Pesticides in rivers, lakes and groundwater in Europe

Pesticides were assessed against effect or quality thresholds between 2013 and 2023. Following an update to the methodology, one or more pesticides were detected above their effect threshold at 19% to 27% of river water bodies. Exceedances were often caused by MCPA, terbuthylazine, imidacloprid and metolachlor. Exceedances of one or more pesticides were detected at between 11% and 18% of groundwater bodies, mainly by atrazine and its metabolites, glyphosate and bentazone. Differences in weather, crop type and reporting mean that changes between years may not be significant.

Figure 1. Percentage of reported waterbodies with pesticides exceeding thresholds in a) rivers and b) groundwater in Europe weighted by water body size (rivers in km; groundwater in km²) per country

Pesticides can contaminate surface waters and groundwater and if their concentrations are above critical thresholds, can be harmful to the environment. The European Green Deal sets targets to reduce the risks and use of chemical pesticides by 50% by 2030 through the Zero Pollution Action Plan, Farm to Fork and Biodiversity strategies, with a focus on protecting ecosystems and improving biodiversity.

The Water Framework Directive (WFD) sets environmental quality standards for pesticides in surface water. To assess the chemical status of groundwater, a precautionary quality standard of 0.1µg/L is set for pesticides according to the Groundwater Directive, signalling intent to keep pesticide concentrations in groundwater at low levels.

In 19% to 27% of river water bodies, one or more pesticides were detected above the effect threshold each year between 2013 and 2023 (Figure 1). Exceedances of one or more pesticides were detected at between 11% and 18% of groundwater bodies, an increase compared to previous versions of the indicator following the methodology update.

Pesticides most often causing exceedance in surface water monitoring sites (in absolute numbers) in the last six years are the herbicides MCPA, terbuthylazine, metolachlor and the insecticide imidacloprid. These were approved for use as plant protection products for at least part of the monitoring period.

In groundwater, the herbicide atrazine and its metabolites as well as glyphosate and bentazone caused most exceedances (in absolute numbers) in the last six years, as a proportion of total water bodies. Atrazine was not approved for use in plant protection products during the monitoring period. Despite restrictions on atrazine since 2007, it continues to be found in groundwater, as it is very persistent. Glyphosate is currently approved until December 2033. Bentazone is currently approved until October 2027.

Losses from the application of pesticides may vary considerably between years, depending on crop type and weather, for example. Yet, the frequency of monitoring of pesticides in surface waters can be limited to one year out of three. Characteristics of the monitoring campaigns (e.g. count of samples taken annually, of pesticides monitored, and of monitoring sites) may vary from year to year. Changes to the approval status of pesticides influence their use and presence in water, which can also lead to difficulties in interpreting trends over time. For these reasons, changes between years may not be significant.

Figure 2. Percentage of reported waterbodies with pesticides exceeding thresholds in rivers, lakes and groundwater in European countries, 2018-2023

Figure 2 shows the latest, shorter period between 2018 and 2023, where pesticides were reported from a total of 8,858 river water bodies, 1,563 lake water bodies and 3,691 groundwater bodies. The number of water bodies with data reported for rivers varies by country from less than ten (Hungary, Iceland, Luxembourg, Malta, Montenegro) to more than 1,000 (France, Italy, Spain). Numbers for lakes range from one (Norway, Iceland, Lithuania) to more than 700 in Spain. There is similar variation in groundwater water bodies, ranging from one in Montenegro to more than 600 water bodies in Germany and Italy.

The number of pesticides reported in rivers ranges from fewer than ten substances (Iceland, Malta, Romania) to more than 100 substances (Belgium, Czechia, Finland, France, Italy, Netherlands, Spain). For groundwater, the lowest number of pesticides monitored was reported from Austria (6) and the highest from France (272).

Exceedance rates of more than 30% were reported in 12 of 31 countries for rivers, in 4 of 21 countries for lakes and in 5 of 22 countries for groundwater.

Supporting information

DefinitionMethodologyPolicy/environmental relevance

Policy context and targets

Context

The Water Framework Directive (WFD) and its daughter directives on , as , and quality standards for groundwaterset quality objectives and targets for pesticides in surface waters and groundwater and should protect water quality from pesticide pollution.

According to the WFD, pesticide concentrations above critical threshold levels lead to surface waters failing to achieve ‘good chemical status’, based on pesticides listed as priority substances, and ‘good ecological status’, based on pesticides listed as river basin-specific pollutants. The WFD also lists pesticides that are groundwater pollutants to assess the chemical status of groundwaters. For each pesticide, a quality standard of 0.1µg/L was set in the Groundwater Directive, which is not a health-based, but a general precautionary limit value.

Failure to achieve effect thresholds and quality standards in water means failure to achieve the environmental objectives of the WFD.

The European Green Deal and its associated strategies and actions — the Zero Pollution Action Plan, Farm to Fork Strategy, Biodiversity Strategy and Chemicals Strategy for Sustainability — brings renewed ambition to significantly reduce the use of and risk from pesticides and improve the risk assessment of chemicals.

EU policies aimed at reducing the potential risk from pesticides are also supported by the 8th Environment Action Programme, the , the and the .

The 8th Environment Action Programme set the objective to pursue zero pollution, including in relation to harmful chemicals, and including air, water and soil, and protecting the health and well- being of people, animals and ecosystems from environment-related risks and negative impacts.
The Plant Protection Products Regulation sets out rules for the authorisation of plant protection products and their marketing, use and control.
The Sustainable Use of Pesticides Directive aims to reduce the risks and impacts of pesticide use on human health and the environment and to promote the use of integrated pest management and alternatives such as non-chemical approaches.
The Biocidal Products Regulation focuses on the marketing and use of biocidal products.

Accuracy and uncertainties

Effect threshold data (i.e. EQS for surface waters and 0.1µg/L for groundwaters)

In surface waters (rivers and lakes), ecotoxicologically-based effect thresholds were determined to assess exceedance rates at water bodies. The exceedance of these thresholds indicates pollution by pesticides at levels potentially affecting aquatic ecosystems. The EQS have not necessarily been defined in every country according to the same criteria as those used here, which makes a comparison of national assessments with this indicator difficult. For rivers, effect thresholds could be identified for only 56% of the pesticides reported, so that the actual risk of pesticides in surface waters is likely to be underestimated.

In groundwater, exceedances were assessed against the 0.1µg/L quality standard set out in the Groundwater Directive. No regulated quality standards for non-relevant metabolites are available and so they were excluded from the assessment.

The indicator demonstrates a need to harmonise limit values (including nationally set river basin-specific pollutant EQS values).

Measured environmental data (i.e. monitoring data reported under WISE SoE WISE-6)

The differences in the underlying data (e.g. number of samples taken annually, sampling methodology, number of pesticides, number of monitoring sites, number of water bodies) between years and countries must be considered for direct comparisons. The calculation method used to determine exceedance rates with water body size weighting attempts to take into account the imbalance of the data. However, a representative set of water bodies and sampling time points for all relevant pesticides should be monitored and reported to achieve a representative overview of pesticide concentrations in European waters.

With regard to the general methodological approach of the present indicator calculation, the "one-out-all-out" principle applied does not reflect the magnitude of the threshold exceedance or the potentially greater impact due to the simultaneous presence of several pesticides in a water body.

Data sources and providers

Metadata

DPSIRTopicsTagsTemporal coverageGeographic coverage

TypologyUN SDGsUnit of measure

The indicator is expressed as percentages of water bodies where one or more pesticides exceed the effect threshold for rivers or lakes or the quality standard for groundwater.

To reduce the impact of uneven spatial and temporal data reporting, a water body weighting factor was used for Figure 1:

∑ Share of water bodies with exceedances per country (%) × country water body size (km|km²) /

∑ Waterbody size of countries with reported water bodies included in the analysis per year (km|km²)

The water body size weighting factor was not used for Figure 2 in the indicator.

Frequency of dissemination

References and footnotes

Pesticides include both active substances from plant protection products and biocides as well as their relevant metabolites.
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The herbicide MCPA was approved for use in plant protection products during the monitoring period.
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The herbicide terbuthylazine was approved for use in plant protection products during the monitoring period.
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The insecticide imidacloprid was not approved for use in plant protection products during the monitoring period.
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In Waterbase Water Quality, results of metolachlor and S-metolachlor are combined. The herbicide metolachlor was not approved during the monitoring period, S-metolachlor was approved until January 2024
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The herbicide atrazine was not approved for use in plant protection products during the monitoring period.
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The herbicide glyphosate is currently approved for use in plant production products until December 2033.
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The herbicide bentazone is currently approved until October 2027.
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<div class="csl-bib-body" style="line-height: 1.35; "> <div class="csl-entry">EU, 2008, Directive 2008/105/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2008 on environmental quality standards in the field of water policy, amending and subsequently repealing Council Directives 82/176/EEC, 83/513/EEC, 84/156/EEC, 84/491/EEC, 86/280/EEC and amending Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council, OJ L 348, 24.12.2008, p. 84-97.</div> </div>
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<div class="csl-bib-body" style="line-height: 1.35; "> <div class="csl-entry">EU, 2013, Directive 2013/39/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 August 2013 amending Directives 2000/60/EC and 2008/105/EC as regards priority substances in the field of water policy, OJ L 226, 24.8.2013, p. 1–17.</div> </div>
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Directive 2006/118/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 December 2006 on the protection of groundwater against pollution and deterioration.
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<div class="csl-bib-body" style="line-height: 1.35; "> <div class="csl-entry">EU, 2009, Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 October 2009 concerning the placing of plant protection products on the market and repealing Council Directives 79/117/EEC and 91/414/EEC, OJ L 309, 24.11.2009, p. 1-50.</div> </div>
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<div class="csl-bib-body" style="line-height: 1.35; "> <div class="csl-entry">EU, 2009, Directive 2009/128/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 October 2009 establishing a framework for Community action to achieve the sustainable use of pesticides, OJ L 309, 24.11.2009, p. 71-86.</div> </div>
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<div class="csl-bib-body" style="line-height: 1.35; "> <div class="csl-entry">EU, 2012, Regulation (EU) No 528/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 May 2012 concerning the making available on the market and use of biocidal products, OJ L 167, 27.6.2012, p. 1-123.</div> </div>
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