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Indicator Assessment
Hazardous substances in marine organisms in European seas
Note: The maps show eight contaminants distributed in four regional seas (no data available for the Black Sea). In each map the locations where the contaminant was measured are coloured to indicate which class was registered; green (low concentration), yellow (moderate concentration) or red (high concentration). The pie charts cover the North Atlantic Sea, the Baltic Sea and the Mediterranean Sea, showing the percentage of each class of the regional seas. Any regional trend for a particular class is indicated by black arrows.
The findings of the station-by-station overview of 2008-2017 concentrations of hazardous substances in mussels and fish are summarised below. Note that, in some cases, the way we have traditionally defined 'moderate' levels meant that EU environmental quality standards (EQS) were exceeded. Any concentrations of hazardous substances exceeding EQS are unacceptable for marine organisms.
Cadmium: an EQS for cadmium in biota has yet to be developed; however, risk-based limits from the OSPAR Commission and the limits set for the EU Regulation on limits of hazardous substances in foodstuffs (1881/2006/EC) were used to define the lower and upper limits for the 'moderate' class, respectively. Concentrations of cadmium in recent years have generally been classified as 'moderate' or, to a lesser degree, 'low' in mussels and fish from the North-East Atlantic Ocean and Baltic Sea, and mussels from the Mediterranean Sea (Fig. 1). 'High' concentrations, which were those that exceeded the limits set in the Foodstuffs Regulation and likely to pose a risk for marine organisms, were found in the North-East Atlantic Ocean and Baltic Sea.
Mercury: there is an EQS for mercury in biota, which defines the lower limit of the 'moderate' class for this substance. Concentrations of mercury in recent years have generally been classified as 'moderate' or, to a lesser degree, 'low' in mussels and fish from the North-East Atlantic Ocean and Baltic Sea, and mussels from the Mediterranean Sea. These 'moderate' concentrations exceeded the EQS but were lower than the limits set in the EU Foodstuffs Regulation. Nevertheless, 'moderate' and 'high' values together are dominant in the European seas assessed and not acceptable for marine organisms.
Lead: an EQS for lead in biota has yet to be developed; however, background-based limits from the OSPAR Commission and the limits set for foodstuffs in the EU have been used to define the lower and upper limits for the 'moderate' class, respectively. Concentrations of lead in recent years have generally been classified as 'moderate' or, to a lesser degree, 'low' in mussels and fish from the North-East Atlantic Ocean and Baltic Sea, and mussels from the Mediterranean Sea (Fig. 1). 'High' concentrations, which were those that exceeded the limits set in the EU Foodstuffs Regulation and likely to pose risk for marine organisms, were found, but in a small proportion, across all the seas assessed.
Hexachlorobenzene (HCB): there is an EQS for HCB in biota, which defines the upper limit of the 'moderate' class for this substance. Concentrations of HCB in recent years have generally been classified as 'moderate' or, to a lesser degree, 'low' in mussels and fish from the North-East Atlantic Ocean and Baltic Sea, and mussels from the Mediterranean Sea (Fig. 1). 'High' concentrations, which are not as common as 'moderate' concentrations in the European seas assessed, exceeded the EQS and are not acceptable for marine organisms.
Lindane (HCHG): an EQS for lindane in biota has yet to be developed; however, background- and risk-based limits from the OSPAR Commission were used to define the lower and upper limits of the 'moderate' class, respectively. Concentrations of Lindane in recent years have generally been classified as 'low' or, to a lesser degree, 'high' in mussels and fish from the North-East Atlantic Ocean and Baltic Sea, whereas concentrations in mussels from the Mediterranean Sea were classified as 'high' at all stations (Fig. 1). 'High' concentrations exceeded the OSPAR Commission risk-based environmental assessment criteria and likely to pose a risk for marine organisms.
DDT: an EQS for DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) in biota has yet to be developed; however, background limits from the OSPAR Commission and risk-based limits from the Norwegian EQS were used to define the lower and upper limits for the 'moderate' class, respectively. Concentrations of DDT in recent years have generally been classified as 'moderate' in mussels and fish from the North-East Atlantic Ocean and Baltic Sea, and in mussels from the Mediterranean Sea (Fig. 1). 'High' concentrations , which were found, but in a small proportion, in the North-East Atlantic Ocean are likely to pose a risk for marine organisms.
Polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs): EQSs for PCBs in biota have yet to be developed; however, background- and risk-based limits from Norway and the OSPAR Commission were used to define the lower and upper limits for the moderate class, respectively. Concentrations of PCBs in recent years have generally been classified as 'moderate' or, to a lesser degree, 'high' in mussels and fish from the North-East Atlantic Ocean and Baltic Sea, and mussels from the Mediterranean Sea (Fig. 1). 'Moderate' and 'high' concentrations were those that exceeded the OSPAR Commission environmental assessment criteria and likely to pose a risk for marine organisms.
Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP): this occurs naturally in the sea but concentrations can be excessive as a result of anthropogenic activities. There is an EQS for BaP in biota, which defines the upper limit of the 'moderate' class for this substance. Concentrations of BaP in recent years have generally been classified as 'moderate' or, to a lesser degree, 'high' in mussels from the North-East Atlantic Ocean and Baltic Sea, and mussels from the Mediterranean Sea (Fig. 1). 'High' values, which reflect considerable proportions of the European seas assessed, exceeded the EQS and are not acceptable for marine organisms.
Changes in trends in the concentrations of hazardous substances in European seas since the last assessment (2003-2012) are summarised below.
Cadmium: this assessment, based on results for 2008-2017, shows improvements from the last assessment, based on the results for 2003-2012, which detected a general downward trend for North East Atlantic Ocean. Improvements could have been caused by a decrease in cadmium inputs for this region.
Mercury: the current assessment (2008-2017) detects a general upward trend for the North-East Atlantic Ocean, as seen in the previous assessment (2003-2012).
Lead: a downward trend was detected for stations with 'low' concentrations in the North-East Atlantic, whereas a general upward trend was detected for stations with 'moderate' concentrations in the same region. These findings for 2008-2017 only partly support the findings from the last assessment (2003-2012) and, hence, only partly reflect the decrease in inputs for this region.
HCB: in the previous assessment (2003-2014), a general downward trend was found for the North-East Atlantic. However, no general trends were detected in the latest assessment (2008-2017), which indicates that the impact of abatement policies, as a whole, might have stabilised.
Lindane: in the previous assessment (2003-2014), a general downward trend was found for the North-East Atlantic Ocean as well as for the Baltic Sea. However, no general trends were detected in the latest assessment (2008-2017), which indicates that the impact of abatement policies, as a whole, might have has stabilised.
DDT: in the previous assessment (2003-2014), a general downward trend was found for the North-East Atlantic Ocean. However, no general trends were detected in the current assessment (2008-2017), which indicates that the impact of abatement policies, as a whole, might have stabilised.
PCBs: in the previous assessment (2003-2014), a general downward trend was found for the North-East Atlantic Ocean as well as for the Baltic Sea. In the latest assessment (2008-2017), a general downward trend was found for the North-East Atlantic Ocean.
BaP: in the previous assessment (2003-2014), a general downward trend was found for the North-East Atlantic Ocean. However, for the current assessment, based on results for 2008-2017, no general trends were detected, which indicates that the impact of abatement policies, as a whole, has stabilised.
This indicator describes the levels of and trends in the levels of eight hazardous substances in marine biota in European seas, based on individual assessments of monitoring data for the following substances:
The indicator is based on data on the levels of these substances measured in organisms from the regional seas as follows:
The classification in the maps is based on concentrations in µg/kg, which are then classified into one of three classes: green (low concentration), yellow (moderate concentration) or red (high concentration). In addition, a pie chart shows the percentage accounted for by each class within each of the four regional seas.
A range of EU, regional and national legislation has been implemented in Europe to address the use of chemicals and their emission to the environment, including to fresh and marine waters:
Complementing these efforts are the Basel, Rotterdam and Stockholm Conventions, which are multilateral environmental agreements that have the common objective of protecting human health and the environment from hazardous chemicals and wastes.
The aim of the WFD was to achieve zero, near-zero or background contaminant concentrations (more specifically defined in a daughter directive on environmental quality standards, i.e. the EQSD, 2008/105/EC), depending on the contaminant. This was to be achieved through abatement actions in relation to emmissions, with the objective of reaching good ecological and chemical status by 2015 for fresh, transitional and coastal waters. Goals similar to those of the WFD have also been outlined by OSPAR and the Baltic Marine Environment Protection Commission (Helcom). For the Mediterranean Sea, similar targets have been adopted. The reduction and phasing-out targets were formulated in accordance with related regional and international conventions and programmes, such as EU directives, policies and strategies, and the Stockholm and Basel Conventions. However, similar targets have yet to be formulated for the Black Sea, although discussions are under way.
Within the scope of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive, hazardous substances are the relevant criteria and indicators in marine waters under Descriptor 8 ('Concentrations of contaminants are at levels not giving rise to pollution effects') and Descriptor 9 ('Contaminants in fish and other seafood for human consumption do not exceed levels established by Community legislation or other relevant standards'). In this regard, Member States are required to take into account relevant existing environmental targets, including the EQSs set out in the EQSD. Therefore, this directive applies to waters covered by both the WFD and the Marine Strategy Framework Directive, i.e. the seaward side of the baseline to the extent of territorial waters. A process is under way to define standards for the hazardous substances listed in biota, with a view to applying these to the marine and coastal environments.
The two main sources of data for this indicator are ICES and EMODNet datasets. ICES data come from OSPAR and HELCOM contracting parties, and are therefore sub-samples of national data assembled for the purpose of providing comparable indicators of state and impact of transitional, coastal and marine waters (TCM-data) on a Europe-wide scale. In addition, data supplied by EMODnet were combined with the ICES data.
Geographical coverage
Temporal coverage
Concentrations in biota were measured during the period from 1978 to 2017. However, the assessment only includes time series from 2008 onward and that cover at least 2 years, not necessarily contiguous. Trends were calculated for only time series with at least 5 years of data with at least one non-censored measurement (see more details in methodology link below); many of these series have gaps, with intervals of 2 or more years between observations.
Tissues
For fish, only concentrations from the following tissues were used:
Other samples were discarded. This is the same procedure as that followed by OSPAR.
More details on the methodology and limit concentrations used for classification can be found here.
The assessment method does not require that time series be complete, so no actions are taken to fill such gaps. Instead, the method adapts to gaps in the time series.
The regional assessments are based on tallies of results for a single time series within each region, without further consideration of geographical distribution within the region. Any gaps in the geographical coverage will mean that the regional assessment may not be representative of the region as a whole. No attempts are made to extrapolate results from available data to estimate conditions in geographical areas without data.
Aggregated data do not necessarily convey the uncertainty problems. In addition, the time coverage is very variable between series and some of the trends shown may be based mainly on older data. The statistical significance of trends is based on a two-sided test with a nominal 5 % significance level, performed separately for each time series, without regard to serial correlation. A finding of 'No trend' (i.e. no statistically significant trend) may be due either to a lack of any real trend or to insufficient data (too few years in the data series or values in general being below the reporting limit).
This assessment is based on data reported to the EEA by EEA member countries. These data have significant gaps in terms of coverage (geographical and temporal) and consistency, especially for the Mediterranean and Black Seas. These data uncertainties, therefore, hinder a more comprehensive assessment of concentrations of and trends in hazardous substances in European marine waters. The assessment therefore does not necessarily convey the uncertainty these problems cause. It should also be noted that the three-class system used to classify the concentrations of hazardous substances (as green, yellow or red) does not necessarily highlight risks to human consumption.
The classification system reflects both observed levels of contaminants and the uncertainty in relation to the trends or levels indicated by the available data. Thus, a red classification does not necessarily mean that estimated levels are above the limit; it may merely indicate that the uncertainty is so large (because of lack of data and/or high variability in data) that it cannot be concluded with reasonable confidence that the true level is below the highest limit. It should also be noted that this three-class system for classifying concentrations of hazardous substances in fish does not highlight cases in which there is a risk to human consumption.
More generally, it should also be noted that considerable efforts have been made (i.e. at the policy, management and research levels) to establish and maintain monitoring programmes to assess the level and effect of and trends in hazardous substances in biota, and to select the most appropriate indicator tissues for particular species. However, there is a lack of reliable and consistent data for many hazardous substances and for several regions. Although basic legislation is in place to combat excessive exposure, specific assessment criteria with respect to levels, trends and effects need to be further developed for the indicator matrices. Furthermore, the measurement of concentrations in biota is not coordinated with measurements of inputs, which enhances the uncertainty in the correlation between the two.
It should also be noted that this indicator should not be used as an assessment of compliance monitoring in relation to the WFD, mainly because the monitoring strategy and assessment criteria used in this indicator measure the status of hazardous substances in biota, whereas the WFD EQSs concern concentrations in water for the most part. The exceptions include mercury and HCB in 'prey tissue', i.e. the whole individual, which would only apply to mussels in this indicator. There is a provision under the EQSD that allows Member States to establish other EQSs for biota (and sediment) for other substances as long as they provide the same level of protection. The ongoing development of technical guidance for deriving EQSs for the WFD should help Member States if they choose this solution. In addition to this, Member States will also have to take account of new legislation, for example technical specifications for chemical analysis (Directive 2009/90/EC) and updates to the EQSD, for example the Priority Substances Directive 2013/39/EU.
For references, please go to https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/hazardous-substances-in-marine-organisms-3/assessment or scan the QR code.
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