
"@id": "0e842d87-c9f4-438e-b234-f83141d25ff3",
"field": {
"id": "temporal_coverage",
"title": "Temporal coverage",
"widget": "temporal"
},
"showLabel": true
},
{
"@id": "0b8ee8c2-046b-4243-9f11-116df6e0a524",
"field": {
"id": "geo_coverage",
"title": "Geographic coverage",
"widget": "geolocation"
},
"showLabel": true
}
],
"fixed": true,
"fixedLayout": true,
"readOnly": false,
"readOnlySettings": true,
"required": true,
"title": "Left column",
"variation": "default"
}
},
"blocks_layout": {
"items": [
"2a56568a-10af-4a5b-8c73-22aa8cb734fe"
]
},
"readOnlySettings": true
}
},
"blocks_layout": {
"items": [
"d9b41958-c17c-45f8-bae1-4140b537a033",
"a8a2323e-32af-426e-9ede-1f17affd664c"
]
}
},
"disableNewBlocks": true,
"fixed": true,
"fixedLayout": true,
"gridCols": [
"halfWidth",
"halfWidth"
],
"gridSize": 12,
"instructions": {
"content-type": "text/html",
"data": "<p><br/></p>",
"encoding": "utf8"
},
"readOnly": false,
"readOnlySettings": true,
"required": true,
"title": "Metadata"
}
},
"blocks_layout": {
"items": [
"e047340c-c02e-4247-89ab-5fec73aeb5d3"
]
},
"readOnlySettings": true,
"title": "Metadata"
},
"546a7c35-9188-4d23-94ee-005d97c26f2b": {
"@type": "accordionPanel",
"blocks": {
"b5381428-5cae-4199-9ca8-b2e5fa4677d9": {
"@type": "metadataSection",
"disableNewBlocks": true,
"fields": [
{
"@id": "62c471fc-128f-4eff-98f9-9e83d9643fc7",
"field": {
"id": "data_description",
"title": "Definition",
"widget": "slate"
},
"showLabel": true
},
{
"@id": "ee67688d-3170-447a-a235-87b4e4ff0928",
"field": {
"id": "methodology",
"title": "Methodology",
"widget": "slate"
},
"showLabel": true
},
{
"@id": "b8a8f01c-0669-48e3-955d-d5d62da1b555",
"field": {
"id": "policy_relevance",
"title": "Policy/environmental relevance",
"widget": "slate"
},
"showLabel": true
},
{
"@id": "d71a80d1-0e65-46d9-8bd4-45aca22bc5dc",
"field": {
"id": "accuracy_and_reliability",
"title": "Accuracy and uncertainties",
"widget": "slate"
},
"showLabel": true
},
{
"@id": "97ed11f5-4d31-4462-b3b0-2756a6880d31",
"field": {
"id": "data_provenance",
"title": "Data sources and providers",
"widget": "data_provenance"
},
"showLabel": true
}
],
"fixed": true,
"fixedLayout": true,
"readOnly": false,
"readOnlySettings": true,
"required": true,
"title": "Supporting information",
"variation": "default"
}
},
"blocks_layout": {
"items": [
"b5381428-5cae-4199-9ca8-b2e5fa4677d9"
]
},
"readOnlySettings": true,
"title": "Supporting information"
},
"ecdb3bcf-bbe9-4978-b5cf-0b136399d9f8": {
"@type": "accordionPanel",
"blocks": {
"d9aa8ed3-1c8a-4134-a324-663489a04473": {
"@type": "slateFootnotes",
"disableNewBlocks": true,
"fixed": true,
"global": true,
"instructions": {
"content-type": "text/html",
"data": "<p><br/></p>",
"encoding": "utf8"
},
"placeholder": "References and footnotes will appear here",
"readOnlySettings": true,
"required": true
}
},
"blocks_layout": {
"items": [
"d9aa8ed3-1c8a-4134-a324-663489a04473"
]
},
"readOnlySettings": true,
"selected": "b142c252-337d-4f6e-8ed2-ff4c43601e2f",
"title": "References and footnotes"
}
},
"blocks_layout": {
"items": [
"546a7c35-9188-4d23-94ee-005d97c26f2b",
"309c5ef9-de09-4759-bc02-802370dfa366",
"ecdb3bcf-bbe9-4978-b5cf-0b136399d9f8"
]
}
},
"disableInnerButtons": true,
"disableNewBlocks": true,
"fixed": true,
"fixedLayout": true,
"instructions": {
"content-type": "text/html",
"data": "<p><br/></p>",
"encoding": "utf8"
},
"non_exclusive": false,
"readOnly": false,
"readOnlySettings": true,
"readOnlyTitles": true,
"required": true,
"title": "Additional information",
"title_size": "h3"
},
"cd64f47f-25c1-40ca-be81-be64de58c25b": {
"@layout": "794c9b24-5cd4-4b9f-a0cd-b796aadc86e8",
"@type": "group",
"allowedBlocks": [],
"as": "section",
"block": "cd64f47f-25c1-40ca-be81-be64de58c25b",
"data": {
"blocks": {
"12d8c532-f7ad-43fe-ada7-330b2d7a7a39": {
"@type": "slate",
"disableNewBlocks": true,
"fixed": true,
"instructions": {
"content-type": "text/html",
"data": "<p><br/></p>",
"encoding": "utf8"
},
"plaintext": "Published: date \u2012 25min read",
"readOnly": true,
"readOnlySettings": true,
"required": true,
"value": [
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Published: "
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "date"
}
],
"data": {
"id": "effective",
"widget": "datetime"
},
"type": "mention"
},
{
"text": " \u2012 25min read"
}
],
"type": "sup"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
}
]
},
"1c31c956-5086-476a-8694-9936cfa6c240": {
"@type": "description",
"disableNewBlocks": true,
"fixed": true,
"instructions": {
"content-type": "text/html",
"data": "<p>The summary tells the reader about the indicator trend over the examined period and whether or not it helps to achieve the associated policy objective, which can be either quantitative or directional.</p><p>In the absence of a policy objective, it explains whether the trend is in the right or wrong direction in relation to the issue examined.</p><p>If there has been an important change over the most recent period of the time series, e.g. over the last year, this is indicated too.</p><p>Furthermore, if there is a quantitative target, it also indicates whether we are on track to meet it and if not what are the reasons preventing that, e.g. socio-economic drivers, implementation gap etc.</p>",
"encoding": "utf8"
},
"placeholder": "Summary",
"plaintext": "Birds play an essential role in ecosystems and provide a variety of ecosystem services. They are sensitive to environmental change and good indicators of environmental health. Between 1990 and 2023, the index of 168 common birds decreased by 15% in the EU. The decline was much stronger in common farmland birds, at 42%, while the common forest bird index decreased by 4.5%. Currently, it seems unlikely that the decline in populations of common birds will be reversed by 2030. Member States need to strengthen the implementation of existing policies and put new conservation and restoration measures in place to ensure their recovery.\n\n",
"readOnlySettings": true,
"required": true,
"value": [
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Birds play an essential role in ecosystems and provide a variety of ecosystem services. They are sensitive to environmental change and good indicators of environmental health. Between 1990 and 2023, the index of 168 common birds decreased by 15% in the EU. The decline was much stronger in common farmland birds, at 42%, while the common forest bird index decreased by 4.5%. Currently, it seems unlikely that the decline in populations of common birds will be reversed by 2030. Member States need to strengthen the implementation of existing policies and put new conservation and restoration measures in place to ensure their recovery."
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": " "
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": " "
}
],
"type": "p"
}
]
},
"3cccc2bb-471a-44c7-b006-5595c4713ff2": {
"@type": "layoutSettings",
"disableNewBlocks": true,
"fixed": true,
"layout_size": "narrow_view",
"readOnly": true,
"readOnlySettings": true,
"required": true
},
"ddde07aa-4e48-4475-94bd-e1a517d26eab": {
"copyrightIcon": "ri-copyright-line",
"styles": {},
"variation": "default",
"@type": "title",
"disableNewBlocks": true,
"fixed": true,
"hideContentType": true,
"hideCreationDate": true,
"hideDownloadButton": true,
"hideModificationDate": true,
"placeholder": "Indicator title",
"readOnlySettings": true,
"required": true
}
},
"blocks_layout": {
"items": [
"ddde07aa-4e48-4475-94bd-e1a517d26eab",
"1c31c956-5086-476a-8694-9936cfa6c240",
"3cccc2bb-471a-44c7-b006-5595c4713ff2"
]
}
},
"disableInnerButtons": true,
"disableNewBlocks": true,
"fixed": true,
"fixedLayout": true,
"ignoreSpaces": true,
"instructions": {
"content-type": "text/html",
"data": "<p>The summary tells the reader about the indicator trend over the examined period and whether or not it helps to achieve the associated policy objective, which can be either quantitative or directional.</p><p>In the absence of a policy objective, it explains whether the trend is in the right or wrong direction in relation to the issue examined.</p><p>If there has been an important change over the most recent period of the time series, e.g. over the last year, this is indicated too.</p><p>Furthermore, if there is a quantitative target, it also indicates whether we are on track to meet it and if not what are the reasons preventing that, e.g. socio-economic drivers, implementation gap etc.</p>",
"encoding": "utf8"
},
"maxChars": "500",
"readOnlySettings": true,
"required": true,
"styles": {
"style_name": "environment-theme-bg"
},
"title": "Content header"
},
"e29e5300-7c4d-4724-8539-ba2b2dbde6a2": {
"@layout": "1bc4379d-cddb-4120-84ad-5ab025533b12",
"@type": "group",
"allowedBlocks": [
"slate"
],
"as": "section",
"block": "e29e5300-7c4d-4724-8539-ba2b2dbde6a2",
"data": {
"blocks": {
"07fa4384-f336-46ca-8620-7e9f1cd2559c": {
"@type": "slate",
"plaintext": "Long-term trends of 168 common birds in the 26 EU Member States with monitoring schemes reveal significant population declines . Between 1990 and 2023, the common bird index decreased by 15%, while the common forest bird index decreased by 4.5%. The decline in common farmland birds was much more pronounced, by 42%. Although this indicator uses 1990 as a baseline, significant decreases had already occurred before this date .",
"value": [
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Long-term trends of 168 common birds in the 26 EU Member States with monitoring schemes reveal significant "
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "population declines"
}
],
"type": "strong"
},
{
"text": ". Between 1990 and 2023, the common bird index decreased by 15%, while the common forest bird index decreased by 4.5%. The decline in common farmland birds was much more pronounced, by 42%. Although this indicator uses 1990 as a baseline, significant decreases had already occurred before this date"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": " "
}
],
"data": {
"footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">Butchart, S. H. M., Walpole, M., Collen, B., Strien, A. van, Scharlemann, J. P. W., Almond, R. E. A., Baillie, J. E. M., Bomhard, B., Brown, C., Bruno, J., Carpenter, K. E., Carr, G. M., Chanson, J., Chenery, A. M., Csirke, J., Davidson, N. C., Dentener, F., Foster, M., Galli, A. et al., 2010, 'Global biodiversity: indicators of recent declines', <i>Science</i> 328(5982), pp. 1164–1168 (http://www.sciencemag.org/content/328/5982/1164) accessed October 21, 2013.</div>\n</div>\n",
"footnoteTitle": "Butchart, Stuart H. M., 05/28/2010, Global biodiversity: indicators of recen, Science",
"uid": "ll6CW",
"zoteroId": "VWE5QGA6"
},
"type": "zotero"
},
{
"text": "."
}
],
"type": "p"
}
]
},
"1cfa3b9d-0810-4ad8-8b31-f1fb2e5b4eb5": {
"@type": "slate",
"plaintext": "",
"value": [
{
"children": [
{
"text": " "
}
],
"type": "p"
}
]
},
"433ec31e-2336-45b3-b809-bbc3e988ff3e": {
"@type": "slate",
"plaintext": "These trends highlight a major decline in biodiversity in Europe, caused by anthropogenic pressures . Agricultural intensification , in particular pesticides and fertiliser use, is the main pressure causing bird population declines . This not only impacts farmland species but also many other common species, especially those whose diet relies on insects and other invertebrates.",
"value": [
{
"children": [
{
"text": "These trends highlight a major decline in biodiversity in Europe, caused by anthropogenic pressures"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"data": {
"footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">IPBES, 2019, <i>Global assessment report of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services</i>, IPBES secretariat, Bonn, Germany.</div>\n</div>\n",
"footnoteTitle": "IPBES, 2019, Global assessment report of the Intergov, IPBES secretariat, Bonn, Germany",
"uid": "Qs-Y2",
"zoteroId": "K26FXWX5"
},
"type": "zotero"
},
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"data": {
"footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">Burns, F., Eaton, M. A., Burfield, I. J., Klvaňová, A., Šilarová, E., Staneva, A. and Gregory, R. D., 2021, 'Abundance decline in the avifauna of the European Union reveals cross-continental similarities in biodiversity change', <i>Ecology and Evolution</i> 11(23), pp. 16647–16660 (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ece3.8282) accessed May 19, 2023.</div>\n</div>\n",
"footnoteTitle": "Burns, Fiona, 2021, Abundance decline in the avifauna of the, Ecology and Evolution",
"uid": "R1MVe",
"zoteroId": "TB2QUYK7"
},
"type": "zotero"
},
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": " "
}
],
"data": {
"footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">Gregory, R. D., Eaton, M. A., Burfield, I. J., Grice, P. V., Howard, C., Klvaňová, A., Noble, D., Šilarová, E., Staneva, A., Stephens, P. A., Willis, S. G., Woodward, I. D. and Burns, F., 2023, 'Drivers of the changing abundance of European birds at two spatial scales', <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</i> 378(1881) (https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstb.2022.0198) accessed July 10, 2025.</div>\n</div>\n",
"footnoteTitle": "Gregory, Richard D., 2023-07-17, Drivers of the changing abundance of Eur, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences",
"uid": "N7meN",
"zoteroId": "T4FTJJKG"
},
"type": "zotero"
},
{
"text": ". "
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Agricultural intensification"
}
],
"type": "strong"
},
{
"text": ", in particular pesticides and fertiliser use, is the "
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "main pressure"
}
],
"type": "strong"
},
{
"text": " causing bird population declines"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"data": {
"footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">Rigal, S., Dakos, V., Alonso, H., Auniņš, A., Benkő, Z., Brotons, L., Chodkiewicz, T., Chylarecki, P., de Carli, E., del Moral, J. C., Domşa, C., Escandell, V., Fontaine, B., Foppen, R., Gregory, R., Harris, S., Herrando, S., Husby, M., Ieronymidou, C. et al., 2023, 'Farmland practices are driving bird population decline across Europe', <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i> 120(21), pp. e2216573120 (https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2216573120) accessed May 19, 2023.</div>\n</div>\n",
"footnoteTitle": "Rigal, Stanislas, 2023-05-23, Farmland practices are driving bird popu, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences",
"uid": "lBPbE",
"zoteroId": "PFXE3PKB"
},
"type": "zotero"
},
{
"text": ". This not only impacts farmland species but also many other common species, especially those whose diet relies on insects and other invertebrates. "
}
],
"type": "p"
}
]
},
"7f428a50-2b27-49d7-a157-a195c171d89f": {
"@type": "slate",
"plaintext": "land use change and associated habitat loss and degradation ; fragmentation and loss of landscape features ; intensive forest management ; urbanisation ; climate change ; increasing competition for land for production of renewable energy and biofuels ; illegal killing .",
"value": [
{
"children": [
{
"children": [
{
"text": "land use change and associated habitat loss and degradation"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"data": {
"footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">Donald, P. F., Green, R. E. and Heath, M. F., 2001, 'Agricultural intensification and the collapse of Europe’s farmland bird populations', <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society. B, Biological Sciences</i> 268(1462), pp. 25–29 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1087596/) accessed January 8, 2019.</div>\n</div>\n",
"footnoteTitle": "Donald, P. F., 7 January 2001, Agricultural intensification and the col, Proceedings of the Royal Society. B, Biological Sciences",
"uid": "e4DhG",
"zoteroId": "ALWFYBK3"
},
"type": "zotero"
},
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"data": {
"footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">Musitelli, F., Romano, A., Møller, A. P. and Ambrosini, R., 2016, 'Effects of livestock farming on birds of rural areas in Europe', <i>Biodiversity and Conservation</i> 25(4), pp. 615–631 (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-016-1087-9) accessed January 8, 2019.</div>\n</div>\n",
"footnoteTitle": "Musitelli, Federica, 2016-04-01, Effects of livestock farming on birds of, Biodiversity and Conservation",
"uid": "58wZm",
"zoteroId": "6RNVAKLR"
},
"type": "zotero"
},
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"data": {
"footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">Guerrero, I., Morales, M. B., Oñate, J. J., Geiger, F., Berendse, F., Snoo, G. de, Eggers, S., Pärt, T., Bengtsson, J., Clement, L. W., Weisser, W. W., Olszewski, A., Ceryngier, P., Hawro, V., Liira, J., Aavik, T., Fischer, C., Flohre, A., Thies, C. et al., 2012, 'Response of ground-nesting farmland birds to agricultural intensification across Europe: landscape and field level management factors', <i>Biological Conservation</i> 152, pp. 74–80 (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320712001838) accessed January 8, 2019.</div>\n</div>\n",
"footnoteTitle": "Guerrero, Irene, August 1, 2012, Response of ground-nesting farmland bird, Biological Conservation",
"uid": "lJbQL",
"zoteroId": "K6K9AD39"
},
"type": "zotero"
},
{
"text": ";"
}
],
"type": "li"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "fragmentation and loss of landscape features "
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"data": {
"footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">Stoate, C., Boatman, N. D., Borralho, R. J., Carvalho, C. R., Snoo, G. R. de and Eden, P., 2001, 'Ecological impacts of arable intensification in Europe', <i>Journal of Environmental Management</i> 63(4), pp. 337–365 (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301479701904736) accessed May 19, 2023.</div>\n</div>\n",
"footnoteTitle": "Stoate, C, 2001-12-01, Ecological impacts of arable intensifica, Journal of Environmental Management",
"uid": "kdVZT",
"zoteroId": "23DB9YAV"
},
"type": "zotero"
},
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"data": {
"footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">Vickery, J. A., Feber, R. E. and Fuller, R. J., 2009, 'Arable field margins managed for biodiversity conservation: a review of food resource provision for farmland birds', <i>Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment</i> 133(1), pp. 1–13 (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167880909001625) accessed January 8, 2019.</div>\n</div>\n",
"footnoteTitle": "Vickery, Juliet A., 2009, Arable field margins managed for biodive, Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment",
"uid": "A2ghH",
"zoteroId": "TN28JPP6"
},
"type": "zotero"
},
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"data": {
"footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">Traba, J. and Morales, M. B., 2019, 'The decline of farmland birds in Spain is strongly associated to the loss of fallowland', <i>Scientific Reports</i> 9(1), pp. 9473 (https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-45854-0) accessed May 19, 2023.</div>\n</div>\n",
"footnoteTitle": "Traba, Juan, 2019-07-01, The decline of farmland birds in Spain i, Scientific Reports",
"uid": "qLFFQ",
"zoteroId": "C2AQJXK6"
},
"type": "zotero"
},
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"data": {
"footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">Reif, J. and Vermouzek, Z., 2019, 'Collapse of farmland bird populations in an Eastern European country following its EU accession', <i>Conservation Letters</i> 12(1), pp. e12585 (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/conl.12585) accessed May 19, 2023.</div>\n</div>\n",
"footnoteTitle": "Reif, Ji\u0159\u00ed, 2019, Collapse of farmland bird populations in, Conservation Letters",
"uid": "1bkh7",
"zoteroId": "BTL9JVBP"
},
"type": "zotero"
},
{
"text": " ;"
}
],
"type": "li"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "intensive forest management"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": " "
}
],
"data": {
"footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">Fraixedas, S., Lindén, A. and Lehikoinen, A., 2015, 'Population trends of common breeding forest birds in southern Finland are consistent with trends in forest management and climate change', <i>Ornis Fennica</i> 92, pp. 187–203.</div>\n</div>\n",
"footnoteTitle": "Fraixedas, Sara, 2015, Population trends of common breeding for, Ornis Fennica",
"uid": "a2HFc",
"zoteroId": "F77WAE89"
},
"type": "zotero"
},
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"data": {
"footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">Virkkala, R., 2016, 'Long-term decline of southern boreal forest birds: consequence of habitat alteration or climate change?', <i>Biodiversity and Conservation</i> 25(1), pp. 151–167 (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-015-1043-0) accessed March 20, 2019.</div>\n</div>\n",
"footnoteTitle": "Virkkala, Raimo, 2016-01-01, Long-term decline of southern boreal for, Biodiversity and Conservation",
"uid": "xxlk4",
"zoteroId": "5GEHCTZS"
},
"type": "zotero"
},
{
"text": ";"
}
],
"type": "li"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "urbanisation"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": " "
}
],
"data": {
"footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">Rigal, S., Dakos, V., Alonso, H., Auniņš, A., Benkő, Z., Brotons, L., Chodkiewicz, T., Chylarecki, P., de Carli, E., del Moral, J. C., Domşa, C., Escandell, V., Fontaine, B., Foppen, R., Gregory, R., Harris, S., Herrando, S., Husby, M., Ieronymidou, C. et al., 2023, 'Farmland practices are driving bird population decline across Europe', <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i> 120(21), pp. e2216573120 (https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2216573120) accessed May 19, 2023.</div>\n</div>\n",
"footnoteTitle": "Rigal, Stanislas, 2023-05-23, Farmland practices are driving bird popu, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences",
"uid": "8sKBC",
"zoteroId": "PFXE3PKB"
},
"type": "zotero"
},
{
"text": ";"
}
],
"type": "li"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "climate change"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": " "
}
],
"data": {
"footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">Stewart, P. S., Voskamp, A., Santini, L., Biber, M. F., Devenish, A. J. M., Hof, C., Willis, S. G. and Tobias, J. A., 2022, 'Global impacts of climate change on avian functional diversity', <i>Ecology Letters</i> 25(3), pp. 673–685 (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/ele.13830) accessed May 19, 2023.</div>\n</div>\n",
"footnoteTitle": "Stewart, Peter S., 2022, Global impacts of climate change on avia, Ecology Letters",
"uid": "9zYMU",
"zoteroId": "3Q7AHGLM"
},
"type": "zotero"
},
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"data": {
"extra": [],
"footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">Fletcher Jr, R. J., Robertson, B. A., Evans, J., Doran, P. J., Alavalapati, J. R. and Schemske, D. W., 2011, 'Biodiversity conservation in the era of biofuels: risks and opportunities', <i>Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment</i> 9(3), pp. 161–168 (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1890/090091) accessed May 19, 2023.</div>\n</div>\n",
"footnoteTitle": "Fletcher Jr, Robert J, 2011, Biodiversity conservation in the era of , Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment",
"uid": "YezBm",
"zoteroId": "Q3GS7J9J"
},
"type": "zotero"
},
{
"text": ";"
}
],
"type": "li"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "increasing competition for land for production of renewable energy and biofuels "
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": " "
}
],
"data": {
"footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">Gasparatos, A., Doll, C. N. H., Esteban, M., Ahmed, A. and Olang, T. A., 2017, 'Renewable energy and biodiversity: Implications for transitioning to a Green Economy', <i>Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews</i> 70, pp. 161–184 (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032116304622) accessed June 1, 2018.</div>\n</div>\n",
"footnoteTitle": "Gasparatos, Alexandros, April 1, 2017, Renewable energy and biodiversity: Impli, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews",
"uid": "EWbCY",
"zoteroId": "BJ29ARJI"
},
"type": "zotero"
},
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"data": {
"footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">Conkling, T. J., Vander Zanden, H. B., Allison, T. D., Diffendorfer, J. E., Dietsch, T. V., Duerr, A. E., Fesnock, A. L., Hernandez, R. R., Loss, S. R., Nelson, D. M., Sanzenbacher, P. M., Yee, J. L. and Katzner, T. E., 2022, 'Vulnerability of avian populations to renewable energy production', <i>Royal Society Open Science</i> 9(3), pp. 211558 (https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsos.211558) accessed May 19, 2023.</div>\n</div>\n",
"footnoteTitle": "Conkling, Tara J., 2022-03-30, Vulnerability of avian populations to re, Royal Society Open Science",
"uid": "c35W7",
"zoteroId": "YN49MQRZ"
},
"type": "zotero"
},
{
"text": ";"
}
],
"type": "li"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "illegal killing"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": " "
}
],
"data": {
"footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">BirdLife International and EuroNatur, 2025, <i>Progress assessment on the eradication of illegal killing, taking and trade of wild birds in the Mediterranean and Europe.</i>,</div>\n</div>\n",
"footnoteTitle": "BirdLife International and EuroNatur, 2025, Progress assessment on the eradication o",
"uid": "nkvP6",
"zoteroId": "SQJLFCIB"
},
"type": "zotero"
},
{
"text": "."
}
],
"type": "li"
}
],
"type": "ul"
}
]
},
"b0279dde-1ceb-4137-a7f1-5ab7b46a782c": {
"@type": "embed_content",
"disableNewBlocks": true,
"fixed": true,
"instructions": {
"content-type": "text/html",
"data": "<p>figure instructions goes here</p>",
"encoding": "utf8"
},
"readOnlySettings": true,
"required": true,
"url": "../../../../resolveuid/a46b4f7f0b724bef83a31e15e6312188"
},
"d6d130b5-77f5-4a82-922e-2ba2c93abcca": {
"@type": "slate",
"plaintext": "Birds are sensitive to environmental change. This means their population numbers can serve as an indicator of the health of the environment and help measure progress towards the EU\u2019s aim to put biodiversity on the path to recovery by 2030 . The status of bird populations has been the subject of long-term monitoring in Europe , much of it via voluntary effort. This is a good example of how the power of citizen science can be released through effective targeting and clearly defined monitoring methods .",
"value": [
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Birds are sensitive to environmental change. This means their population numbers can serve as an indicator of the health of the environment and help "
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "measure progress"
}
],
"type": "strong"
},
{
"text": " towards "
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "the EU\u2019s aim"
}
],
"data": {
"url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32022D0591"
},
"type": "link"
},
{
"text": " to put "
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "biodiversity on the path to recovery by 2030"
}
],
"data": {
"url": "https://ec.europa.eu/environment/strategy/biodiversity-strategy-2030_en"
},
"type": "link"
},
{
"text": ". The status of bird populations has been the subject of "
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "long-term monitoring in Europe"
}
],
"data": {
"url": "https://pecbms.info/"
},
"type": "link"
},
{
"text": ", much of it via voluntary effort. This is a good example of how the power of "
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "citizen science"
}
],
"type": "strong"
},
{
"text": " can be released through effective targeting and clearly defined monitoring methods"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"data": {
"footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">Brlík, V., Šilarová, E., Škorpilová, J., Alonso, H., Anton, M., Aunins, A., Benkö, Z., Biver, G., Busch, M., Chodkiewicz, T., Chylarecki, P., Coombes, D., De Carli, E., Del Moral, J. C., Derouaux, A., Escandell, V., Eskildsen, D. P., Fontaine, B., Foppen, R. P. B. et al., 2021, 'Long-term and large-scale multispecies dataset tracking population changes of common European breeding birds', <i>Scientific Data</i> 8(1), pp. 21 (https://www.nature.com/articles/s41597-021-00804-2) accessed September 10, 2024.</div>\n</div>\n",
"footnoteTitle": "Brl\u00edk, Vojt\u011bch, 2021-03-26, Long-term and large-scale multispecies d, Scientific Data",
"uid": "TI63i",
"zoteroId": "F8XGBXSJ"
},
"type": "zotero"
},
{
"text": ". "
}
],
"type": "p"
}
]
},
"deb7e84d-d2c8-4491-90fa-3dc65fe02143": {
"@type": "slate",
"fixed": true,
"instructions": {
"content-type": "text/html",
"data": "<p><br/></p>",
"encoding": "utf8"
},
"plaintext": "",
"readOnlySettings": true,
"required": true,
"value": [
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
}
]
},
"e52c5272-a56f-4124-8775-17ada4c02040": {
"@type": "slate",
"plaintext": "There are o ther factors that have adverse effects on the bird populations. These factors include:",
"value": [
{
"children": [
{
"text": "There are "
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "o"
}
],
"type": "strong"
},
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "ther factors"
}
],
"type": "strong"
},
{
"text": " that have adverse effects on the bird populations. These factors include: "
}
],
"type": "p"
}
]
},
"f81fdafe-6523-4fd5-8802-3b27140e7955": {
"@type": "group",
"className": "figure-metadata",
"data": {
"blocks": {
"7991be1f-ac28-44fe-bd67-3aaa56189323": {
"@type": "slate",
"plaintext": "Figure 1. Common bird index in the EU, 1990-2023",
"value": [
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Figure 1. Common bird index in the EU, 1990-2023"
}
],
"type": "h3-light"
}
]
}
},
"blocks_layout": {
"items": [
"7991be1f-ac28-44fe-bd67-3aaa56189323"
]
}
},
"id": "figure-metadata-b0279dde-1ceb-4137-a7f1-5ab7b46a782c",
"styles": {}
},
"facfa58d-5e60-41d4-84a1-10dbb699b528": {
"@type": "slate",
"plaintext": "Birds play an crucial role in the functioning of ecosystems and provide a range of ecosystem services. They contribute to pest control, seed dispersal and nutrient cycling as well as cultural services, including recreation and health and well-being .",
"value": [
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Birds play an "
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "crucial role "
}
],
"type": "strong"
},
{
"text": "in the functioning of ecosystems and provide a range of ecosystem services. They contribute to pest control, seed dispersal and nutrient cycling as well as cultural services, including recreation and health and well-being"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"data": {
"footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">Gaston, K. J., Cox, D. T. C., Canavelli, S. B., García, D., Hughes, B., Maas, B., Martínez, D., Ogada, D. and Inger, R., 2018, 'Population Abundance and Ecosystem Service Provision: The Case of Birds', <i>BioScience</i> 68(4), pp. 264–272 (https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/68/4/264/4913793) accessed June 23, 2025.</div>\n</div>\n",
"footnoteTitle": "Gaston, Kevin J, 2018-04-01, Population Abundance and Ecosystem Servi, BioScience",
"uid": "wDODZ",
"zoteroId": "2GTF8T43"
},
"type": "zotero"
},
{
"text": ". "
}
],
"type": "p"
}
]
},
"43df8fab-b278-4b0e-a62c-ce6b8e0a881d": {
"@type": "dividerBlock",
"section": false,
"short": true,
"disableNewBlocks": true,
"fixed": true,
"hidden": true,
"readOnly": true,
"required": true,
"styles": {},
"spacing": "m",
"fitted": false
}
},
"blocks_layout": {
"items": [
"f81fdafe-6523-4fd5-8802-3b27140e7955",
"b0279dde-1ceb-4137-a7f1-5ab7b46a782c",
"43df8fab-b278-4b0e-a62c-ce6b8e0a881d",
"1cfa3b9d-0810-4ad8-8b31-f1fb2e5b4eb5",
"facfa58d-5e60-41d4-84a1-10dbb699b528",
"d6d130b5-77f5-4a82-922e-2ba2c93abcca",
"07fa4384-f336-46ca-8620-7e9f1cd2559c",
"433ec31e-2336-45b3-b809-bbc3e988ff3e",
"e52c5272-a56f-4124-8775-17ada4c02040",
"7f428a50-2b27-49d7-a157-a195c171d89f"
]
}
},
"disableInnerButtons": true,
"disableNewBlocks": false,
"fixed": true,
"ignoreSpaces": true,
"instructions": {
"content-type": "text/html",
"data": "<p><strong>Assessment text remains at</strong> <strong>the relevant</strong> <strong>aggregate level</strong> <strong>(i.e.</strong> <strong>global, EU, sectoral)</strong> <strong>and addresses the following: </strong></p><ol keys=\"dkvn8,e367c,f4lpb,9j981,7ai6k,3g3pd\" depth=\"0\"><li>Explains in one or two sentences on the environmental rationale of the indicator, i.e. why it matters to the environment that we see an increase/decrease in the value measured.</li><li>Explains in one or two sentences the associated policy objective, which can be either quantitative or directional. More information on the policy objective and related references will be included in the supporting information section. Where there is no policy objective associated with the indicator, i.e. where the indicator addresses an issue that is important for future policy formulation, this text should explain instead why this issue is important.</li><li>IF NECESSARY - Explains any mismatch between what the indicator tracks and what the policy objective/issue is.</li><li>Qualifies the historical trend (e.g. steady increase) and explains the key reasons (e.g. policies) behind it. If there is a quantitative target it explains if we are on track to meet it.</li><li>IF NECESSARY - Explains any recent changes to the trend and why.</li><li>IF NECESSARY - Describes what needs to happen to see adequate progress in future, for instance in order to remain on track to meet targets.</li></ol><p><strong>Please cite your work if</strong> <strong>necessary</strong> <strong>using the EEA citation style (i.e.</strong> <strong>EEA, 2020). A full reference list appears in the supporting information section.</strong></p>",
"encoding": "utf8"
},
"maxChars": "2000",
"placeholder": "Aggregate level assessment e.g. progress at global, EU level..",
"readOnlySettings": true,
"required": true,
"title": "Aggregate level assessment"
},
"e9736b7c-4902-48aa-aecd-b706409a576d": {
"@type": "dividerBlock",
"disableNewBlocks": true,
"fixed": true,
"hidden": true,
"readOnly": true,
"required": true,
"section": false,
"spacing": "m",
"styles": {}
}
}
Blocks Layout
{
"items": [
"cd64f47f-25c1-40ca-be81-be64de58c25b",
"e29e5300-7c4d-4724-8539-ba2b2dbde6a2",
"6fa8391f-9950-4a53-82e9-aa42bb879326",
"8b2e9b73-c0b1-47b5-9398-fbb5f9ba38ac"
]
}
Supporting information
Methodology
[
{
"children": [
{
"text": " "
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "The data for this indicator originate from national monitoring data collected by the "
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Pan-European Common Bird Monitoring Scheme"
}
],
"data": {
"url": "https://pecbms.info/"
},
"type": "link"
},
{
"text": " (PECBMS). The PECBMS coordination unit is part of the "
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Czech Society for Ornithology "
}
],
"data": {
"url": "http://www.birdlife.cz/"
},
"type": "link"
},
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "b"
},
{
"text": "(CSO), based in Prague, Czechia. "
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Trend information spanning different time periods is derived from annual national breeding bird surveys in 26 EU countries. Skilled survey participants, including volunteers, carry out counting and data collection. Data are collected nationally on an annual basis during the breeding season through common bird monitoring schemes. National bird monitoring data are gathered using several count methods (e.g., standardised point transects/line transects, territory mapping), using a variety of sampling strategies (from free choice of plots to stratified random sampling), and individual plot sizes vary within each country (from 1\u00d71km or 2\u00d72km squares or 2.5-degree grid squares to irregular polygons).\u00a0 "
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Indicators (multi-species indices) are computed using the "
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "MSI-tool"
}
],
"data": {
"url": "https://www.cbs.nl/en-gb/society/nature-and-environment/indices-and-trends--trim--/msi-tool"
},
"type": "link"
},
{
"text": " (R-script) for calculating multi-species indicators (MSIs) and trends in MSIs. A Monte Carlo method is used to account for sampling error and when not all yearly index numbers for all species are available. The method of calculation is described in"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": " "
}
],
"data": {
"footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">Soldaat, L. L., Pannekoek, J. and Verweij, R. J. T., 2017, 'A Monte Carlo method to account for sampling error in multi-species indicators', <i>Ecological Indicators</i> 81, pp. 340–347.</div>\n</div>\n",
"footnoteTitle": "Soldaat, L. L., 2017, A Monte Carlo method to account for samp, Ecological Indicators",
"uid": "obh5s",
"zoteroId": "G6IQTCRR"
},
"type": "zotero"
},
{
"text": ". European, EU or regional species indices including standard errors are used as source data. "
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "em"
},
{
"text": "The PECBMS European species classification (farmland, forest and other common birds) has been developed over time as the indicators have been published and refined.\u00a0See the PECBMS website for further details on \u201c"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Species selection and classification"
}
],
"data": {
"url": "https://pecbms.info/methods/pecbms-methods/3-multispecies-indicators/species-selection-and-classification/"
},
"type": "link"
},
{
"text": "\u201d."
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "The current population index of common birds at EU level was produced for the following 168 species:"
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Common farmland birds"
}
],
"type": "b"
},
{
"text": ":"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": " Alauda arvensis, Alectoris rufa, Anthus campestris, Anthus pratensis, Bubulcus ibis, Burhinus oedicnemus, Calandrella brachydactyla, Ciconia ciconia, Corvus frugilegus, Emberiza calndra, Emberiza cirlus, Emberiza citrinella, Emberiza hortulana, Emberiza malanocephala, Falco tinnunculus, Galerida cristata, Galerida theklae, Hirundo rustica, Lanius collurio, Lanius minor, Lanius senator, Limosa limosa, Linaria cannabina, Melanocorypha calandra, Motacilla flava, Oenanthe hispanica, Passer montanus, Perdix perdix, Petronia petronia, Saxicola rubetra, Saxicola torquatus, Serinus serinus, Streptopelia turtur, Sturnus unicolor, Sturnus vulgaris, Sylvia communis, Tetrax tetrax, Upupa epops and Vanellus vanellus"
}
],
"type": "em"
},
{
"text": ";"
}
],
"type": "li"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Common forest birds"
}
],
"type": "b"
},
{
"text": ":"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": " Accipiter nisus, Anthus trivialis, Bombycilla garrulous, Bonasa bonasia, Carduelis cintinella, Certhia brachydactyla, Certhia familiaris, Coccothraustes coccothraustes, Columba oenas, Cyanopica cyanus, Dryobates minor, Dryocopus martius, Emberiza rustica, Ficedula albicollis, Ficedula hypoleuca, Garrulus glandarius, Leiopicus medius, Lophophanes cristatus, Nucifraga caryocatactes, Periparus ater, Phoenicurus phoenicurus, Phylloscopus bonelli, Phylloscopus collybita, Phylloscopus sibilatrix, Picus canus, Poecile montanus, Poecile palustris, Pyrrhula pyrrhula, Regulus ignicapilla, Regulus regulus, Sitta europaea, Spinus spinus, Tringa ochropus and Turdus viscivorus;"
}
],
"type": "em"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "li"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Other common birds"
}
],
"type": "b"
},
{
"text": ":"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": " Acanthis flammea, Acrocephalus arundinaceus, Acrocephalus palustris, Acrocephalus schoenobaenus, Acrocephalus scirpaceus, Actitis hypoleucus, Aegithalos caudatus, Alcedo atthis, Anas platyrhynchos, Apus apus, Ardea cinerea,\u00a0Buteo buteo, Calcarius lapponicus, Cecropis daurica, Cettia cetti, Chloris chloris, Circus aeruginosus, Cisticola juncidis, Clamator glandarius, Columba palumbus, Corvus corax, Corvus corone, Corvus monedula, Cuculus canorus, Cyanecula svecica, Cyanistes caeruleus, Cygnus olor, Delichon urbicum, Dendrocopos major, Dendrocopos syriacus, Egretta garzetta, Emberiza cia, Emberiza schoeniclus, Erithacus rubecula, Fringilla coelebs, Fringilla montifringilla, Fulica atra, Gallinago gallinago, Gallinula chloropus, Grus grus, Haematopus ostralegus, Hippolais icterina, Hippolais polyglotta, Iduna pallida, Jynx torquilla, Larus ridibundus, Locustella fluviatilis, Locustella naevia, Lullula arborea, Luscinia luscinia, Luscinia megarhynchos, Lyrurus tetrix, Merops apiaster, Motacilla alba, Motacilla cinerea, Muscicapa striata, Numenius arquata, Numenius phaeopus, Oenanthe oenanthe, Oriolus oriolus, Parus major, Passer domesticus, Phasianus colchicus, Phoenicurus ochruros, Phylloscopus trochilus, Pica pica, Picus viridis, Pluvialis apricaria, Podiceps cristatus, Prunella modularis, Ptyonoprogne rupestris, Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax, Streptopelia decaocto, Sylvia atricapilla, Sylvia borin, Sylvia cantillans, Sylvia curruca, Sylvia hortensis, Sylvia melanocephala, Sylvia nisoria, Sylvia undata, Tachybaptus ruficollis, Tadorna tadorna, Tringa erythropus, Tringa glareola, Tringa nebularia, Tringa totanus, Troglodytes troglodytes, Turdus iliacus, Turdus merula, Turdus philomelos, Turdus pilaris and Turdus torquatus."
}
],
"type": "em"
},
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "em"
},
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "em"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "li"
}
],
"type": "ul"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "National monitoring schemes and indices can contain a subset of these 168 species, reflecting their varying occurrence in different countries. More information is available at: "
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "https://pecbms.info/country/."
}
],
"data": {
"url": "https://pecbms.info/country/"
},
"type": "link"
},
{
"text": " "
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "em"
},
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "em"
},
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "b"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "em"
},
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "em"
},
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "em"
},
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "b"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "em"
},
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
}
]
Data sources and providers
{
"readOnly": true,
"data": [
{
"@id": "071ea022-d750-4ea0-a06c-f90500e16484",
"link": "http://pecbms.info/european-wild-bird-indices-2024-update",
"organisation": "European Bird Census Council, BirdLife International, Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, Czech Society for Ornithology",
"title": "European Wild Bird Indices, 2024 update"
}
]
}
Definition
[
{
"type": "p",
"children": [
{
"text": " "
}
]
},
{
"type": "p",
"children": [
{
"text": "This indicator is a multi-species index measuring changes in population abundance of all common bird species (n=168), as well as those associated with specific habitats: common farmland bird species (n=39) and common forest bird species (n=34). The index for each group is calculated as an EU aggregate, using 1990 as reference year. Each of the three EU bird indices is presented as a smoothed time series and is calculated with 95% confidence limits. "
}
]
}
]
Unit of measure
[
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Population index (1990=100)"
}
],
"type": "p"
}
]
Policy / environmental relevance
[
{
"children": [
{
"text": "The common bird index is a headline indicator for monitoring progress towards the "
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "8"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "th"
}
],
"type": "sup"
},
{
"text": " Environment Action Programme"
}
],
"data": {
"url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32022D0591"
},
"type": "link"
},
{
"text": " (8"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "th"
}
],
"type": "sup"
},
{
"text": " EAP). It mainly contributes to monitoring aspects of the 8"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "th"
}
],
"type": "sup"
},
{
"text": " EAP priority objective Article 2.2.e that shall be met by 2030: \u2018protecting, preserving and restoring marine and terrestrial biodiversity and the biodiversity of inland waters inside and outside protected areas by, inter alia, halting and reversing biodiversity loss and improving the state of ecosystems and their functions and the services they provide, and by improving the state of the environment, in particular air, water and soil, as well as by combating desertification and soil degradation\u2019 (EU, 2022). For the purposes of the "
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "8"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "th"
}
],
"type": "sup"
},
{
"text": " EAP monitoring framework"
}
],
"data": {
"url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=COM%3A2022%3A357%3AFIN"
},
"type": "link"
},
{
"text": " this indicator assesses specifically whether the EU will \u2018reverse "
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "by 2030"
}
],
"type": "i"
},
{
"text": " the decline in populations of common birds\u2019, (EC, 2022). "
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"type": "p",
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
]
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "The "
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "EU regulation on nature restoration "
}
],
"data": {
"url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32024R1991&qid=1722240349976"
},
"type": "link"
},
{
"text": "\u00a0in Articles 11 and 12 includes obligations for Member States to achieve an increasing trend at national level of common farmland and forest bird indices by 2030 and thereafter, as further specified in Annexes V and VI to the regulation. "
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"type": "p",
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
]
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "The common bird index is also used in the "
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "EU biodiversity dashboard"
}
],
"data": {
"url": "https://dopa.jrc.ec.europa.eu/kcbd/EUBDS2030-dashboard/?version=1"
},
"type": "link"
},
{
"text": " to monitor progress towards the "
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030 "
}
],
"data": {
"url": "https://environment.ec.europa.eu/strategy/biodiversity-strategy-2030_en"
},
"type": "link"
},
{
"text": "\u00a0and as an EU indicator to monitor progress towards the "
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Sustainable Development Goal 15: \u201cLife on land\u201d"
}
],
"data": {
"url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-flagship-publications/-/ks-09-22-019"
},
"type": "link"
},
{
"text": ". "
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"type": "p",
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
]
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "The EU has been taking action to protect biodiversity for a considerable number of years, for example by adopting the "
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Birds Directive \u2014 Council Directive 79/409/EEC"
}
],
"data": {
"url": "http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31979L0409:EN:NOT"
},
"type": "link"
},
{
"text": " (updated by Directive "
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "2009/147/EC"
}
],
"data": {
"url": "http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/en/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32009L0147"
},
"type": "link"
},
{
"text": ") and the "
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Habitats Directive \u2014 Council Directive 92/43/EEC"
}
],
"data": {
"url": "http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31992L0043:EN:NOT"
},
"type": "link"
},
{
"text": ". "
}
],
"type": "p"
}
]
Frequency of dissemination
1
Accuracy and uncertainties
[
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Country coverage (i.e. reflecting the availability of high-quality monitoring data from annually operated common bird monitoring schemes employing generic survey methods and producing reliable national trends): Austria (since 1998), Belgium (Brussels since 1992; Flanders since 2007; Wallonia since 1990), Bulgaria (since 2005), Croatia (since 2015), Cyprus (since 2006), Czechia (since 1982), Denmark (since 1976), Estonia (since 1983), Finland (since 1975), France (since 1989), Germany (since 1989), Greece (since 2007), Hungary (since 1999), Ireland (since 1998), Italy (since 2000), Latvia (since 1995), Lithuania (since 2011), Luxembourg (since 2009), the Netherlands (since 1984), Poland (since 2000), Portugal (since 2004), Romania (since 2007), Slovakia (since 2005), Slovenia (since 2008), Spain (since 1998) and Sweden (since 1975).\u00a0"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "i"
},
{
"text": " "
}
],
"type": "p"
}
]
