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Climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction in Europe

Publication Created 24 Jul 2017 Published 17 Oct 2017
1 min read
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Enhancing coherence of the knowledge base, policies and practices. The report assesses current practices and level of know-how, and highlights emerging innovative tools national, regional and local authorities are using to tackle the impacts of weather- and climate-related hazards.
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Publication Created 24 Jul 2017 Published 17 Oct 2017
1 min read
EEA Report No 15/2017
Enhancing coherence of the knowledge base, policies and practices. The report assesses current practices and level of know-how, and highlights emerging innovative tools national, regional and local authorities are using to tackle the impacts of weather- and climate-related hazards.

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: 978-92-9213-893-6
: TH-AL-17-012-EN-C

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Figures used

Length of station record available in the E-OBS dataset for daily max and daily min temperatures Stations available in the European Climate Assessment and Datasets (ECA&D) (with different lengths of records) for daily maximum and minimum temperature.
Landslide susceptibility for weather induced landslides: ICG (left) and b) JRC models (right) A distinct difference can be observed between the two models, where JRC model in general defines larger areas being exposed to landslides than the ICG model. This already shows that classification of landslide zonation maps is subjective and depends on the choice of the experts. The classified hazard map of JRC is definitely more conservative although it does incorporate hotspots of known hazard such as north-west Scotland, which the ICG model does not. Red circles show possible hotspots. White colour represent region without landslide hazard.
Overview of the notified State Aid programmes Overview of the notified State Aid programmes over the period 2006–2015 for all hazards covered (left); and for floods only (right)
River floods on rivers Sava and Bosnia in Bosnia and Herzegovina Left figure shows normal situation in the region and right figure shows extend of river flooding on 22 May 2014.
Footprint of storm Xaver in December 2013 The storm footprint is defined by considering the highest 3 seconds wind gust (in m/s) during a 72 hours period . Data are obtained from the Met Office Integrated Data Archive System (MIDAS).
Participation of the EEA member countries in the 2016 EEA survey EEA survey was launched in early 2016 in order to gather updated information from countries regarding the status of integration of CCA/DRR at national or sub-national levels. Countries that responded to the survey: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Lithuania, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Sweden, : Liechtenstein, Norway, Switzerland., Turkey. Countries that did not respond to the survey: Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Greece, Iceland, Latvia, Luxembourg, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, United Kingdom
Overview of National datasets at European level The figure shows an overview of data availability on historical landslides in Europe. Data are available almost for most European countries either from national databases (red) or regional databases (blue).
Extent of the heat wave in 2015 in Europe Average temperature anomalies (°C) for Europe between 28 June 28 to 4 July. Baseline period is 1964–1993.
Forest fire in Sweden Burnt area scars in Sweden in the 2014 fire season, and perimeter of the Västmanland fire
Expected variations in abundance or activity of four landslide types, driven by the projected climate change Expected variations in abundance or activity of four landslide types, driven by the projected climate change.
Drought impacts on public water supply and water quality for two drought severity levels Drought risk maps with the likelihood of impact occurrence (LIO) in the impact categories Tourism and Recreation, Public Water Supply, Water Quality, Freshwater Ecosystems, and Terrestrial Ecosystems (columns) for three hazard levels of SPEI with −0.5: near normal, −1.5: severely dry, and −2.5: extremely dry.
Recorded track of the medicane occurring in January 2014 Medicane track from a high-resolution simulation of January 2014.
Observed trends in warm days across Europe between 1960 and 2016 How to read the map: Warm days are defined as being above the 90th percentile of the daily maximum temperature. Grid boxes outlined in solid black contain at least three stations and so are likely to be more representative of the grid box. A significant (at the 5 % level) long-term trend is shown by a black dot
Total observed precipitation for the events of 30 May-2 June 2013 Map shows cumulative precipitation amount over the period between 30 May and 2 June 2013.
State and trend of fire danger for the period The left panel shows the average SSR values during the period 1981 to 2010 whereas the right panel shows the linear trend in the same period.
Locations of European tide gauges with length of records Colours represent different lengths of the datasets, ranging from less than 30 years (white) to over 100 years (black).
Projected Forest fire risk in Europe Forest fire risk calculated for baseline period (1961-1990) and 2041-2070 (A1B emission scenario).
Onset of the 2011 European drought, May 2011 The drought situation is described with Standardised Precipitation-Evapotranspiration Index accumulated over 3-months periods (SPEI-3).
Observed annual median and trend of the Mean Potential Hail Index (PHI) over the period 1951-2010 Based on the logistic hail model (Mohr, Kunz, and Geyer, 2015) and reanalysis data from NCEP-NCAR (Kalnay, et al., 1996). Trends with significance below the 5% level are cross-hatched. Note that significant trends are only found for values below -5 PHI over the period.
Observed trends in maximum annual five-day consecutive precipitation in winter and summer Grid boxes outlined in solid black contain at least three stations and so are likely to be more representative of the grid box. Significant (at the 5% level) long-term trend is shown by a black dot.
Trends in summer soil moisture in Europe Soil moisture content was modelled using a soil moisture balance model in the upper soil horizons (up to 1 m).
Change in the frequency of flooding events under projected sea level rise This map shows the estimated multiplication factor, by which the frequency of flooding events of a given height changes between 2010 and 2100 due to projected regional sea relative level rise under the RCP4.5 scenario. Values larger than 1 indicate an increase in flooding frequency
Model-based estimate of past change in summer low flows This map shows the ensemble mean trend in summer low flow from 1963 to 2000. ‘x’ denotes grid cells where less than three- quarters of the hydrological models agree on the direction of the trend.
Projected change in the frequency of meteorological droughts The maps show changes in the frequency of meteorological droughts for two future periods (2041-2070, left and 2071-2100, right) and for two emissions scenarios (RCP4.5, top and RCP8.5, bottom). Drought frequency is defined as the number of months in a 30 year period with the Standardised Precipitation Index accumulated over a 6 month period (SPI-6) having a value below -2.
Projected change in 20 year return level minimum flow and deficit volumes due to climate change and changes in water use Differences between the end of the 21st century (SRES A1B scenario) and the control period (1961-1990) for minimum discharges (left) and change in occurrence of deficits (right) for climate change only (top row) and a combination of climate change and water use (bottom row).
Observed trends in frequency and severity of meteorological droughts Trends in frequency (upper) and severity (lower) of meteorological droughts between 1950 and 2012. Trends are based on a combination of three different drought indices - SPI, SPEI and RDI accumulated over 12-month periods. Dots: trends significant at ≥ 95%.
Associations between temperature and mortality in four European cities Exposure-response associations between temperature and mortality in four European cities, together with related temperatures distributions. The shaded grey area delineates the 95 % empirical confidence interval. Solid grey vertical lines are minimum mortality temperatures and dashed grey vertical lines delineate the 2.5th and 97.5th percentile temperatures.
Archived
Deaths related to flooding in Europe This map shows the number of deaths related to flooding per million inhabitants (cumulative over the period 1991–2015, with respect to 2015 population).
Projected change in river floods with a return period of 100 years 100-year daily peak flow (Q100). Relative change for the time slices 2006-2035, 2036-2065 and 2066–2095 compared to the ensemble mean of the baseline (1976–2005), based on an ensemble of EURO-CORDEX RCP8.5 scenarios. Data points with CV>1 are greyed out. (CV = coefficient of variation)
Projected change in summer soil moisture Changes are presented as mean multi-model change between 1961-1990 and 2021-2050 using 12 Regional Climate Models (RCMs); with red indicating drier and blue indicating wetter conditions.
Projected changes in heavy precipitation in winter and summer Projected changes in heavy precipitation (in %) in winter and summer from 1971-2000 to 2071–2100 for the RCP8.5 scenario based on the ensemble mean of different regional climate models (RCMs) nested in different general circulation models (GCMs).
Projected changes in extreme wind speed based on GCM and RCM ensembles Ensemble mean of changes in extreme wind speed (defined as the 98th percentile of daily maximum wind speed) for A1B (2071–2100) relative to 1961–2000. Left: based on 9 GCMs. Right: based on 11 RCMs. Coloured areas indicate the magnitude of change (unit: m/s), statistical significance above 0.95 is shown by black dots.

News and articles

Cooperation is key to improve climate change adaptation across Europe’s border regions Europe’s border regions and shared maritime areas are facing increased negative impacts due to climate change, but countries and regions responsible for these areas are already taking action at transnational scale to adapt to these impacts according to a European Environment Agency (EEA) briefing published today.
Preparing Europe for climate change: coordination is key to reduce risks posed by extreme weather Building stronger links between climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction experts is more important than ever in wake of recent devastating and extreme weather events across Europe and elsewhere. Closer cooperation, including better policy alignment, will be crucial to reduce the impacts of weather- and climate-related hazards like floods, heatwaves, forest fires, or storm surges. Increasing coherence in actions and using innovative methods can improve the handling of these events, according to a report by the European Environment Agency (EEA) published today.

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For references, please go to https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/climate-change-adaptation-and-disaster or scan the QR code.

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