All official European Union website addresses are in the europa.eu domain.
See all EU institutions and bodies
An official website of the European Union | How do you know?
Environmental information systems
Air pollution quick country facts
According to latest EEA estimates, just over 180,000 deaths in the EU were attributable to exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations above World Health Organization WHO guideline levels in 2023. These attributable deaths could have been avoided by meeting the WHO’s guideline values. Key information for each country is included here, including information on national level health.
EEA member countries
Austria
- In Austria, the rate of the all-cause natural deaths attributable to long-term exposure to fine particles (number of premature deaths attributable per 100 000 inhabitants 30 years or above) above 5µg/m3 is estimated to have been reduced by 68.1% between 2005 and 2023 (from 130.9 to 41.8, respectively), resulting in 2,608 (95% CI: 1,984-2,914) attributable deaths in 2023.
Belgium
- In Belgium, the rate of the all-cause natural deaths attributable to long-term exposure to fine particles (number of premature deaths attributable per 100 000 inhabitants 30 years or above) above 5µg/m3 is estimated to have been reduced by 72.4% between 2005 and 2023 (from 138.6 to 38.2, respectively), resulting in 2,940 (95% CI: 2,235-3,286) attributable deaths in 2023.
Bulgaria
- In Bulgaria, the rate of the all-cause natural deaths attributable to long-term exposure to fine particles (number of premature deaths attributable per 100 000 inhabitants 30 years or above) above 5µg/m3 is estimated to have been reduced by 60.5% between 2005 and 2023 (from 363.7 to 143.8, respectively), resulting in 6,729 (95% CI: 5,142-7,500) attributable deaths in 2023.
Croatia
- In Croatia, the rate of the all-cause natural deaths attributable to long-term exposure to fine particles (number of premature deaths attributable per 100 000 inhabitants 30 years or above) above 5µg/m3 is estimated to have been reduced by 53.8% between 2005 and 2023 (from 232.0 to 107.3, respectively), resulting in 2,886 (95% CI: 2,204-3,218) attributable deaths in 2023.
Cyprus
- In Cyprus, the rate of the all-cause natural deaths attributable to long-term exposure to fine particles (number of premature deaths attributable per 100 000 inhabitants 30 years or above) above 5µg/m3 is estimated to have been reduced by 63.3% between 2005 and 2023 (from 194.9 to 71.5, respectively), resulting in 612 (95% CI: 467-682) attributable deaths in 2023.
Czechia
- In Czechia, the rate of the all-cause natural deaths attributable to long-term exposure to fine particles (number of premature deaths attributable per 100 000 inhabitants 30 years or above) above 5µg/m3 is estimated to have been reduced by 68.7% between 2005 and 2023 (from 202.0 to 63.3, respectively), resulting in 4,715 (95% CI: 3,591-5,263) attributable deaths in 2023.
Denmark
- In Denmark, the rate of the all-cause natural deaths attributable to long-term exposure to fine particles (number of premature deaths attributable per 100 000 inhabitants 30 years or above) above 5µg/m3 is estimated to have been reduced by 78.5% between 2005 and 2023 (from 85.1 to 18.3, respectively), resulting in 703 (95% CI: 533-787) attributable deaths in 2023.
Estonia
- In Estonia, the rate of the all-cause natural deaths attributable to long-term exposure to fine particles (number of premature deaths attributable per 100 000 inhabitants 30 years or above) above 5µg/m3 is estimated to have been reduced by 94.4% between 2005 and 2023 (from 90.0 to 5.0, respectively), resulting in 46 (95% CI: 35-51) attributable deaths in 2023.
Finland
- In Finland, the rate of the all-cause natural deaths attributable to long-term exposure to fine particles (number of premature deaths attributable per 100 000 inhabitants 30 years or above) above 5µg/m3 is estimated to have been reduced by 97.5% between 2005 and 2023 (from 35.9 to 0.9, respectively), resulting in 34 (95% CI: 26-39) attributable deaths in 2023.
France
- In France, the rate of the all-cause natural deaths attributable to long-term exposure to fine particles (number of premature deaths attributable per 100 000 inhabitants 30 years or above) above 5µg/m3 is estimated to have been reduced by 66.4% between 2005 and 2023 (from 101.7 to 34.2, respectively), resulting in 14,741 (95% CI: 11,201-16,477) attributable deaths in 2023.
Germany
- In Germany, the rate of the all-cause natural deaths attributable to long-term exposure to fine particles (number of premature deaths attributable per 100 000 inhabitants 30 years or above) above 5µg/m3 is estimated to have been reduced by 68.6% between 2005 and 2023 (from 118.1 to 37.1, respectively), resulting in 21,640 (95% CI: 16,432-24,196) attributable deaths in 2023.
Greece
- In Greece, the rate of the all-cause natural deaths attributable to long-term exposure to fine particles (number of premature deaths attributable per 100 000 inhabitants 30 years or above) above 5µg/m3 is estimated to have been reduced by 35.1% between 2005 and 2023 (from 212.2 to 137., respectively), resulting in 10,249 (95% CI: 7,849-11,412) attributable deaths in 2023.
Hungary
- In Hungary, the rate of the all-cause natural deaths attributable to long-term exposure to fine particles (number of premature deaths attributable per 100 000 inhabitants 30 years or above) above 5µg/m3 is estimated to have been reduced by 64.0% between 2005 and 2023 (from 283.2 to 102.0, respectively), resulting in 6,767 (95% CI: 5,160-7,551) attributable deaths in 2023.
Iceland
- In Iceland, there are no estimated all-cause natural deaths attributable to long-term exposure to fine particles (number of premature deaths attributable per 100 000 inhabitants 30 years or above) above 5µg/m3. Nevertheless, considering the whole range of concentrations (above 0µg/m3) 71 attributable deaths (95% CI: 54-79) were estimated in 2023.
Ireland
- In Ireland, the rate of the all-cause natural deaths attributable to long-term exposure to fine particles (number of premature deaths attributable per 100 000 inhabitants 30 years or above) above 5µg/m3 is estimated to have been reduced by 65.6% between 2005 and 2023 (from 28.2 to 9.7, respectively), resulting in 316 (95% CI: 240-354) attributable deaths in 2023.
Italy
- In Italy, the rate of the all-cause natural deaths attributable to long-term exposure to fine particles (number of premature deaths attributable per 100 000 inhabitants 30 years or above) above 5µg/m3 is estimated to have been reduced by 43.4% between 2005 and 2023 (from 177.7 to 100.6, respectively), resulting in 43,083 (95% CI: 32,944-48,009) attributable deaths in 2023.
Latvia
- In Latvia, the rate of the all-cause natural deaths attributable to long-term exposure to fine particles (number of premature deaths attributable per 100 000 inhabitants 30 years or above) above 5µg/m3 is estimated to have been reduced by 76.4% between 2005 and 2023 (from 187.1 to 44.1, respectively), resulting in 577 (95% CI: 439-645) attributable deaths in 2023.
Liechtenstein
- In Liechtenstein, the rate of the all-cause natural deaths attributable to long-term exposure to fine particles (number of premature deaths attributable per 100 000 inhabitants 30 years or above) above 5µg/m3 is estimated to have been reduced by 81.9% between 2005 and 2023 (from 118.9 to 21.5, respectively), resulting in 5 (95% CI: 4-6) attributable deaths in 2023.
Lithuania
- In Lithuania, the rate of the all-cause natural deaths attributable to long-term exposure to fine particles (number of premature deaths attributable per 100 000 inhabitants 30 years or above) above 5µg/m3 is estimated to have been reduced by 73.4% between 2005 and 2023 (from 153.0 to 40.7, respectively), resulting in 814 (95% CI: 618-910) attributable deaths in 2023.
Luxembourg
- In Luxembourg, the rate of the all-cause natural deaths attributable to long-term exposure to fine particles (number of premature deaths attributable per 100 000 inhabitants 30 years or above) above 5µg/m3 is estimated to have been reduced by 82.8% between 2005 and 2023 (from 89.5 to 15.4, respectively), resulting in 66 (95% CI: 50-74) attributable deaths in 2023.
Malta
- In Malta, the rate of the all-cause natural deaths attributable to long-term exposure to fine particles (number of premature deaths attributable per 100 000 inhabitants 30 years or above) above 5µg/m3 is estimated to have been reduced by 67.7% between 2005 and 2023 (from 143.5 to 46.3, respectively), resulting in 172 (95% CI: 131-192) attributable deaths in 2023.
Netherlands
- In Netherlands, the rate of the all-cause natural deaths attributable to long-term exposure to fine particles (number of premature deaths attributable per 100 000 inhabitants 30 years or above) above 5µg/m3 is estimated to have been reduced by 71.6% between 2005 and 2023 (from 115.5 to 32.8, respectively), resulting in 3,847 (95% CI: 2,921-4,301) attributable deaths in 2023.
Norway
- In Norway, the rate of the all-cause natural deaths attributable to long-term exposure to fine particles (number of premature deaths attributable per 100 000 inhabitants 30 years or above) above 5µg/m3 is estimated to have been reduced by 85.2% between 2005 and 2023 (from 44.6 to 6.6, respectively), resulting in 235 (95% CI: 178-263) attributable deaths in 2023.
Poland
- In Poland, the rate of the all-cause natural deaths attributable to long-term exposure to fine particles (number of premature deaths attributable per 100 000 inhabitants 30 years or above) above 5µg/m3 is estimated to have been reduced by 46.1% between 2005 and 2023 (from 184.5 to 99.5, respectively), resulting in 25,268 (95% CI: 19,302-28,170) attributable deaths in 2023.
Portugal
- In Portugal, the rate of the all-cause natural deaths attributable to long-term exposure to fine particles (number of premature deaths attributable per 100 000 inhabitants 30 years or above) above 5µg/m3 is estimated to have been reduced by 78.3% between 2005 and 2023 (from 143.5 to 31.1, respectively), resulting in 2,221 (95% CI: 1,687-2,482) attributable deaths in 2023.
Romania
- In Romania, the rate of the all-cause natural deaths attributable to long-term exposure to fine particles (number of premature deaths attributable per 100 000 inhabitants 30 years or above) above 5µg/m3 is estimated to have been reduced by 66.9% between 2005 and 2023 (from 327.0 to 108.4, respectively), resulting in 14,065 (95% CI: 10,736-15,687) attributable deaths in 2023.
Slovakia
- In Slovakia, the rate of the all-cause natural deaths attributable to long-term exposure to fine particles (number of premature deaths attributable per 100 000 inhabitants 30 years or above) above 5µg/m3 is estimated to have been reduced by 65.3% between 2005 and 2023 (from 212.2 to 73.7, respectively), resulting in 2,732 (95% CI: 2,083-3,049) attributable deaths in 2023.
Slovenia
- In Slovenia, the rate of the all-cause natural deaths attributable to long-term exposure to fine particles (number of premature deaths attributable per 100 000 inhabitants 30 years or above) above 5µg/m3 is estimated to have been reduced by 55.7% between 2005 and 2023 (from 157.2 to 69.6, respectively), resulting in 1,034 (95% CI: 788-1,153) attributable deaths in 2023.
Spain
- In Spain, the rate of the all-cause natural deaths attributable to long-term exposure to fine particles (number of premature deaths attributable per 100 000 inhabitants 30 years or above) above 5µg/m3 is estimated to have been reduced by 65.4% between 2005 and 2023 (from 118.9 to 41.1, respectively), resulting in 13,317 (95% CI: 10,134-14,875) attributable deaths in 2023.
Sweden
- In Sweden, the rate of the all-cause natural deaths attributable to long-term exposure to fine particles (number of premature deaths attributable per 100 000 inhabitants 30 years or above) above 5µg/m3 is estimated to have been reduced by 94.8% between 2005 and 2023 (from 58.0 to 3.0, respectively), resulting in 204 (95% CI: 155-229) attributable deaths in 2023.
Switzerland
- In Switzerland, the rate of the all-cause natural deaths attributable to long-term exposure to fine particles (number of premature deaths attributable per 100 000 inhabitants 30 years or above) is estimated to have been reduced by 76.3% between 2005 and 2023 (from 94.9 to 22.5, respectively), resulting in 1,357 (95% CI: 1,031-1,518) attributable deaths in 2023.
Türkiye
- In Türkiye, the rate of the all-cause natural deaths attributable to long-term exposure to nitrogen dioxide (number of premature deaths attributable per 100 000 inhabitants 30 years or above) above 10µg/m3 is estimated to have increased by 23.8% between 2016 and 2023 (from 33.6 to 41.2, respectively), resulting in 19,399 (95% CI: 9,886-37,376) attributable deaths in 2023.
Cooperating countries and others
Albania
- In Albania, the rate of the all-cause natural deaths attributable to long-term exposure to fine particles (number of premature deaths attributable per 100 000 inhabitants 30 years or above) above 5µg/m3 is estimated to have been reduced by 53.2% between 2005 and 2023 (from 421.0 to 196.1, respectively), resulting in 3,551 (95% CI: 2,722-3,952) attributable deaths in 2023.
Bosnia and Herzegovina
- In Bosnia and Herzegovina, the rate of the all-cause natural deaths attributable to long-term exposure to fine particles (number of premature deaths attributable per 100 000 inhabitants 30 years or above) is estimated to have been reduced by 34.8% between 2005 and 2023 (from 305.3 to 199.0, respectively), resulting in 4,783 (95% CI: 3,675-5,318) attributable deaths in 2023.
Kosovo under UNSCR 1244/99
- In Kosovo, the rate of the all-cause natural deaths attributable to long-term exposure to fine particles (number of premature deaths attributable per 100 000 inhabitants 30 years or above) above 5µg/m3 is estimated to have been reduced by 55.3% between 2005 and 2023 (from 385.9 to 172.4, respectively), resulting in 2,135 (95% CI: 1,634-2,378) attributable deaths in 2023.
Montenegro
- In Montenegro, the rate of the all-cause natural deaths attributable to long-term exposure to fine particles (number of premature deaths attributable per 100 000 inhabitants 30 years or above) above 5µg/m3 is estimated to have been reduced by 53.6% between 2005 and 2023 (from 305.7 to 141.8, respectively), resulting in 555 (95% CI: 424-619) attributable deaths in 2023.
North Macedonia
- In North Macedonia, the rate of the all-cause natural deaths attributable to long-term exposure to fine particles (number of premature deaths attributable per 100 000 inhabitants 30 years or above) above 5µg/m3 is estimated to have been reduced by 57.2% between 2005 and 2023 (from 518.7 to 222.2, respectively), resulting in 2,667 (95% CI: 2,049-2,965) attributable deaths in 2023.
Serbia
- In Serbia, the rate of the all-cause natural deaths attributable to long-term exposure to fine particles (number of premature deaths attributable per 100 000 inhabitants 30 years or above) above 5µg/m3 is estimated to have been reduced by 50.2% between 2005 and 2023 (from 377.8 to 188.3, respectively), resulting in 8,735 (95% CI: 6,698-9,720) attributable deaths in 2023.
Andorra
- In Andorra, the rate of the all-cause natural deaths attributable to long-term exposure to fine particles (number of premature deaths attributable per 100 000 inhabitants 30 years or above) above 5µg/m3 is estimated to have been reduced by 81.4% between 2005 and 2023 (from 63.4 to 11.8, respectively), resulting in 6 (95% CI: 4-7) attributable deaths in 2023.
Monaco
- In Monaco, the rate of the all-cause natural deaths attributable to long-term exposure to fine particles (number of premature deaths attributable per 100 000 inhabitants 30 years or above) above 5µg/m3 is estimated to have been reduced by 70.6% between 2005 and 2023 (from 127.7 to 37.5, respectively), resulting in 9 (95% CI: 7-10) attributable deaths in 2023.
San Marino
- In San Marino, the rate of the all-cause natural deaths attributable to long-term exposure to fine particles (number of premature deaths attributable per 100 000 inhabitants 30 years or above) above 5µg/m3 is estimated to have been reduced by 36.6% between 2005 and 2023 (from 131.0 to 83.1, respectively), resulting in 20 (95% CI: 15-22) attributable deaths in 2023.