EU 2010 Biodiversity Baseline

Publication Created 31 May 2010 Published 31 May 2010
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The EU 2010 Biodiversity Baseline provides facts and figures on the state and trends of the different biodiversity and ecosystem components. It thereby supports the EU in developing the post‑2010 sub‑targets and provides factual data for measuring and monitoring progress in the EU from 2011 to 2020.
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Publication Created 31 May 2010 Published 31 May 2010
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Technical report No 12/2010
The EU 2010 Biodiversity Baseline provides facts and figures on the state and trends of the different biodiversity and ecosystem components. It thereby supports the EU in developing the post‑2010 sub‑targets and provides factual data for measuring and monitoring progress in the EU from 2011 to 2020.

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    Exceedance of critical loads for eutrophication due to the deposition of nutrient nitrogen in 2010 Exceedance of critical loads for eutrophication due to the deposition of nutrient nitrogen in 2010 The results were computed using the 2008 Critical Loads database hosted by the Coordination Centre for Effects (CCE).
    The relative importance of soil biodiversity threats on the basis of expert judgement The relative importance of soil biodiversity threats on the basis of expert judgement -
    Impacts of invasive alien species at EU level Impacts of invasive alien species at EU level -
    Impact of over-exploitation on species at EU level Impact of over-exploitation on species at EU level -
    Impacts of pollution on species at EU level Impacts of pollution on species at EU level -
    CLC changes between 1990 and 2006 (km2) CLC changes between 1990 and 2006 (km2) -
    Impact of habitat change on species at EU level Impact of habitat change on species at EU level -
    Conservation status of species of European Union interest in marine ecosystems Conservation status of species of European Union interest in marine ecosystems Statistics by region on the left, overall statistics on the right.
    Conservation status of habitat types of European Union interest in marine ecosystems Conservation status of habitat types of European Union interest in marine ecosystems Statistics by region on the left, overall statistics on the right.
    Percentage of the coastal zone within 10 km of the shoreline protected by Natura 2000 sites per NUTS3 region in the EU-27 Percentage of the coastal zone within 10 km of the shoreline protected by Natura 2000 sites per NUTS3 region in the EU-27 The highest proportion of coastal zone covered by Natura 2000 sites is located on Germany's Baltic coast, the Baltic States coast, Denmark's western coast, Ireland's north-western coast, France's eastern Atlantic coast, western and south-western of the Iberian Peninsula, coast of Almeria, northern Catalan coast, northern and central Adriatic coast of Italy, western Crete and Thrace (Greece).
    Causes of loss of coastal ecosystems Causes of loss of coastal ecosystems -
    Conservation status of species of European Union interest in lake and river ecosystems per group Conservation status of species of European Union interest in lake and river ecosystems per group -
    Conservation status of species of European interest in lake and river ecosystems Conservation status of species of European interest in lake and river ecosystems Statistics by region on the left, overall statistics on the right
    Conservation status of habitat types of European Union interest in lake and river ecosystems Conservation status of habitat types of European Union interest in lake and river ecosystems Statistics by region on the left, overall statistics on the right.
    Conservation status of species of European Union interest in wetland ecosystems per group Conservation status of species of European Union interest in wetland ecosystems per group -
    Conservation status of species of European interest in wetland ecosystems Conservation status of species of European interest in wetland ecosystems Statistics by region on the left, overall statistics on the right
    Conservation status of habitat types of European Union interest in wetland ecosystems Conservation status of habitat types of European Union interest in wetland ecosystems Statistics by region on the left, overall statistics on the right.
    Conservation status of species of European Union interest in forest ecosystems per group Conservation status of species of European Union interest in forest ecosystems per group -
    Causes of change of forest areas and transitional woodland shrubs Causes of change of forest areas and transitional woodland shrubs -
    Conservation status of species of European Union interest in heath and scrub ecosystems per group Conservation status of species of European Union interest in heath and scrub ecosystems per group -
    Conservation status of species of European Union interest in heath and scrub ecosystems Conservation status of species of European Union interest in heath and scrub ecosystems Statistics by region on the left, overall statistics on the right.
    Conservation status of habitat types of European Union interest in heath and scrub ecosystems Conservation status of habitat types of European Union interest in heath and scrub ecosystems statistics by region on the left, overall statistics on the right.
    Conservation status of species of European Union interest in grassland ecosystems per group Conservation status of species of European Union interest in grassland ecosystems per group -
    Conservation status of species of European Union interest in grassland ecosystems Conservation status of species of European Union interest in grassland ecosystems Statistics by region on the left, overall statistics on the right.
    Conservation status of habitat types of European Union interest in grassland ecosystems Conservation status of habitat types of European Union interest in grassland ecosystems Statistics by region on the left, overall statistics on the right.
    Cause of loss of grasslands Cause of loss of grasslands -
    Loss of agricultural land to artificial surfaces in Europe from 1990 to 2000 Loss of agricultural land to artificial surfaces in Europe from 1990 to 2000 The percentage of loss of agricultural land to artificial surfaces 1990-2000 has been more significant in the Netherlands, Germany, Belgium, western Portugal, the eastern coast of Spain and Sardinia.
    Trends in the common bird indicators for the European Union, base = 1990 Trends in the common bird indicators for the European Union, base = 1990 -
    Conservation status of species of European Union interest in agro-ecosystems per group Conservation status of species of European Union interest in agro-ecosystems per group -
    Causes of loss of semi-natural areas Causes of loss of semi-natural areas -
    Causes of loss of mixed cultivated land Causes of loss of mixed cultivated land -
    Cumulative surface area of sites designated for Birds Directive over time (SPAs) Cumulative surface area of sites designated for Birds Directive over time (SPAs) The figure shows the cumulative surface area of sites designated for Birds Directive over time (SPAs)
    Cumulative surface area of sites designated by the Habitats Directive over time (SCIs) Cumulative surface area of sites designated by the Habitats Directive over time (SCIs) The figure shows the cumulative surface area of sites designated by the Habitats Directive over time (SCIs)
    Number of crops and wild relatives species present in the Annexes to the Habitats Directive Number of crops and wild relatives species present in the Annexes to the Habitats Directive -
    Conservation status of endemic species from Annex II to the Habitats Directive Conservation status of endemic species from Annex II to the Habitats Directive -
    Proportion of endemic species in Annex II to the Habitats Directive Proportion of endemic species in Annex II to the Habitats Directive Proportion of endemic species in Annex II to the Habitats Directive
    Conservation status of species per region Conservation status of species per region Conservation status of species per region of Community interest
    Conservation status of species Conservation status of species Conservation status of species in EU except Bulgaria and Romania
    Conservation status of habitats per region Conservation status of habitats per region Conservation status of habitats per region of Community interest.
    Conservation status of habitats Conservation status of habitats Conservation status of habitats of Community interest.
    Threat status of EU species Threat status of EU species Red list status of amphibians, terrestrial mammals, marine mammals, reptiles, butterflies and dragonflies in EU.
    Trends of European amphibians, reptiles and mammals Trends of European amphibians, reptiles and mammals Population trends of European amphibians, reptiles and mammals.
    Endemism of EU native species — amphibians, reptiles, mammals, dragonflies and butterflies Endemism of EU native species — amphibians, reptiles, mammals, dragonflies and butterflies -
    Status of fish stocks in International Council for Exploration of the Sea (ICES) and General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean (GFCM) fishing regions of Europe Status of fish stocks in International Council for Exploration of the Sea (ICES) and General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean (GFCM) fishing regions of Europe The map shows the status of the fish stocks in ICES and GFCM fishing regions of Europe in 2008. Status of fish stocks was assessed in 2009 (ICES) and from 2002-2009 (GFCM), although data refers to 2008 in the ICES regions and 2005 in the GFCM regions.
    Land cover change between 1990 and 2006 — area change for major habitat classes Land cover change between 1990 and 2006 — area change for major habitat classes How to read the graph: from 1990 to 2006, artificial areas (housing and industrial areas and infrastructure) increased by nearly 8 %, whereas wetlands decreased by nearly 3 %.
    Grassland butterflies — population index (1990 = 100) Grassland butterflies — population index (1990 = 100) How to read the graph: since 1990, grassland butterflies have declined by almost 70 %.
    Chlorophyll-a concentrations in European seas, 2008 Chlorophyll-a concentrations in European seas, 2008 Chlorophyll-a concentrations in European seas in 2008 based on observations
    Winter oxidized nitrogen (NO2 + NO3) concentrations in European seas in 2008 Winter oxidized nitrogen (NO2 + NO3) concentrations in European seas in 2008 The map shows the winter oxidized nitrogen concentrations in the European coastal and open waters in 2008. The low category refers to values within the lowest 20th percentile and the high category refers to values within the upper 20th percentile of concentrations in a regional sea
    Conservation status of species of European Union interest in marine habitats Conservation status of species of European Union interest in marine habitats Conservation status of species of European Union interest in marine ecosystems per group
    European Footprint, biocapacity and reserve or deficit European Footprint, biocapacity and reserve or deficit How to read the graph: from 1961 to 2006, Europe’s Ecological Footprint increased from 3 to 4 ha/person.
    Main impacts on threatened and non-threatened species at EU level (%) Main impacts on threatened and non-threatened species at EU level (%) -
    Conservation status of assessed habitats in EU‑25 Conservation status of assessed habitats in EU‑25 - Annex I to the Habitats Directive includes a wide variety of habitats which are divided into nine groups of related habitat types such as forests and grassland. - Between these groups, dune habitats, grasslands and bogs, mires and fens have the worst conservation status.
    Landscape fragmentation in the EU‑27 (% of total terrestrial area) Landscape fragmentation in the EU‑27 (% of total terrestrial area) -
    Conservation status of species of European Union interest that are typical of coastal ecosystems, EU-25 Conservation status of species of European Union interest that are typical of coastal ecosystems, EU-25 -
    Conservation status of species of European Union interest typical of coastal ecosystems in the EU-25 Conservation status of species of European Union interest typical of coastal ecosystems in the EU-25 Conservation status of species per biogeographical area in coastal ecosystems.
    Conservation status of coastal habitat types of European Union interest in the EU-25 Conservation status of coastal habitat types of European Union interest in the EU-25 Conservation status of habitats per biogeographical area in coastal ecosystems
    Relative change in land cover within 10 km of the coast in 27 European countries * 2000–2006 Relative change in land cover within 10 km of the coast in 27 European countries * 2000–2006 * including 20 EU Member States, data not available for Greece and the United Kingdom.
    Conservation status of species of European Union interest in agro-ecosystems in EU-25 Conservation status of species of European Union interest in agro-ecosystems in EU-25 Conservation status of species per biogeographic area in agro-ecosystems.
    Conservation status of habitat types of European Union interest in agro-ecosystems in EU-25 Conservation status of habitat types of European Union interest in agro-ecosystems in EU-25 Overall statistics on the right, statistics by region on the left
    Conservation status of species of European Union interest in forest ecosystems in EU-25 Conservation status of species of European Union interest in forest ecosystems in EU-25 Conservation status of species per biogeographical area in forest ecosystems. Statistics by region on the left, overall statistics on the right.
    Concentrations of nitrate and orthophosphate in rivers and total phosphorus in lakes in the period 1992–2007 Concentrations of nitrate and orthophosphate in rivers and total phosphorus in lakes in the period 1992–2007 Total number of stations in parenthesis. Concentrations are expressed as weighted means of annual mean concentrations for rivers and lakes. Only stations with time series of seven years or more are included.
    Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5) and total ammonium concentrations in rivers between 1992 and 2007 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5) and total ammonium concentrations in rivers between 1992 and 2007 Numbers of river monitoring stations in brackets
    Conservation status of assessed species in EU-25, by taxonomic group Conservation status of assessed species in EU-25, by taxonomic group -
    Emission trends of nitrogen oxides (EEA member countries, EU-27 Member States) Emission trends of nitrogen oxides (EEA member countries, EU-27 Member States) This chart shows past emission trends of nitrogen oxides in the EEA-32 and EU-27 group of countries. In addition - for the EU-27 - the 2010 emission ceiling and aggregated projections reported by Member States are shown.
    Change in forest connectivity between 1990 and 2000 Change in forest connectivity between 1990 and 2000 How to read the map: in eastern Spain, there was a high decrease in forest connectivity between 1990 and 2000 for forestdwelling species with 1 km average dispersal distance
    Conservation status of forest-related habitat types of European Union interest listed in the EU Habitats Directive in the EU-25 (number of assessments in brackets) Conservation status of forest-related habitat types of European Union interest listed in the EU Habitats Directive in the EU-25 (number of assessments in brackets) Conservation status of habitats per biogeographic area in forest ecosystems. Statistics by region on the left, overall statistics on the right.
    Climate change impact indicator for European birds Climate change impact indicator for European birds How to read the graph: The indicator demonstrates the impact of climate change on widespread bird populations has increased strongly in the past twenty years. The Climatic Impact Indicator (CII) measures the divergence between the population trends of bird species projected to expand their range and those predicted to shrink their range due to climate change.
    Core forest fragmentation between 1990 and 2000 Core forest fragmentation between 1990 and 2000 Data from Corine Land Cover (CLC) for years 1990 and 2000, hence with same geographical coverage and forest definition as CLC; mathematical morphology based software GUIDOS (Soille and Vogt, 2009) and GIS analysis; results aggregated at provincial units (NUTS level 2/3).
    Forest utilisation rate in 2005 (annual increment in growing stock as a percentage of annual felling) for countries in the Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forests in Europe (MCPFE) Forest utilisation rate in 2005 (annual increment in growing stock as a percentage of annual felling) for countries in the Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forests in Europe (MCPFE) This map shows the forest utilisation rate in 2005 (annual increment in growing stock as a percentage of annual felling) for countries in the MCPFE
    Marine Trophic Index percentage change between 1950 and 2004 Marine Trophic Index percentage change between 1950 and 2004 How to read the graph: The MTI for the Black Sea was about 13 % lower in 2004 than it was in 1950.
    Number of the listed 'worst' terrestrial and freshwater invasive alien species threatening biodiversity in Europe Number of the listed 'worst' terrestrial and freshwater invasive alien species threatening biodiversity in Europe The numbers on the map indicate how many species from the list are present in each country. Of the list of 163 'worst' invasive alien species', 34 are present in Portugal.
    Forest area covered by introduced, non-native, tree species. Forest area covered by introduced, non-native, tree species. Of the forest area dominated by introduced tree species, 13 % have become invasive species with impacts on forest biodiversity conservation (MCPFE, 2007 in EEA, 2008)
    Deadwood in Pan-European forests, 1990-2005 Deadwood in Pan-European forests, 1990-2005 In the period 1990-2005, an overall increase in dead wood by about 4.3 % was observed in the pan-European region (EEA, 2009), a sign of more biodiversity-friendly management.
    Marine Sites of Community Importance (SCIs) in the European Union, December 2009 Marine Sites of Community Importance (SCIs) in the European Union, December 2009 The map was temporarily removed from public download until sea regions have been approved.

    News and articles

    Biodiversity beyond 2010: deciding the way ahead Biodiversity beyond 2010: deciding the way ahead World leaders and policymakers are gathering at a major conference in Japan to debate how to halt global biodiversity loss. At this 10th Conference of the Parties (COP-10), the European Environment Agency is presenting its assessments on Europe’s biodiversity, including its new report on the EU 2010 Biodiversity Baseline.
    BISE and baseline: new tools to combat biodiversity loss in Europe BISE and baseline: new tools to combat biodiversity loss in Europe At the opening session of the Green Week conference in Brussels, the European Commission and the European Environment Agency (EEA) unveiled two new tools to combat biodiversity loss: BISE (the Biodiversity Information System for Europe) and 'Biodiversity baseline'. BISE is a web portal centralising information about European biodiversity in a single location. The baseline offers a comprehensive snapshot of the current state of biodiversity and will be used to monitor progress in the renewed efforts to halt biodiversity loss.

    Related briefings

    Related publications

    EU 2010 biodiversity baseline — adapted to the MAES typology (2015) EU 2010 biodiversity baseline — adapted to the MAES typology (2015) This report presents a revised overview of the EEA's EU 2010 biodiversity baseline report. The revision is necessary because the typology of ecosystems used in the 2010 report has since been altered by a working group of biodiversity experts. The revised report provides the relevant facts and figures on the state and trends of the different biodiversity and ecosystem components recalculated to align with the new typology of ecosystems.
    Europe's forests at a glance — a breath of fresh air in a changing climate Europe's forests at a glance — a breath of fresh air in a changing climate Forests do not only provide us food, fibre and medicine, they regulate our climate and improve our quality of life. Human activities and climate change exert increasing pressure on our forest resources and the services they provide. With increasing demand on forests services on the one side, and uncertainty and risks linked to climate change on the other, we need to ensure that forests can continue fulfilling their multifunctional role.
    Towards an early warning and information system for invasive alien species (IAS) threatening biodiversity in Europe Towards an early warning and information system for invasive alien species (IAS) threatening biodiversity in Europe Invasive alien species (IAS) have become a major driver of biodiversity loss, second only to habitat fragmentation in recent decade. Europe is particularly affected by alien species, which are invading the continent an unprecedented pace. Their impact means that many of the region's rarest endemic species are on the brink of extinction and that our well-being and economies are affected. Establishing an early warning and rapid response framework for Europe become a key target. The present publication is the EEA contribution to achieving this goal.

    See also

    Where does Europe stand in 2010? Where does Europe stand in 2010? There is mounting evidence that the status of many ecosystems is reaching or has already reached the point of no return. In the same way that a 2 degree rise in global temperature above pre-industrial levels would lead to catastrophic climatic change, the loss of biodiversity beyond certain limits would have far-reaching consequences for the very functioning of the planet. These limits are still being defined, but it is already clear to the scientific community that the current rate of biodiversity loss puts the future well-being of citizens in the EU and worldwide at risk (European Commission, 2010).
    Biodiversity Baseline: where do we stand? Biodiversity Baseline: where do we stand? From the depths of oceans to the highest summits, from icy waters to baking deserts, life flourishes in every corner of our planet. We are currently witnessing a steady loss of biodiversity, with profound consequences for the natural world and for human well-being. The main causes of this loss are changes in natural habitats. But what exactly has changed, by how much and why? The EU 2010 Biodiversity Baseline provides facts and figures on the state and trends of the different biodiversity and ecosystem components. It thereby supports the EU in developing the post-2010 sub-targets and provides factual data for measuring and monitoring progress in the EU from 2011 to 2020.
    Biodiversity - Ecosystems Biodiversity - Ecosystems Biodiversity is the name given to the variety of ecosystems (natural capital), species and genes in the world or in a particular habitat. It is essential to human wellbeing, as it delivers services that sustain our economies and societies. Biodiversity is also crucial to ecosystem services — the services that nature supplies — such as pollination, climate regulation, flood protection, soil fertility and the production of food, fuel, fibre and medicines.
    EEA activities EEA activities The EEA's overall work on biodiversity covers data, indicators and assessments.

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