Total greenhouse gas emissions (without LULUCF)

Since 1990, GHG emissions have decreased by 73% (63% including LULUCF) (see graph), mainly due to economic restructuring in the early 1990s. In 2023, GHG emissions totalled 10.9 Mt CO₂eq (13 Mt CO₂eq including LULUCF). Per capita, emissions were approximately 14.5% higher than the EU average and emissions per euro of gross domestic product (GDP) were nearly double the EU average.

56% of total emissions came from the energy sector and 24% from the transport sector, totalling 8 762.4 kt CO₂eq. Of these, 99.82% came from fuel combustion and 0.18% from diffuse fuel emissions. CO₂ emissions from the energy sector vary due to economic trends, CO₂ prices in the EU emissions trading system, the energy supply structure and weather conditions. Agriculture accounted for 14% of emissions.

Estonia aims to achieve climate neutrality by 2050. The first Climate Resilient Economy Act is under preparation, emphasising vigorous growth of clean energy production, nature preservation and new industries. The law will set national and sectoral targets for reducing GHG emissions. Measures include those related to renewable energy, insulating buildings, electrifying transport, developing public transport, utilising eco-friendly technologies and making changes in agriculture and LULUCF.