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"text": "The data were collected through a range of trawl surveys carried out in European North-East Atlantic waters ("
},
{
"type": "link",
"data": {
"url": "https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/analysis/indicators/changes-in-fish-distribution-in.1/overview-of-the-ices-divisions"
},
"children": [
{
"text": "https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/analysis/indicators/changes-in-fish-distribution-in.1/overview-of-the-ices-divisions"
}
]
},
{
"text": "). The purpose of these surveys is to estimate fish stocks and their recruitment. The actual data are stored in and can be accessed from the Database of Trawl Surveys (Datras) provided by ICES. Similar trawl surveys are carried out in parts of the Mediterranean Sea; however, these data reside in national databases and are not easily accessible. The spatial and temporal scales vary but, in general, sampling has been relatively stable since 2000. The longest time series can be found for the North Sea, where sampling began in 1965. Sampling takes place by trawling in the ICES statistical rectangles in a particular quarter or particular quarters of the year. Apart from identifying the types of species, the biomass and the number of specimens per length class are also registered. "
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "The exchange of data on species involves the use of AphiaIDs, the species codes used by the World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS). While the taxonomic resolution has changed over time, it has been at the same (high) level since 1986. A total of 603 fish taxa (not species, as both synonyms and the occurrence of genus and higher taxonomic levels add to the list of taxa) have been identified from these trawl surveys. About 8% of the AphiaIDs used were not valid. Several epibenthic non-fish species have been recorded in the surveys but are excluded from calculations. Species are classified according to biogeographical affinity using the classification from the "
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "RECLAIM project"
}
],
"data": {
"footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">Reclaim, 2008, <i>Deliverable 2.5: Climate effects on distribution and production of species of contrasting ecotypes</i>,</div>\n</div>\n",
"footnoteTitle": "Reclaim, 2008, Deliverable 2.5: Climate effects on dist",
"uid": "hy5mM",
"zoteroId": "AEJY7FA3"
},
"type": "zotero"
},
{
"text": ". "
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "The data are summarised to give presence/absence scores, i.e., whether or not the species was found in that rectangle in that year. The ratio of the number of Lusitanian species to the number Boreal species (L:B ratio) is calculated by ICES statistical rectangles. Ratios are averaged across statistical rectangles to MSFD sub-regions (see \u2018Data sets uncertainty\u2019)."
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "The relationship between observed shifts in fish species distribution and trends in SST is analysed to investigate if these changes can be related to climate change. Significance is tested using the Mann-Kendall test (p<0.05) for monotonic trends. The p-value indicates the probability that there is no significant correlation between changes in fish species distribution and changes in SST over time and that changes are based on random fluctuations only. A p-value of under 0.05 supports the alternative hypothesis, i.e. that there is a significant correlation."
}
],
"type": "p"
}
]
Data sources and providers
{
"readOnly": true,
"data": [
{
"@id": "de37c798-56e2-4753-8a46-3f75610a87d1",
"link": "https://www.ices.dk/data/data-portals/Pages/DATRAS.aspx",
"organisation": "International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES)",
"title": "Database of Trawl Surveys (DATRAS)"
},
{
"@id": "f66ac784-b9fa-4eb1-b9f9-30249b63ef1f",
"link": "https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/datahub/datahubitem-view/d09a1d82-8e11-4448-85a5-e2613aeccf57?activeAccordion=1083843",
"organisation": "European Environment Agency (EEA)",
"title": "Regional seas around Europe - version 2, Oct. 2022"
},
{
"@id": "a33e0488-8d79-40a7-aed2-4773611c2f56",
"link": "https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadsst4/data/download.html",
"organisation": "Met Office Hadley Centre",
"title": "HadSST.4.0.1.0"
}
]
}
Definition
[
{
"children": [
{
"text": "This indicator looks at the temporal development of the ratio of the number of warm-favouring (Lusitanian) to the number of cool-favouring (Boreal) fish species within International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) statistical rectangles and MSFD marine regions. "
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "It investigates shifts in fish species distribution based on information on species\u2019 biogeographical affinity during the period 1967-2023 (figures may show shorter timeseries for wider and more stable data coverage). Analyses are performed for the marine sub-regions in the North-East Atlantic Ocean (Greater North, Celtic Seas and the Bay of Biscay and the Iberian Coast) and the southern part of the Baltic Sea. "
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"type": "p",
"children": [
{
"text": "The relationship between observed shifts in fish species distribution and trends in SST is analysed to investigate if these changes can be related to climate change. Significance is tested using the Mann-Kendall test ("
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "p"
}
],
"type": "i"
},
{
"text": "<0.05). This is in line with the MSFD D1C4 criterion relating to the distributional range of species: \u2018Distribution patterns should be in line with prevailing physiographic, geographic and climatic conditions\u2019."
}
]
}
]
Unit of measure
[
{
"type": "p",
"children": [
{
"text": "Ratio, number and sea surface temperature (SST)"
}
]
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "The unit of measurement is the ratio of the number of Lusitanian (L) fish species to the number of Boreal (B) fish species. The spatial units used in this indicator are "
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "ICES statistical rectangles"
}
],
"data": {
"url": "https://www.ices.dk/data/maps/Pages/ICES-statistical-rectangles.aspx"
},
"type": "link"
},
{
"text": ", MSFD marine sub-regions. "
}
],
"type": "p"
}
]
Policy / environmental relevance
[
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Changes in fish distribution are increasingly being observed across the globe. Many of these changes are described as poleward and have been attributed to ocean warming. While some previous studies of warming-induced distributional shifts in marine fishes have successfully confirmed the presence of changes, few have quantified the magnitude or orientation of the shift, nor predicted future responses"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"data": {
"footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">Campana, S. E., Stefánsdóttir, R. B., Jakobsdóttir, K. and Sólmundsson, J., 2020, 'Shifting fish distributions in warming sub-Arctic oceans', <i>Scientific Reports</i> 10(1), pp. 16448 (https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-73444-y) accessed July 25, 2022.</div>\n</div>\n",
"footnoteTitle": "Campana, Steven E., 2020-10-05, Shifting fish distributions in warming s, Scientific Reports",
"uid": "7UFHE",
"zoteroId": "78HFQ57T"
},
"type": "zotero"
},
{
"text": ". "
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Under the EU Common Fisheries Policy (CFP)"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"data": {
"footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">EU, 2013, Regulation (EU) No 1380/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2013 on the Common Fisheries Policy, amending Council Regulations (EC) No 1954/2003 and (EC) No 1224/2009 and repealing Council Regulations (EC) No 2371/2002 and (EC) No 639/2004 and Council Decision 2004/585/EC, OJ L 354, 28.12.2013, p. 22-61.</div>\n</div>\n",
"footnoteTitle": "EU, Regulation (EU) No 1380/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2013 on the Common Fisheries Policy, amending Council Regulations (EC) No 1954/2003 and (EC) No 1224/2009 and repealing Council Regulations (EC) No 2371/2002 and (EC) No 639/2004 and Council Decision 2004/585/EC",
"uid": "9vDJQ",
"zoteroId": "QD22CR8Z"
},
"type": "zotero"
},
{
"text": ", the share of the catch of each fish stock is split among management areas using a fixed allocation key known as \u2018Relative Stability\u2019. In each management area, Member States get the same proportion of the total catch each year. That proportion is largely based on catches made by those member states in the 1970s. Changes in distribution can, therefore, result in a mismatch between quota shares and regional abundances within management areas, with potential repercussions for the status of fish stocks and the fisheries that depend on the"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "strong"
},
{
"text": "m"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"data": {
"footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">Baudron, A. R., Brunel, T., Blanchet, M.-A., Hidalgo, M., Chust, G., Brown, E. J., Kleisner, K. M., Millar, C., MacKenzie, B. R., Nikolioudakis, N., Fernandes, J. A. and Fernandes, P. G., 2020, 'Changing fish distributions challenge the effective management of European fisheries', <i>Ecography</i> 43(4), pp. 494–505 (https://nsojournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ecog.04864) accessed July 25, 2022.</div>\n</div>\n",
"footnoteTitle": "Baudron, Alan Ronan, 2020, Changing fish distributions challenge th, Ecography",
"uid": "lSHHn",
"zoteroId": "CVNZSDKA"
},
"type": "zotero"
},
{
"text": ""
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "strong"
},
{
"text": ". Assessing these changes is thus crucial to ensure adequate management and sustainable exploitation of our marine resources. "
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "The main aim of the marine indicators set is to support and evaluate efficiency of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) and the UN Agenda 2030 (SDG 14), as well as the Maritime Spatial Planning Directive (MSPD) and other EU and international polices. The objective is to illustrate long-term trends where possible. "
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "EU policies aim to achieve climate target goals as a key priority. After objectives under the Kyoto Protocol for the period 2008-2012 were achieved, the EU Adaptation Strategy"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"data": {
"footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">EC, 2013, Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions ‘An EU strategy on adaptation to climate change’, COM(2013) 216 final.</div>\n</div>\n",
"footnoteTitle": "EC, 2013, Communication from the Commission to the",
"uid": "40kg_",
"zoteroId": "ZPF3L3X9"
},
"type": "zotero"
},
{
"text": " was endorsed. In 2021, the European Commission adopted a new, more ambitious EU Adaptation strategy"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"data": {
"footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">EU, 2021, COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE AND THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS Forging a climate-resilient Europe - the new EU Strategy on Adaptation to Climate Change</div>\n</div>\n",
"footnoteTitle": "EU, 2021, COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE",
"uid": "6iMwS",
"zoteroId": "T4GC4SGF"
},
"type": "zotero"
},
{
"text": " within the European Green Deal"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"data": {
"footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">EU, 2019, COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE EUROPEAN COUNCIL, THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE AND THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS The European Green Deal</div>\n</div>\n",
"footnoteTitle": "EU, 2019, COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE",
"uid": "QC-V2",
"zoteroId": "A2LY2Q88"
},
"type": "zotero"
},
{
"text": ". Mitigation and adaptation to climate change are built into sectoral policies, such as the Biodiversity Strategy for 2030"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"data": {
"footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">EU, 2020, COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE AND THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030 Bringing nature back into our lives</div>\n</div>\n",
"footnoteTitle": "EU, 2020, COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE",
"uid": "toZPl",
"zoteroId": "BY3D655Y"
},
"type": "zotero"
},
{
"text": ", the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD)"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"data": {
"extra": [
{
"footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">COMMISSION  DECISION  (EU)  2017  848  -  of  17 .pdf, (https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32017D0848&from=EN) accessed November 29, 2019.</div>\n</div>\n",
"footnoteTitle": " COMMISSION DECISION (EU) 2017 848 -",
"zoteroId": "S2FG9NV7"
}
],
"footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">EU, 2008, Directive 2008/56/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 June 2008 establishing a framework for community action in the field of marine environmental policy (Marine Strategy Framework Directive), OJ L 164, 25.6.2008, p. 19-40.</div>\n</div>\n",
"footnoteTitle": "EU, Directive 2008/56/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 June 2008 establishing a framework for community action in the field of marine environmental policy (Marine Strategy Framework Directive)",
"uid": "XMbln",
"zoteroId": "C48HATNP"
},
"type": "zotero"
},
{
"text": " and the Water Framework Directive"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": " "
}
],
"data": {
"footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">EC, 2000, Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2000 establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy, 2000/60., 2000/60</div>\n</div>\n",
"footnoteTitle": "EC, Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2000 establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy",
"uid": "3lTUt",
"zoteroId": "P72XSP6R"
},
"type": "zotero"
},
{
"text": "(WFD). "
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Climate change is considered in the "
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "MSFD"
}
],
"data": {
"url": "http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32008L0056"
},
"type": "link"
},
{
"text": ", as it is a pressure on the marine environment and needs to be considered in the directive\u2019s programmes of measures and when determining good environmental status (GES). The MSFD provides a qualitative descriptor (D1) for determining GES in relation to biological diversity: \u2018Biological diversity is maintained. The quality and occurrence of habitats and the distribution and abundance of species are in line with prevailing physiographic, geographic and climatic conditions\u2019."
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": " "
}
],
"type": "b"
},
{
"text": "The D1C4 criterion relates to the distributional range of species: \u2018Distribution patterns should be in line with prevailing physiographic, geographic and climatic conditions\u2019"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"data": {
"footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">COMMISSION  DECISION  (EU)  2017  848  -  of  17 .pdf, (https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32017D0848&from=EN) accessed November 29, 2019.</div>\n</div>\n",
"footnoteTitle": " COMMISSION DECISION (EU) 2017 848 -",
"uid": "aV4eu",
"zoteroId": "S2FG9NV7"
},
"type": "zotero"
},
{
"text": ". This is in line with objectives under the European Green Deal"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"data": {
"footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">EU, 2019, COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE EUROPEAN COUNCIL, THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE AND THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS The European Green Deal</div>\n</div>\n",
"footnoteTitle": "EU, 2019, COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE",
"uid": "8JoE2",
"zoteroId": "A2LY2Q88"
},
"type": "zotero"
},
{
"text": ", aiming to protect biodiversity and ensure sustainable fisheries sectors. Thus, it is also linked to the Farm-to-Fork Strategy"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"data": {
"footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">EU, 2020, COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE AND THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS A Farm to Fork Strategy for a fair, healthy and environmentally-friendly food system</div>\n</div>\n",
"footnoteTitle": "EU, 2020, COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE",
"uid": "i1VRw",
"zoteroId": "VE6NKDZR"
},
"type": "zotero"
},
{
"text": ", the Common Fisheries Policy"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"data": {
"footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">EU, 2013, Regulation (EU) No 1380/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2013 on the Common Fisheries Policy, amending Council Regulations (EC) No 1954/2003 and (EC) No 1224/2009 and repealing Council Regulations (EC) No 2371/2002 and (EC) No 639/2004 and Council Decision 2004/585/EC, OJ L 354, 28.12.2013, p. 22-61.</div>\n</div>\n",
"footnoteTitle": "EU, Regulation (EU) No 1380/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2013 on the Common Fisheries Policy, amending Council Regulations (EC) No 1954/2003 and (EC) No 1224/2009 and repealing Council Regulations (EC) No 2371/2002 and (EC) No 639/2004 and Council Decision 2004/585/EC",
"uid": "rB3ms",
"zoteroId": "QD22CR8Z"
},
"type": "zotero"
},
{
"text": " and other EU environmental policies such as the Birds Directive"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"data": {
"footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">EU, 2009, Directive 2009/147/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 November 2009 on the conservation of wild birds</div>\n</div>\n",
"footnoteTitle": "EU, Directive 2009/147/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 November 2009 on the conservation of wild birds",
"uid": "wW10M",
"zoteroId": "T5KSFEX6"
},
"type": "zotero"
},
{
"text": ", the Habitats Directive"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"data": {
"footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">EU, 1992, Council Directive 92/43/EEC of 21 May 1992 on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora, OJ L206.</div>\n</div>\n",
"footnoteTitle": "EU, Council Directive 92/43/EEC of 21 May 1992 on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora",
"uid": "t3QsY",
"zoteroId": "92UFS79S"
},
"type": "zotero"
},
{
"text": " and the regulation on Invasive Alien Species (IAS)"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"data": {
"footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">EU, 2014, Regulation (EU) No 1143/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 October 2014 on the prevention and management of the introduction and spread of invasive alien species, OJ L 317, 4.11.2014, p. 35-55.</div>\n</div>\n",
"footnoteTitle": "EU, Regulation (EU) No 1143/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 October 2014 on the prevention and management of the introduction and spread of invasive alien species",
"uid": "7SeLV",
"zoteroId": "HDV388JD"
},
"type": "zotero"
},
{
"text": ". "
}
],
"type": "p"
}
]
Frequency of dissemination
1
Accuracy and uncertainties
[
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Methodology uncertainty"
}
],
"type": "h4"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "The methods used are considered robust, as they transform the catches to presence or absence of species rather than using fish species abundance. Using abundance would most likely result in more noise in the data, as the number of specimens caught in a trawl haul is greatly influenced by the actual physical conditions on that day (e.g. current direction and time of day)."
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Changes in the numbers of Lusitanian versus Boreal species (L:B ratio) have been related to mean yearly water temperatures measured as SST anomalies"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"data": {
"footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">Kennedy, J. J., Rayner, N. A. and Atkinson, C. P., 2019, 'An ensemble data set of sea‐surface temperature change from 1850: the Met Office Hadley Centre HadSST.4.0.0.0 data set', <i>Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres</i> 124(14), pp. 7719–7763.</div>\n</div>\n",
"footnoteTitle": "Kennedy, J. J., 2019, An ensemble data set of sea\u2010surface temp, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres",
"uid": "O-fxw",
"zoteroId": "EPAZEKFS"
},
"type": "zotero"
},
{
"text": ". As experienced during data preparation for the ICES "
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "WKFISHDISH report"
}
],
"data": {
"footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">ICES, 2016, <i>ICES WKFISHDISH report 2016: Report of the Working Group on Fish Distribution Shifts (WKFISHDISH)</i>, International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, Copenhagen.</div>\n</div>\n",
"footnoteTitle": "ICES, 2016, ICES WKFISHDISH report 2016: Report of t, Copenhagen",
"uid": "nqAHn",
"zoteroId": "L9T72S2Y"
},
"type": "zotero"
},
{
"text": ", the use of several surveys for the same rectangles and sub-divisions introduces the risk of mixing data with biased catchability and, therefore, only one survey has been chosen for each ICES statistical rectangle. The current survey is chosen based on the best temporal and spatial coverage. A list of the surveys used can be found in "
},
{
"type": "link",
"data": {
"url": "https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/analysis/indicators/changes-in-fish-distribution-in.1/overview-of-the-different-surveys"
},
"children": [
{
"text": "https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/analysis/indicators/changes-in-fish-distribution-in.1/overview-of-the-different-surveys"
}
]
},
{
"text": "."
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "The indicator is based on the evidence that species distribution shifts are poleward as climate warms. This may not be suitable for some marine regions, such as the Mediterranean and Black seas. For these regions, it may be more useful to use a different species classification system or one that investigates distribution shifts bottomward (increasing depths), however, it should be noted that distribution shifts may also occur upwards (decreasing depths) during seasonal/reproduction migrations or, for example, due to reduced oxygen concentration levels at deeper depths. "
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Data sets uncertainty"
}
],
"type": "h4"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "Catch in these trawl surveys may not represent exactly the fish fauna that is present in a given area, as several factors influence the catchability of a certain fish. Thus, data collected are evaluated in light of some constraints in the way the survey has been carried out, namely:"
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "\u2022 The trawls used in the surveys are benthic trawls, so it is less likely that they have the same catchability as, for example, for pelagic species such as mackerel and herring. However, pelagic species are caught to some extent, and even species such as Atlantic blue fin tuna and swordfish appear in the species list"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": ""
}
],
"data": {
"footnote": "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; \">\n <div class=\"csl-entry\">Reclaim, 2008, <i>Deliverable 2.5: Climate effects on distribution and production of species of contrasting ecotypes</i>,</div>\n</div>\n",
"footnoteTitle": "Reclaim, 2008, Deliverable 2.5: Climate effects on dist",
"uid": "w07UY",
"zoteroId": "AEJY7FA3"
},
"type": "zotero"
},
{
"text": ". However, it is important to emphasise that there is no reason to expect catchability to change over time in the same habitat and if the same gear is used."
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "\u2022 It is most likely that the catchability of species varies between different surveys because of differences in the gear used. However, the use of only one survey for each statistical rectangle ensures that the catchability should be the same over time."
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "\u2022 Due to potentially different survey catchabilities between statistical rectangles within an MSFD sub-region, the L:B ratio for a sub-region is calculated as the mean of the ratios."
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "\u2022 The data coverage in space and time is limited but has been quite stable over the last 15 years. However, at the sub-region scale there are temporal coverage differences. This could lead to a biased estimate of trends, particularly for the Celtic Seas region. Future work on this indicator would model the L:B ratio in space and time to fill gaps in survey coverage."
}
],
"type": "p"
},
{
"children": [
{
"text": "\u2022 Future assessments will also investigate the relationship between fish distribution and sea water temperature at the seabed."
}
],
"type": "p"
}
]
