Chemicals

Chemicals are part of everyday life but some can harm the environment and human health. Although Europe has made progress in reducing pollution from certain hazardous chemical substances, people and ecosystems remain exposed to harmful chemicals and further action is needed to prevent pollution.

From food to cosmetics, to paints and textiles, natural and manufactured synthetic chemicals are present in every aspect of our lives. Unfortunately, some of the substances we rely on daily can harm us when they accumulate in air, water and soil.

Exposure to even small amounts of certain chemicals can harm our health and the environment. Some of these substances have been banned in the European Union, including asbestos used in building insulation and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs).

Agricultural pesticides can also end up in rivers, lakes and groundwater, potentially harming aquatic ecosystems and water quality. Polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS), a group of hazardous chemicals widely used for waterproofing and non-stick products, also accumulate over time in humans and the environment.

These chemicals can impact our health. According to some estimates, about 8% of deaths can be attributed to hazardous chemicals. These numbers could be underestimated, given that we are only aware of the health effects of a small portion of chemicals in use today. In some cases, these substances also interact, resulting in toxic chemical cocktails.

The transition towards safer and more sustainable chemicals is progressing in some areas, while in others, it is just beginning, according to the Europe-wide assessment of the drivers and impact of chemical pollution by the EEA and the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA).

We have come a long way during the past few decades when chemical pollution was very visible and, in the EU, we now have much better protection in place against many harmful substances.

However, from 1950 to 2000, the global production volume of chemicals increased more than fifty-fold, and every day many new chemicals are being registered worldwide.

Exposure to harmful chemicals, both indoor and outdoor, may cause many health effects, including respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, allergies and cancer.

A large-scale human biomonitoring study conducted between 2014 and 2021 across five European countries found that at least two pesticides from agriculture were present in the bodies of 84% of survey participants. Pesticide levels were consistently higher in children than in adults.

Data collected from the same EU human biomonitoring study found that up to 100% of the people taking part from 11 EU countries were likely exposed to bisphenol A above safe health thresholds. This raises significant health concerns for the wider EU population. BPA can damage the human immune system at very low doses. This comes in addition to a number of previously discovered harmful effects on human health such as endocrine disruption, reduced fertility and allergic skin reactions.

Pesticide pollution is one of the key drivers of biodiversity loss in Europe. In particular, pesticide use has caused significant declines in insect populations, threatening the critical roles they play in food production, in particular the pollination of most fruit and vegetable crops.

Our zero pollution monitoring assessment finds that Europe has achieved some progress in some areas:

Good progress has been made towards reducing air pollution leading to a decrease in the number of premature deaths linked to air pollution. At the same time, pollution is decreasing from marine litter, pesticides and antimicrobials.
Progress is slower in other areas, including tackling harmful noise pollution, reducing microplastics and addressing nutrient and waste pollution.

See our zero pollution monitoring assessment

The EU is taking action to reduce chemicals and making progress towards its 2050 ambition of reducing pollution to levels no longer harmful. The move toward zero pollution also requires that products are designed and produced in a safer way. Manufacturers can ensure that chemicals are produced in a way that is best for society by creating products with:

Strong pre-market design phases that focus on product safety and risk reduction;
Minimum performance requirements for safety and sustainability;
Supportive environments for the uptake and implementation of safe and sustainable design processes.

The European Commission adopted a recommendation on 'safe and sustainable by design' to promote a framework to assess the safety and sustainability of chemicals and materials. The proposed European framework sets a common baseline for evaluating safety and sustainability – an important step to increase the protection of human health and the environment against hazardous substances.

This approach can protect the health of Europe’s citizens and the environment and drive innovation for safer chemicals. Still, many chemicals are excluded from these rules, and the risks associated with their use remain unknown.

Together with the European Chemicals Agency, we will help monitor progress towards the objectives set by the EU chemicals strategy for sustainability.

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Frequently asked questions

Lorenzo Palombini, ZeroWaste PIX/EEA

How can Europe tackle the toxic legacy of lead?

Average blood lead levels in Europe have fallen by around 60% since 2000, reflecting decades of action to reduce lead exposure. However, lead remains in buildings, soils, water infrastructure and some products, continuing to pose risks to people's health.

Our briefing looks at who is at risk and what more can be done to address remaining sources of lead pollution.

Read the briefing

Full life-cycle perspective on PFAS polymers needed

PFAS polymers, a chemical form of PFAS made up of larger molecules, have received less attention than other PFAS compounds like PFOS and PFOA — but growing evidence shows they can harm our health, the environment and the climate.

This EEA briefing presents the impacts of PFAS polymers and why it is important to consider their full life cycle — from production to disposal — to inform effective EU policy action.

Can we prevent harm to people and the environment from hazardous chemicals?

The EU’s chemicals policies aim to tackle the challenge of producing and using chemicals to address societal needs while respecting planetary boundaries and avoiding harm to humans and the environment. The EEA, ECHA and the European Commission have developed a set of key indicators to support the goals of the strategy.

Visit the Chemicals Strategy for Sustainability indicator dashboard

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Picture viewed through a lens of a city pedestrian street with buildings on either side, a French flag visible on the left, and blurred fingers holding the lens.

Margarita Biskup, My City/EEA

What is the latest on hazardous chemicals and health?

Europe continues to manufacture and use a large variety of chemicals that are hazardous to human health. People are exposed to complex mixtures of chemicals in their daily lives by consuming contaminated food and drink, breathing in polluted air and dust, and using consumer goods.

While recent EU restrictions boost the progress towards its 2050 ambition of reducing pollution to levels no longer harmful to health and natural ecosystems, further efforts will be needed to eliminate all negative impacts.

Our zero pollution monitoring assessment takes a closer look at both the production of chemicals and their health impacts.

More in Chapter 4.5 of our zero pollution report

Chemicals

How can Europe tackle the toxic legacy of lead?

Full life-cycle perspective on PFAS polymers needed

Can we prevent harm to people and the environment from hazardous chemicals?

What is the latest on hazardous chemicals and health?

More information

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