Bathing waters with excellent water quality in Europe

Bathing water quality has improved over time based on tests for Escherichia coli ( E. coli ) and intestinal enterococci bacteria. Between 2010 and 2024, the share of EU bathing waters classified as ‘excellent’ quality was within a range of 81-89% for coastal bathing waters and 60-82% for inland bathing waters. Consistently high shares of excellent bathing water quality indicate that the combined effect of the systematic monitoring and management of bathing sites, and improvements in wastewater networks and treatment have led to a drastic reduction in organic pollutants and pathogens.

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Metadata
DPSIR State
Typology Policy-effectiveness indicator (Type D)
UN SDGs SDG6: Clean water and sanitation, SDG14: Life below water
Topics Bathing water quality
Temporal coverage { "readOnly": true, "temporal": [ { "label": "2010", "value": "2010" }, { "label": "2011", "value": "2011" }, { "label": "2012", "value": "2012" }, { "label": "2013", "value": "2013" }, { "label": "2014", "value": "2014" }, { "label": "2015", "value": "2015" }, { "label": "2016", "value": "2016" }, { "label": "2017", "value": "2017" }, { "label": "2018", "value": "2018" }, { "label": "2019", "value": "2019" }, { "label": "2020", "value": "2020" }, { "label": "2021", "value": "2021" }, { "label": "2022", "value": "2022" }, { "label": "2023", "value": "2023" }, { "label": "2024", "value": "2024" } ] }
Geographic coverage { "readOnly": true, "geolocation": [ { "label": "Albania", "value": "geo-783754" }, { "label": "Austria", "value": "geo-2782113" }, { "label": "Belgium", "value": "geo-2802361" }, { "label": "Bulgaria", "value": "geo-732800" }, { "label": "Croatia", "value": "geo-3202326" }, { "label": "Cyprus", "value": "geo-146669" }, { "label": "Czechia", "value": "geo-3077311" }, { "label": "Denmark", "value": "geo-2623032" }, { "label": "Estonia", "value": "geo-453733" }, { "label": "Finland", "value": "geo-660013" }, { "label": "France", "value": "geo-3017382" }, { "label": "Germany", "value": "geo-2921044" }, { "label": "Greece", "value": "geo-390903" }, { "label": "Hungary", "value": "geo-719819" }, { "label": "Ireland", "value": "geo-2963597" }, { "label": "Italy", "value": "geo-3175395" }, { "label": "Latvia", "value": "geo-458258" }, { "label": "Lithuania", "value": "geo-597427" }, { "label": "Luxembourg", "value": "geo-2960313" }, { "label": "Malta", "value": "geo-2562770" }, { "label": "Netherlands", "value": "geo-2750405" }, { "label": "Poland", "value": "geo-798544" }, { "label": "Portugal", "value": "geo-2264397" }, { "label": "Romania", "value": "geo-798549" }, { "label": "Slovakia", "value": "geo-3057568" }, { "label": "Slovenia", "value": "geo-3190538" }, { "label": "Spain", "value": "geo-2510769" }, { "label": "Sweden", "value": "geo-2661886" }, { "label": "Switzerland", "value": "geo-2658434" } ] }
Workflow
Content responsible Head of Group Trine Christiansen
Layout
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An excellent quality of bathing water ensures an enhanced level of " }, { "children": [ { "text": "health protection" } ], "type": "strong" }, { "text": " for bathers, and also indicates that certain pressures such as urban wastewater discharge and animal manure are properly addressed, with potential additional benefits for the aquatic environment. " } ], "type": "p" } ] }, "4a3201a5-d3cd-48a5-8ed5-d8a0cf08e8d4": { "@type": "slate", "plaintext": "The EEA's European bathing water quality in 2024 briefing explains that bathing water quality in coastal waters is generally better than that in inland waters. Many of central Europe\u2019s inland bathing waters are found in relatively small lakes, ponds and rivers. These inland waters are more susceptible than coastal areas to short-term pollution caused by heavy rains or droughts.", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "The EEA's " }, { "children": [ { "text": "European bathing water quality in 2024 briefing" } ], "data": { "url": "../../../../resolveuid/349f06fa706d46cf9305a3f23e71acb7" }, "type": "link" }, { "text": " explains that bathing water " }, { "children": [ { "text": "quality" } ], "type": "strong" }, { "text": " in coastal waters is generally better than that in inland waters. Many of central Europe\u2019s inland bathing waters are found in relatively small lakes, ponds and rivers. These inland waters are more susceptible than coastal areas to short-term pollution caused by heavy rains or droughts." } ], "styleName": "text-left", "type": "p" } ] }, "8fc97fe1-40c9-47eb-8ba3-8e4390c9b85f": { "@type": "slate", "plaintext": "In coastal waters, the share of excellent bathing sites increased steadily from 2010 (80.6%) to 2016 (88%), stabilising at around 88-89% from 2017 to 2024, after a slight decrease in 2017 (87.4%). The share of inland bathing waters with excellent quality grew markedly from 2010 (60.3%) to 2017 (82.2%), showing a slight decrease afterwards and stabilising at around 78-79% from 2019 to 2024.", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "In coastal waters, the share of excellent bathing sites " }, { "children": [ { "text": "increased" } ], "type": "strong" }, { "text": " steadily from 2010 (80.6%) to 2016 (88%), stabilising at around 88-89% from 2017 to 2024, after a slight decrease in 2017 (87.4%). The share of inland bathing waters with excellent quality grew markedly from 2010 (60.3%) to 2017 (82.2%), showing a slight decrease afterwards and stabilising at around 78-79% from 2019 to 2024. " } ], "type": "p" } ] }, "9149f63f-06a1-470a-bad1-9ef20b8df5dd": { "@type": "group", "className": "figure-metadata", "data": { "blocks": { "7f66d26c-2abe-4e41-9abd-0df19d549a90": { "@type": "slate", "plaintext": "Figure 1. Proportion of coastal and inland bathing waters of excellent quality in the EU-27 between 2010 and 2024", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "Figure 1. Proportion of coastal and inland bathing waters of excellent quality in the EU-27 between 2010 and 2024" } ], "type": "h3-light" } ] } }, "blocks_layout": { "items": [ "7f66d26c-2abe-4e41-9abd-0df19d549a90" ] } }, "id": "figure-metadata-b0279dde-1ceb-4137-a7f1-5ab7b46a782c", "styles": {} }, "b0279dde-1ceb-4137-a7f1-5ab7b46a782c": { "@type": "embed_content", "disableNewBlocks": true, "fixed": true, "instructions": { "content-type": "text/html", "data": "<p>figure instructions goes here</p>", "encoding": "utf8" }, "readOnlySettings": true, "required": true, "url": "../../../../resolveuid/a0342e32e33a44378c43559374f8161f" }, "b638d73c-0065-4f81-b876-8bbfe6412f53": { "@type": "slate", "plaintext": "These sources of pollution should be tackled at the local level on a case-by-case basis through integrated urban wastewater management plans under the recast Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive . In the long term, it can be expected that the implementation of such plans and furthermore stringent requirements on wastewater treatment, as envisaged by the recast UWWTD, may help preserve or even improve the current level of excellent bathing water quality across the EU Member States.", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "These sources of " }, { "children": [ { "text": "pollution" } ], "type": "strong" }, { "text": " should be tackled at the local level on a case-by-case basis " }, { "children": [ { "text": "" } ], "type": "del" }, { "text": "" }, { "children": [ { "text": "" } ], "type": "del" }, { "text": "through integrated urban wastewater management plans under the recast " }, { "children": [ { "text": "Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive" } ], "data": { "url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2024/3019/oj" }, "type": "link" }, { "text": ". In the long term, it can be expected that the implementation of such plans and furthermore stringent requirements on wastewater treatment, as envisaged by the recast UWWTD, may help preserve or even improve the current level of excellent bathing water quality across the EU Member States. " } ], "styleName": "text-left", "type": "p" } ] }, "d1b80c7d-59d5-4420-8580-ec9e43047cd3": { "@type": "slate", "plaintext": "One of the main requirements of the Bathing Water Directive (BWD) was to ensure that all bathing waters were of at least \u2018sufficient\u2019 quality by 2015. In the 2024 bathing season, this requirement was met by 96% of all EU Member States' bathing waters.", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "One of the main requirements of the " }, { "children": [ { "text": "Bathing Water Directive (BWD)" } ], "data": { "url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2006/7/oj" }, "type": "link" }, { "text": " was to ensure that all bathing waters were of at least \u2018sufficient\u2019 quality by 2015. In the 2024 bathing season, this requirement " }, { "children": [ { "text": "was met by 96%" } ], "type": "strong" }, { "text": " of all EU Member States' bathing waters. 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It was between 65-90% in 14 countries (Italy, Lithuania, Switzerland, Estonia, Luxembourg, Ireland, Sweden, Slovakia, Czechia, Netherlands, France, Belgium, Latvia and Hungary) and between 50-60% in five countries (Portugal, Slovenia, Poland, Croatia and Spain). A lower proportion was registered in Albania (16.7%). The described data distribution confirms that bathing water quality in coastal waters is generally better than in their inland counterparts. ", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "The proportion of " }, { "children": [ { "text": "inland bathing" } ], "type": "strong" }, { "text": " waters with excellent quality was above 90% in seven countries (Bulgaria, Greece, Romania, Austria, Denmark, Finland and Germany). It was between 65-90% in 14 countries (Italy, Lithuania, Switzerland, Estonia, Luxembourg, Ireland, Sweden, Slovakia, Czechia, Netherlands, France, Belgium, Latvia and Hungary) and between 50-60% in five countries (Portugal, Slovenia, Poland, Croatia and Spain). A lower proportion was registered in Albania (16.7%). The described data distribution confirms that bathing water quality in coastal waters is generally better than in their inland counterparts." }, { "children": [ { "text": "" } ], "type": "b" }, { "text": " " }, { "children": [ { "text": "" } ], "type": "b" }, { "text": " " } ], "type": "p" } ] }, "75b16d77-be04-4cd7-a972-c18a61e2cfe3": { "@type": "slate", "plaintext": "", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": " " } ], "styleName": "text-left", "type": "p" } ] }, "b5f87697-a8fc-4e7e-baba-398b22dd0fc5": { "@type": "slate", "plaintext": "In 2024, the share of coastal bathing waters with excellent quality was above 90% in 11 countries (Lithuania, Slovenia, Cyprus, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Denmark, Spain, Malta, Italy and Portugal). It was between 60-90% in another ten (Germany, Romania, Latvia, Ireland, Netherlands, France, Sweden, Belgium, Finland and Poland). Lower shares were registered in Estonia (36.7%) and Albania (15.9%).", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "In 2024, the share of " }, { "children": [ { "text": "coastal bathing" } ], "type": "strong" }, { "text": " waters with excellent quality was above 90% in 11 countries (Lithuania, Slovenia, Cyprus, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Denmark, Spain, Malta, Italy and Portugal). It was between 60-90% in another ten (Germany, Romania, Latvia, Ireland, Netherlands, France, Sweden, Belgium, Finland and Poland). Lower shares were registered in Estonia (36.7%) and Albania (15.9%)." } ], "type": "p" } ] }, "d3d49723-14e5-4663-b346-37ee3572f28d": { "@type": "slate", "fixed": true, "instructions": { "content-type": "text/html", "data": "<p><br/></p>", "encoding": "utf8" }, "plaintext": "", "readOnlySettings": true, "required": true, "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "" } ], "type": "p" } ] }, "d577cef1-91b5-4fee-99ef-84d2c650abf3": { "@type": "group", "className": "figure-metadata", "data": { "blocks": { "eda2e7d6-f08f-4a9e-b4d8-e25b8b6ae071": { "@type": "slate", "plaintext": "Figure 2. Proportion of coastal and inland bathing waters of excellent quality in EU-27, Albania and Switzerland, season 2024", "value": [ { "children": [ { "text": "Figure 2. Proportion of coastal and inland bathing waters of excellent quality in EU-27, Albania and Switzerland, season 2024" } ], "type": "h3-light" } ] } }, "blocks_layout": { "items": [ "eda2e7d6-f08f-4a9e-b4d8-e25b8b6ae071" ] } }, "id": "figure-metadata-02ba4a04-fcfe-4968-806f-1dac3119cfef", "styles": {} }, "43df8fab-b278-4b0e-a62c-ce6b8e0a881e": { "@type": "dividerBlock", "section": false, "short": true, "disableNewBlocks": true, "fixed": true, "hidden": true, "readOnly": true, "required": true, "spacing": "m", "fitted": false } }, "blocks_layout": { "items": [ "d577cef1-91b5-4fee-99ef-84d2c650abf3", "02ba4a04-fcfe-4968-806f-1dac3119cfef", "43df8fab-b278-4b0e-a62c-ce6b8e0a881e", "75b16d77-be04-4cd7-a972-c18a61e2cfe3", "b5f87697-a8fc-4e7e-baba-398b22dd0fc5", "0e5501fe-c3a1-44f7-acaa-4de4fe12b261" ] } }, "disableInnerButtons": true, "disableNewBlocks": false, "fixed": true, "ignoreSpaces": true, "instructions": { "content-type": "text/html", "data": "<ol keys=\"9bbul,b1sa2,171og,1c1t5\" depth=\"0\"><li>Depending on the indicator context, this text can provide information at country level or, if this is not relevant, at some other level, e.g. sectoral, regional level.</li><li>This text interprets the data represented in the chart, rather than describing results, i.e. it provides explanations for some of the results.</li><li>The text related to progress at this level does not have to be comprehensive.</li><li>If there is no information that adds value to what is already visible there is no need to have any text.</li></ol>", "encoding": "utf8" }, "maxChars": "1000", "placeholder": "Disaggregate level assessment e.g. country, sectoral, regional level assessment", "readOnly": false, "readOnlySettings": true, "required": true, "title": "Disaggregate level assessment" } }
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Supporting information
Methodology [ { "children": [ { "text": "Before each bathing season, countries identify national bathing waters, define the length of the bathing season for each and establish monitoring protocols for coastal and transitional waters, rivers and lakes. Swimming and spa pools are exempt from the BWD\u2019s requirements. Before and during the bathing season, local and national authorities take samples from bathing waters and analyse them for the two types of bacteria (" }, { "children": [ { "text": "E. coli" } ], "type": "i" }, { "text": " and intestinal enterococci) that are indicative of pollution from sewage and manure. Based on the levels of bacteria detected, bathing water quality is then classified as either \u2018excellent\u2019, \u2018good\u2019, \u2018sufficient\u2019 or \u2018poor\u2019. " } ], "type": "p" }, { "children": [ { "text": "" } ], "type": "p" }, { "children": [ { "text": "In accordance with the BWD, each Member State must collect and analyse at least four water samples per bathing water \u2014 one taken before the bathing season and the other three (at least) during the season, with no more than one month between each sample collection. To define the status of a bathing water in a specific season, four samples from that season and four from each of the three preceding seasons are generally needed. The classification is conducted according to the requirements set out in Annex I and Annex II of the BWD. The assessment procedure is explained in the " }, { "children": [ { "text": "" }, { "children": [ { "text": "Guidelines for the assessment under the Bathing Water Directive" } ], "data": { "url": "http://cdr.eionet.europa.eu/help/BWD/Guidelines_for_assessment_under_the_BWD.pdf" }, "type": "link" }, { "text": "" } ], "type": "i" }, { "text": ". Once a quality class has been attributed to each bathing water, the indicator is derived per each country and water type (coastal, inland) as the percentage of bathing water in excellent status calculated on the total of bathing waters in the same country and for each specific water type. At the EU-27 level, the indicator is derived per each water type (coastal, inland) as the percentage of bathing water in excellent status calculated on the total of bathing waters in the EU-27 for each specific water type." } ], "type": "p" }, { "children": [ { "text": "" } ], "type": "p" }, { "children": [ { "text": "The indicator has been calculated using the same database underlying the " }, { "type": "link", "data": { "url": "../../../../resolveuid/349f06fa706d46cf9305a3f23e71acb7" }, "children": [ { "text": "European bathing water quality in 2024" } ] }, { "text": " briefing. Data are from 2024 annual reports by EU Member States, Albania and Switzerland. The EEA\u2019s\u00a0" }, { "children": [ { "text": "European Topic Centre on Biodiversity and Ecosystems" } ], "data": { "url": "https://www.eionet.europa.eu/etcs/etc-be" }, "type": "link" }, { "text": "\u00a0(ETC BE) provided support to the development of the database." } ], "type": "p" } ]
Data sources and providers { "readOnly": true, "data": [ { "@id": "3bec5012-e616-4d0c-a5ad-86217e6fedad", "title": "Bathing Water Directive - Status of bathing water, 2024 v.1.0", "link": "https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/datahub/datahubitem-view/c3858959-90da-4c1b-b9ca-492db0e514df?activeAccordion=1096662", "organisation": "European Environment Agency (EEA)" } ] }
Definition [ { "children": [ { "text": "The indicator shows the proportion of coastal and inland (rivers and lakes) bathing waters with excellent quality in\u00a0the EU-27, Albania and Switzerland. It is based on the concentration values of two microbiological parameters: intestinal enterococci and " }, { "children": [ { "text": "E. coli" } ], "type": "i" }, { "text": ". The " }, { "type": "link", "data": { "url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2006/7/oj" }, "children": [ { "text": "Bathing Water Directive" } ] }, { "text": " (BWD) requires Member States to identify and assess the quality of all inland and coastal bathing waters and to classify them as \u2018poor\u2019, \u2018sufficient\u2019, \u2018good\u2019 or \u2018excellent\u2019." }, { "children": [ { "text": "" } ], "type": "b" }, { "text": " " } ], "styleName": "text-left", "type": "p" } ]
Unit of measure [ { "type": "p", "children": [ { "text": "Percentage" } ] } ]
Policy / environmental relevance [ { "children": [ { "text": "The BWD classification scheme aims to provide a meaningful picture of bathing water quality over the long term. The evolution of the share of excellent bathing waters over time provides valuable information on the effectiveness of main water-related policies and legislation in Europe. These are the BWD, the " }, { "type": "link", "data": { "url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/1991/676/oj" }, "children": [ { "text": "Nitrates Directive" } ] }, { "text": ", the " }, { "type": "link", "data": { "url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/1991/271/oj" }, "children": [ { "text": "Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive" } ] }, { "text": " and the " }, { "type": "link", "data": { "url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2024/3019/oj" }, "children": [ { "text": "recast Urban wastewater Treatment Directive" } ] }, { "text": ". It also supports the assessment of progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals of the " }, { "type": "link", "data": { "url": "https://undocs.org/en/A/RES/70/1" }, "children": [ { "text": "UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development" } ] }, { "text": ", notably Goal 6 \u2018Clean water and sanitation\u2019 and Goal 14 \u2018Life below water\u2019." } ], "type": "p" } ]
Frequency of dissemination 1
Accuracy and uncertainties [ { "children": [ { "text": "The rules on the handling of samples for microbiological analyses, the reference methods of analysis and the methodology for the classification of bathing waters are set by the EU for an accurate and harmonised assessment across the EU. Also, other European non-EU reporting countries are expected to follow the same procedures. Therefore, the calculation of the indicator is accurate. Concerning geographical and time comparability, a legislative and methodological transitional period occurred between 2008 to 2014, due to the initial implementation of the current BWD repealing the previous BWD 76/160/EEC. Consequently, the period 2010-2015 should be regarded as transitional in relation to classification, with methodological changes from one season to the other. In this period, time and geographical comparability may be hampered to a certain degree. After this period comparability can be considered as at a high level.\u00a0" } ], "type": "p" } ]
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Short name bathing-waters-with-excellent-water-quality-in-europe
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