Het milieu in Europa - Toestand en verkenning 2005

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Het milieu in Europa - Toestand en verkenning 2005

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Uitgave Ingevoerd 29-11-2005 Gepubliceerd 29-11-2005
State of the environment report No 1/2005
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Water abstraction in Europe (EEA-31 without data for Iceland) Water abstraction in Europe (EEA-31 without data for Iceland)
Public and private sector expenditure on research and development in EU-25 Public and private sector expenditure on research and development in EU-25
European Fishing Fleet Capacity: Tonnage, 2003 Data availability: 1989-2003 for EU-15; 1989-1992 & 1998-2003 for EFTA; 1989- 1995 for EC; 1992-1995 for BS countries
Contributions to the changes in emission of primary and secondary fine particles (PM10), per sector and per pollutant (EU-15), 2002 'Contribution to change' plots show the contribution to the total emission change between 1990-2002 made by a specified sector/ pollutant.
Net conversion between pasture (+) and arable land/permanent crops (-) ha/year, 1990-2000, EEA-23
Total energy intensity, EU-25 Some estimates have been necessary in order to compute the EU-25 GDP index for 1990
Status of commercial fish stocks in European Seas, 2003-2004 Title in Maps and Graph: Commercial fish stocks outside safe biological limits, 2004
Main trends in woodland and forests formation, ha/year, 1990-2000, EEA-23
Percentage of EU inland bathing waters complying with mandatory standards and meeting guide levels of the bathing waters directive for the year 2003 by country
Concentrations of hazardous substances in fish from the north-east Atlantic and Baltic regions It should be noted that the lack of consistent or reliable data from the marine conventions or EEA counties inhibits adequate assessment of concentrations and trends of hazardous substances in European marine water
Treatment of packaging waste
Total number of endangered vascular plant species and the share of endangered tree species and other endangered vascular plant species in forests
Global average rate of temperature change (in oC per decade)
Emissions of primary and secondary fine particles (EU-15), 1990-2002
Current water availability and changes expected by 2030 .
Percentage compliance of EU coastal and inland bathing waters with mandatory standards of the bathing water directive, 1992 to 2003 for EU-15 1992 to 1994, 12 EU Member States, 1995/96, 14 EU Member States, 1997 onwards, 15 EU Member States
Afforestation in Europe, 1990-2000 The Alps and the French Mediterranean
Percentage of EU coastal bathing waters complying with mandatory standards and meeting guide levels of the bathing waters directive for the year 2003 by country
Relative gaps between GHG projections and 2010 targets, based on existing and additional domestic policies and measures, and changes by the use of Kyoto mechanisms
Trend in freight transport demand and GDP The two curves show the development in GDP and freight transport volumes, while the columns show the level of annual decoupling
Trend in freight transport demand and GDP The decoupling indicator is calculated as the ratio of freight transport demand to GDP measured in 1995 market prices
Trend in freight transport demand and GDP The decoupling indicator is calculated as the ratio of freight transport demand to GDP measured in 1995 market prices
Trend in passenger transport demand and GDP Aviation is not included
Trend in passenger transport demand and GDP The decoupling columns displayed in the chart represent annual decoupling
Trend in passenger transport demand and GDP If the decoupling indicator (vertical bars) is above 100 transport demand is outpacing GDP growth (i.e
Emissions of air pollutants based on different scenarios - EU-25
Sprawl of urban and other artificial land development, 1990-2000
Organic farming area in Europe The figure shows the organic farming area in Europe
Sprawl of urban and other artificial land development, 1990-2000 Sprawl in the countryside
Pan-European marine ecosystems The large marine ecosystems (LMEs) project was created in support of the global objectives of Chapter 17 of Agenda 21, as a follow-up to the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED)
Annual Water availability per capita by country, 2001
Measured and projected concentrations of 'Kyoto' greenhouse gases
Total energy consumption by fuel in the EU-25 TOE refers to tonnes of oil equivalents (1990 - 2002)
Share of biofuels in transport fuels (%) No data available for Switzerland.
Share of biofuels in transport fuels (%)
Share of biofuels in transport fuels (%) The Biofuels Directive aims at promoting the use of biofuels for transport to replace diesel or petrol
Decoupling in the agriculture sectors 2000-2020 (percentage change to 2020)
Number of flood events (left); number of deaths per flood event (right) Note: Flood events include flash floods, river floods and storm surges in Europe (1976-2001).
Footprint versus population - EU-25 and Switzerland
Proportion of total surface area designated only for the habitats directive, protected only by national instruments, and covered by both (sites of Community importance - SCIs) The figure shows the proportion of total surface area designated only for the habitats directive, protected only by national instruments, and covered by both (sites of Community importance - SCIs)
Main annual flows of agricultural internal conversions in ha/year, 1990-2000, EEA-23
Water stress in Europe Current water stress in European river basins (year 2000) and under the LREM-E scenario by 2030.
Kyoto burden-sharing targets for EU-15 countries
Reductions in SO2 emissions from public electricity and heat production in the EU-15 Emissions data for Luxembourg are not available and so this country is not included in the calculation for the European Union
Main annual flows of conversion between agriculture and forests/ dry semi-natural land in ha/year, 1990-2000, EEA-23
Availability of Corine land cover data
Exposure above AOT40 target values for vegetation around rural ozone stations (EEA member countries), 2002 Reference period: May - July 2002
EEA scorecard 2005 - Area under organic farming
EEA scorecard 2005 - Emissions of acidifying substances
Global annual average temperature deviations, 1850-2004, compared with the 1961-1990 average (in oC)
Afforestation in Europe, 1990-2000 Scotland and Ireland
Soil contamination by heavy metals Concentration of Pb in topsoils (0-25cm)
Ecological overshoot 1961 - 2002
State of commercial fish stocks in Mediterranean Sea up to 2004 Coverage 1
Sprawl of urban and other artificial land development, 1990-2000 Sprawl along transport axes and the coastline
Afforestation in Europe, 1990-2000 Spain and Portugal
Number of reported deaths and minimum and maximum temperature in Paris during the heatwave in summer 2003 Notes: Reported deaths (bars on left axis), temperature (lines, right axis).
Maximum 1-hour concentrations observed during the summer period 2004 (April-September)
Total GHG emissions in EU-25 (baseline and climate action scenarios)
Political map of EEA member and collaborating countries The map addresses the region covered in The European environment - State and outlook report 2005.
Consumption of ozone depleting substances (EU-27), 1989-2000 CFC: ChloroFuoroCarbon, HCFC: HydroChloroFluoroCarbon, CTC: CarbonTetraChloride; MCF: MethylChloroForm
Dominant landscape types of Europe, based on Corine land cover 2000
Final energy consumption by country TOE refers to tonnes of oil equivalent
Percentage of rivers distributed on water quality classes for BOD (mgO2/l) and orthophosphate (mg/l) in 2001 (1997 for Netherlands) %
Special protection areas (SPAs) established under the EU birds directive (EU-25) As declared by Member States in the Standard Data Form (COM 97/266/EC)
Municipal waste generation in western European (WE) and central and eastern European (CEE) countries
Internal and external conversions of agriculture 1990-2000
Net formation of forest and transitional woodland, in ha, 1990-2000, EEA-23
Share of renewable energy in total energy consumption (%) No energy data for Liechtenstein available from Eurostat (1990, 1995 - 2002)
Trends in the concentration of total ammonium in rivers and between 1992 and 2002 in different countries Number of river monitoring stations included in analysis noted in brackets
Share of renewable electricity in gross electricity consumption in the EU25 in 2002 The renewable electricity directive (2001/77/EC) defines renewable electricity as the share of electricity produced from renewable energy sources in total electricity consumption
Sprawl of urban and other artificial land development, 1990-2000 Time lags and uneven development
Percentage of inclusion of globally threatened species occurring in EU-25 in protected species lists of EU directives and the Bern Convention
EEA scorecard 2005 - Ranking graphs
Exceedance of air quality limit value of PM10 in urban areas (EEA member countries), 1996-2002 For years before 1997 representative monitoring data is not available
Total energy intensity by country The year for the reference index value is 1995 because GDP for 1990 was not available for all countries
Final energy consumption in the transport sector
Final energy consumption in the transport sector
Final energy consumption in the transport sector By 2002, only a few EU countries had consumption of biofuels or were reporting consumption of biofuels to Eurostat
Decoupling in the industry sectors 2000-2020 (percentage change to 2020)
Internal and external conversions of agriculture 1990-2000 Withdrawal of farming and conversion of marginal land to crops
Present concentration of BOD5, BOD7 (mg O2/l) in rivers Number of river monitoring stations included in analysis noted in brackets
Trends in mean summer chlorophyll-a concentrations in coastal waters of the Baltic Sea, the Mediterranean (mainly Italian waters) and the Greater North Sea (mainly the eastern North Sea and the Skagerrak), 1985-2003 Trend analyses are based on time series 1985-2003 from each monitoring station having at least 3 years of data in the period 1995-2003 and at least 5 years of data in all
Comparison between environmental concerns and lack of information Europeans have
Trends in the annual intensity of freight transport demand Road freight transport is assigned to the country of origin of the transport vehicle in EU statistics rather than to where the vehicles drive
Trends in the annual intensity of freight transport demand Tonne/km for road and rail
Trends in the annual intensity of freight transport demand Tonne/km for road, rail and inland waterways.
Changes in European fishing fleet capacity: 1989-2003 Power changes refer to 1989-2003 for EU 15 and 1997 -2002 for EFTA
EU-25 and European-wide ecosystem damage area (average accumulated exceedance of critical loads), 1980-2020 Data source of deposition-data used to calculate exceedances: EMEP/MSC-W
Built-up land and population trends Title in the report EEA Signals 2004: Built-up land area.
Production of ozone depleting substances (EEA-31), 1989-2000 Production is weighted by the Ozone Depleting Potential (ODP)
Percentage of total load in sensitive area, and percentage of load in sensitive area by country, not conforming to the requirements of the urban waste water treatment directive, 2001 DE and NL have designated their whole territory as a sensitive area, but are not in conformity with the goal of 75% reduction of N
Percentage of bathing water sample points complying with Guide values (C(G)) or complying with Mandatory values (C(I)) - 2003
Sensitivity to desertification in the northern Mediterranean Sensitivity to desertification and drought in the Mediterranean basin.
Final energy consumption by sector, EU-25 (1990 - 2002)
Packaging waste generation per capita and by country
Annual expenditures on contaminated sites remediation by country (a) Romania: data from 1997 and 2000 (b) Slovenia: data from 1999 and 2001 (c) Germany: projection from estimates of expenditures from some of the "Laender" d) Data for Belgium refer to Flanders
Excess of nitrogen deposition (year 2000 (left) and 2030 MTFR scenario (right)) Percentage of total ecosystems area receiving nitrogen deposition above the critical loads (data base of 2004)
Contribution to change in ozone precursors emissions for each sector and pollutant (EU-15), 1990-2002 'Contribution to change' plots show the contribution to the total emission change between 1990-2002 made by a specified sector/ pollutant
Origin of artificial land uptake as % of total, 1990-2000, EEA-23
Average pollution concentrations for European rivers
Groundwater overexploitation and saltwater intrusion in Europe
Trends in the annual intensity of passenger transport demand Total passenger transport demand data including air are not available for all countries and years
Trends in the annual intensity of passenger transport demand Total passenger transport demand data including air are not available for all countries and years
Trends in the annual intensity of passenger transport demand Total passenger transport demand data including air are not available for all countries and years
EU habitats directive: sufficiency of Member State proposals for designated sites (EU-15, September 2004) As shown in the ''sufficiency'' indicator, some countries need to strengthen their contribution to Natura 2000 under the habitats directive
EU habitats directive: sufficiency of Member State proposals for designated sites (EU-15, September 2004) As shown in the 'sufficiency' indicator, some countries need to strengthen their contribution to Natura 2000 under the habitats directive
Mean annual urban land take 1990-2000 as a percentage of 1990 artificial land In some large countries, dates of satellite images for regions may differ by several years
Temporal coverage for the three data sets This figure shows the temporal coverage of three different datasets for Habitats, Birds and Butterflies
Main land-cover changes from 1990-2000 Trend in extent of terrestrial ecosystems on the basis of land cover change between 1990 and 2000. The number in brackets indicates the total area change in hectares.
EEA scorecard 2005 - Use of freshwater ressources
Emission trends of acidifying pollutants (EEA member countries), 1990-2002 The EEA32 country grouping includes EEA31 member countries + Croatia
Development of the EU-10 greenhouse gas emissions from base year to 2003
Trends in EU farmland bird populations in some EU countries between 1980 and 2003 based on 24 characteristic bird species
Trends in nitrate concentrations in rivers (1990s and early 2000s) in European countries Number of river stations for each country given in brackets
Municipal waste generation in western European (WE) and central and eastern European (CEE) countries
Cumulative surface area of sites designated for the habitats directive over time (sites of Community importance - SCIs) The figure shows the cumulative surface area of sites designated for the habitats directive over time (sites of Community importance - SCIs)
Percentage of artificial coastline length by NUTS3 Percentage of built-up in 10 km and 1 km coastal buffer, by NUTS3 (CLC90 a nd CLC2000)
European opinions on the environment's influence on the quality of life and the perception of the environment's importance in the policy-making process
Generation of packaging waste and GDP in the EU-15
Actual and projected greenhouse gas emissions aggregated for new Member States Past GHG emissions include the eight new Member States which have Kyoto target (not Cyprus and Malta)
Proportion of total surface area designated under the birds directive, protected only by national instruments and covered by both (special protection areas - SPAs) The figure shows the proportion of total surface area designated under the birds directive, protected only by national instruments and covered by both (special protection areas - SPAs)
Trends in birds and butterfly populations in EU-25 (% decline) The number in brackets show the number of species taken into account for each habitat type
EEA scorecard 2005 - Municipal waste generation
Changes in emissions of primary and secondary fine particles (EFTA-3 and EU-15), 1990-2002
Relative contribution of land-cover categories to uptake by urban and other artificial land development In some large countries, dates of satellite images for regions may differ by several years
Change in emission of acidifying substances (EFTA-3 and EU-15) compared with 2010 NECD targets (EU-15 only), 1990-2002
Mean annual urban land take as a percentage of total Europe-23 urban land take 1990-2000 In some large countries, dates of satellite images for regions may differ by several years
Summary of trends in winter nitrate and phosphate concentration, and N/P ratio in the coastal waters of the North Atlantic (mostly Celtic Seas), the Baltic Sea, the Mediterranean and the North Sea, 1985-2003 Trend analyses are based on time series 1985-2003 from each monitoring station having at least 3 years data in the period 1995-2003 and at least 5 years data in all
Highest daily PM10 concentration (36th highest daily 24h-mean) observed at urban stations (EEA member countries), 1997-2002
Decline in mean trophic level of fisheries landings Mean trophic level of fisheries landings for the north-east Atlantic, Mediterranean and Black Seas, 1950-2003 The decline in mean trophic levels results in shortened food chains, leaving ecosystems less able to cope with natural or human-induced change
Conversions between agriculture, forest and natural land, ha/year, as % of country area, 1990-2000
Net formation of agriculture land 1990-2000, as % of initial year
Otter populations in France in 1930 and 1990 The population is shown on level of NUTS3.
Nitrate and phosphorus concentrations in European freshwater bodies between 1992/1993 and 2002 Concentrations are expressed as annual median concentrations for groundwater, and median of annual average concentrations for rivers and lakes
Development of EU-15 greenhouse gas emissions from base year to 2003 and distance to the (hypothetical) linear EU Kyoto target path (excluding flexible mechanisms)
Global greenhouse gas emissions for the baseline and climate action scenario (1970-2100)
Actual and projected EU-15 greenhouse gas emissions compared with Kyoto target for 2008-12
Distance to target for the EU-15 in 2003 (EU Kyoto Protocol and EU Member State burden-sharing targets)
Afforestation in Europe, 1990-2000
Low and zero-sulphur fuel use (%) No data available for Bulgaria, Malta and Romania.
Low and zero-sulphur fuel use (%) No data available for Bulgaria, France and Romania.
Low and zero-sulphur fuel use (%), EU-15
Exposure of crops to ozone (exposure expressed as AOT40 in (mg/m3).h) in EEA member countries, 1996-2002 The target value for protection of vegetation is 18 (mg/m3).h while the long-term objective is set to 6 (mg/m3).h
Share of targeted agricultural habitat types (dependent on extensive farming practices) within Natura 2000 sites
Mean annual total new forest creation, afforestation as % of total EEA-23
Internal and external conversions of agriculture 1990-2000 Conversion of arable land to pasture and withdrawal of farming
Contribution of renewable energy sources to total energy consumption, EU-25 (1990 - 2002)
Peak ozone concentration (26th highest maximum daily 8h-mean) observed at urban background stations (EEA member countries), 1996-2002
Contribution to change in ozone precursors emissions for each sector and pollutant (EU-10), 2002 'Contribution to change' plots show the contribution to the total emission change between 1990-2002 made by a specified sector/ pollutant
Mean annual urban and infrastructures land take as % of total land cover change 1990-2000
Exceedance of air quality target values for ozone in urban areas (EEA member countries), 1996-2002 Over the years 1996 - 2002 the total population for which exposure estimates are made, increases from 50 to 110 million people due to an increasing number of monitoring station reporting under the Exchange of Information Decision
Change in emission of ozone precursors (CC-4 and EU-10) compared with 2010 NECD targets (EU-10 only), 1990-2002 Data from Malta not available.
Drivers of artificial land development
Coastal erosion patterns in Europe
Emission trends of ozone precursors (ktonnes NMVOC-equivalent) for EEA member countries, 1990-2002 The EEA32 country grouping includes EEA31 member countries + Croatia
EEA scorecard 2005 - Renewable electricity
Emission trends of acidifying pollutants (EU-15), 1990-2002
Water exploitation index. Total water abstraction per year as percentage of long-term freshwater resources in 1990 and 2002 1990 = 1991 for Germany, France, Spain and Latvia; 1990 = 1992 for Hungary and Iceland; 2002 = 2001 for Germany, The Netherlands, Bulgaria and Turkey; 2002 = 2000 for Malta 2002 = 1999 Luxembourg, Finland and Austria; 2002 = 1998 for Italy and Portugal; 2002 = 1997 for Greece; No data for Belgium, Ireland and Norway
Annual aquaculture production by major area (EU-15 + EFTA and EU-10 + AC + Balkans), 1990-2001 Aquaculture production includes all environments i.e
Mean annual urban and infrastructures land take as % of total EEA-23 urban land take
Decoupling in the transport sectors 2000-2020 (percentage change to 2020)
Changes in wastewater treatment in regions of Europe between 1980s and late 1990s Only countries with data from all periods included, the number of countries in parentheses
Number of EU-15 agglomerations of more than 150 000 p.e. by treatment level, situation on 1st January 2002 169 of the 526 cities with population equivalent more than 150 000 did not have a sufficient standard of treatment on 1st of January 2002 to meet the objectives of the UWWT Directive
Gross nutrient balance at national level EEA calculations on the basis of the following: Harvested crops and forage Crop area (Eurostat's ZPA1 data set or Farm Structure Survey); Livestock numbers (Eurostat's ZPA1 data set or Farm Structure Survey); Livestock excretion rates (OECD or averaged coefficients from Member States); Fertiliser rates (EFMA); Nitrogen fixation (OECD or averaged coefficients from Member States Farm Structure Survey); Atmospheric Deposition (EMEP); Yields (Eurostat's ZPA1 data set or average coefficients from Member States).
Average occurrence of exceedances for stations, which reported at least one exceedance, by EU region
Change in EU-15 emissions of greenhouse gases by sector and gas 1990-2003
Change in emission of acidifying substances (CC-4 and EU-10) compared with 2010 NECD targets (EU-10 only), 1990-2002 Data not available for Malta.
Distribution of the endangered risk status of national main livestock breeds (cattle, pig, sheep, goat and poultry) in EU-15 Distribution of the endangered risk status of national main livestock breeds
Emission trends of ozone precursors (ktonnes NMVOC-equivalent) for EU-15, 1990-2002
Mean annual urban and infrastructures land take as % of artificial land cover 1990
Development of gross inland energy consumption and energy related CO2 emissions according to different scenarios - EU-25
EEA scorecard 2005 - Scorecard summary
Share of organic farming area in total utilised agricultural area The figure shows the share of organic farmong area in total utilised agricultural area 1990 and 2002
Ecological change status of Ramsar sites within the EEA member countries according to national reports to the Ramsar Convention
European Fishing Fleet Capacity: Number of vessels, 2003 Data availability: Number of vessels 1989-2002 for EU-15; 1989-1992 & 1998-2002 for EFTA; 1989-1995 & 2001 for EU-10; 1992-1995 & 2001 for AC countries.Legend:Countries have been grouped into the following categories: EU-15 (Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Greece, Spain, France, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Austria, Portugal, Findland, Sweden,United Kingdom), EFTA (Iceland and Norway), EU-10 (new member states: Estonia, Cyprus, Lithuania, Latvia, Malta, Poland, and Slovenia), CC (accession countries: Bulgaria and Romania).
Decoupling in the energy sectors 2000-2020 (percentage change to 2020)
EEA scorecard 2005 - Emissions of ozone precursors
Recycling of packaging waste by country, 2004
Recycling of packaging waste by country, 2002
Trends in the concentration of BOD in rivers and between 1992 and 2002 in different countries Number of river monitoring stations included in analysis noted in brackets
Water stress in large European river basins, 2000 and 2030 -
Annual production of major commercial aquaculture species groups, 1990-2001 Includes all countries and production environments for which data are available
Total land cover turnover 1990-2000 as % of total territory, EEA-23
Number of coastal stations per country showing no trend, decreasing or increasing trend in summer surface concentrations of chlorophyll-a, 2003
Decoupling in the household sectors 2000-2020 (percentage change to 2020)
Rotations within the forest territory, ha/year, as % of the forested territory 1990
CO2 reductions in EU-15 for electricity and heat production, 1990-2002 Emissions data for Luxembourg is not available and so this country is not included in the calculation for the European Union
Overview of progress in control and remediation of soil contamination by country Progress is expressed in terms of degree of completeness of activities in each management step as compared to the estimated number of sites to be processed at each management step
Marine aquaculture production relative to coastline length, 2001 Only marine and brackish waters production
BOD and total ammonium concentrations in rivers between 1992 and 2002 Number of river monitoring stations included in analysis noted in brackets
Nitrate concentrations in groundwater bodies between 1993 and 2002 in different regions of Europe Western Europe: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Netherlands; 27 GW-bodies
Targets of the packaging and packaging waste directive
Cumulative surface area of sites designated for the birds directive over time (special protection areas - SPAs) The figure shows the cumulative surface area of sites designated for the birds directive over time (special protection areas - SPAs)
Total land cover 2000 - %
EEA scorecard 2005 - Freight transport demand
Land cover change from 1990 to 2000 expressed as % of the 1990 level, aggregated into EUNIS habitat level 1 categories The table shows the land cover changes expressed as % of the 1990 level - aggregated into EUNIS habitat level 1 categories.
EEA scorecard 2005 - Total energy consumption
Packaging waste generation per capita and by country
Net formation of forest territory and natural land 1990-2000 as % of initial year
Net change in land cover 1990-2000, EEA-23 - ha
EEA scorecard 2005 - Greenhouse gas emissions
Change in emission of ozone precursors (EFTA-3 and EU-15) compared with 2010 NECD targets (EU-15 only), 1990-2002
Contribution to total change in acidifying pollutant emissions for each sector and pollutant (EU-15), 2002 'Contribution to change' plots show the contribution to the total emission change between 1990-2002 made by a specified sector/pollutant.
Share of renewable electricity in gross electricity consumption in the EU25 (includes 2010 indicative targets) The electricity directive (2001/77/EC) defines renewable electricity as the share of electricity produced from renewable energy sources in total electricity consumption
Land take by several types of human activity per year in 23 European countries, 1990-2000 In some large countries, dates of satellite images for regions may differ by several years
Total energy consumption by fuel (%) TOE refers to tonnes of oil equivalent
Percentage of coastal surface covered by Natura 2000 designated areas Refers to 10 km zone for terrestrial and for marine side, respectively.
Internal and external conversions of agriculture 1990-2000 Conversion of arable land to pasture or forest

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