L’environnement dans l’Union européenne à l’aube du XXI ème siècle

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Publication Créé 20/06/1999 Publié 20/06/1999
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Publication Créé 20/06/1999 Publié 20/06/1999
Environmental assessment report No 2

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: 92-9157-202-0
: GH-18-98-784-FR-C

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Mean temperature increase, 1990-2050 Mean temperature increase, 1990-2050 The IMAGE model consists of three sub-models: 'Energy-Industry', which computes the global emissions of greenhouse gases as a function of energy consumption and industrial production, 'Terrestrial Environment', which simulates the changes in global land cover and the flux from greenhouse gases from the biosphere into the atmosphere and 'Atmosphere-Ocean', which computes the average global and regional temperature and precipitation patterns.
Changes in cadmium emissions, 1990-2010 Changes in cadmium emissions, 1990-2010
Political map of Europe Political map of Europe
Change in exceedance of ozone concentration, 1990-2010 Change in exceedance of ozone concentration, 1990-2010 Number of days the WHO criterion is exceeded for emissions in 1990 and for projected emissions in 2010
Areas in EU eligible under the regional objective of the Structural Funds (1994-99) Areas in EU eligible under the regional objective of the Structural Funds (1994-99) The most relevant of these objectives from a rural areas perspective are: - Objective 1, applying to regions which are lagging behind economically, with a GDP of less than 75% of the EU average; - Objective 5a providing support for downstream processing of agricultural produce as well as investment aid and compensatory allowances in less favoured areas; - Objective 5b, applying to rural areas with a low level of socio-economic development, high dependency on agricultural employment, low agricultural incomes and population problems (low density or declining population); - Objective 6, applying to regions north of the 62nd parallel with a very low population density (less than 8 inhabitants/sq
Pressures by urban areas and transport network Pressures by urban areas and transport network
Agricultural intensification of grassland Agricultural intensification of grassland
Exceedance of critical loads for acidifying nitrogen in 1996 Exceedance of critical loads for acidifying nitrogen in 1996
Changes in benzo(a)pyrene emissions 1990-2010 Changes in benzo(a)pyrene emissions 1990-2010
Data availability in EU for hot spots analysis Data availability in EU for hot spots analysis
Urban expansion in Dublin Urban expansion in Dublin
Fragmentation by major roads of large forest complexes (>600 km²) Fragmentation by major roads of large forest complexes (>600 km²)
Increase in trans-European transport network 1995-2010 Increase in trans-European transport network 1995-2010
Regional predominant pressures on wet grassland Regional predominant pressures on wet grassland
Uptake of agri-environmental support in Ireland 1998 Uptake of agri-environmental support in Ireland 1998 Area in Rural Environment Protection Scheme (REPS)
Exceedance of critical loads for sulphur in 1996 Exceedance of critical loads for sulphur in 1996
Comparison of population distribution by administrative unit and by land cover unit Comparison of population distribution by administrative unit and by land cover unit
Changes in lead deposition, 1990-2010 Changes in lead deposition, 1990-2010
Exceedance of acceptable copper corrosion levels in Europe Exceedance of acceptable copper corrosion levels in Europe Note that the calculation will underestimate the total corrosion in the larger cities.
Zoom in on urban and rural areas Zoom in on urban and rural areas The focus is on regions that are already very highly urbanised and the occurrence of urbanisation patterns
Drainage basins of regional seas Drainage basins of regional seas
Ratio of forest and semi-natural areas to agriculture and urban areas by administrative unit Ratio of forest and semi-natural areas to agriculture and urban areas by administrative unit
Agricultural abandonment of grassland Agricultural abandonment of grassland
Urban expansion in Porto Urban expansion in Porto
Forest around capitals in Europe Forest around capitals in Europe
Fragmentation by urbanisation, infrastructure and agriculture Fragmentation by urbanisation, infrastructure and agriculture
Changes in population 1981-1996 by adminsitrative unit Changes in population 1981-1996 by adminsitrative unit
Dominant landscapes Dominant landscapes Landscapes as groupings of landcover types
Average daily motor road traffic 1995 Average daily motor road traffic 1995 -
Accumulated excess of ozone concentration Accumulated excess of ozone concentration Almost the entire population of Europe is exposed to ozone levels exceeding the WHO guideline for protection of human health
Average annual runoff Average annual runoff Notes: Map prepared at a 10 km x 10 km grid resolution, showing average run-off with some smoothing of local detail
Annual average nitrate concentration in rivers Annual average nitrate concentration in rivers
Deposition of sulphur in the Black Triangle, 1997 Deposition of sulphur in the Black Triangle, 1997
Regional coincidence of some environmental pressures and impacts (hot spots) Regional coincidence of some environmental pressures and impacts (hot spots)
Urban, rural, coastal and mountain areas in Europe Urban, rural, coastal and mountain areas in Europe
Forest and semi-natural area per inhabitant by administrative unit Forest and semi-natural area per inhabitant by administrative unit
Annual average phosphorus concentration in rivers Annual average phosphorus concentration in rivers
Distribution of the bittern in Europe Distribution of the bittern in Europe
Zoom in on mountain and coastal areas Perpignan-Torino Zoom in on mountain and coastal areas Perpignan-Torino What happens in the coastal zone is important to all Europeans
Changes in lindane deposition, 1990-2010 Changes in lindane deposition, 1990-2010
Forests Forests
Population density and land cover in coastal areas Population density and land cover in coastal areas
Exceedance of critical loads for eutrophying nitrogen in 1996 Exceedance of critical loads for eutrophying nitrogen in 1996
Built-up land by major river catchment area Built-up land by major river catchment area
Mean of daily summer maximum concentration of ozone Mean of daily summer maximum concentration of ozone The model indicates a clear gradient over Europe: summertime concentrations ranging from 60 mg/m3 in the northern part to more than 100 mg/m3 in the central part and in the Mediterranean region (1 ppb O3 >> 2 mg/m3).
Biogeographical regions in Europe 1998 Biogeographical regions in Europe 1998
Regional predominant pressures on coniferous forest Regional predominant pressures on coniferous forest
Regional predominant pressures on dry grassland Regional predominant pressures on dry grassland
Urban centres around the Alps Urban centres around the Alps

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