Common bird index in the EU, 1990-2023

The figure shows changes in population abundance of 168 common bird species, including those associated with specific habitats: 39 common farmland bird species and 34 common forest bird species. The index for each group is calculated as an EU aggregate, using 1990 as reference year. Each of the three EU bird indices is presented as a smoothed time series and is calculated with 95% confidence limits.