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EEA, 2025a, ‘Air pollution in Europe — 2025 reporting status under the National Emission reduction Commitments Directive’ (https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/analysis/publications/air-pollution-in-europe-2025-reporting-status-under-the-national-emission-reduction-commitments-directive) accessed 27 February 2026.
EEA, 2025b, Europe’s environment 2025 (https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/europe-environment-2025) accessed 27 February 2026.
EEA, 2025c, ‘Harm to human health from air pollution in Europe: burden of disease status, 2025’ (https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/analysis/publications/harm-to-human-health-from-air-pollution-burden-of-disease-status-2025) accessed 27 February 2026.
EEA, 2025d, ‘Methane, climate change and air quality in Europe: exploring the connections’ (https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/analysis/publications/methane-climate-change-and-air-quality-in-europe-exploring-the-connections) accessed 26 February 2025.
EEA, 2026a, ‘Addressing ground-level ozone pollution in Europe’ (https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/analysis/publications/addressing-ground-level-ozone-pollution-in-europe) accessed 20 April 2026.
EEA, 2026b, ‘Exceedance of air quality standards in Europe’ (https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/analysis/indicators/exceedance-of-air-quality-standards) accessed 29 April 2026.
ETC-HE, 2026a, ETC-HE Report 2026/1: Status report of air quality in Europe for year 2024, using validated data, (https://www.eionet.europa.eu/etcs/etc-he/products/etc-he-products/etc-he-reports/etc-he-report-2026-1-status-report-of-air-quality-in-europe-for-year-2024-using-validated-data).
ETC-HE, 2026b, ETC-HE Report 2026/2: Status report of air quality in Europe for year 2025, using validated and up-to-date data, (https://www.eionet.europa.eu/etcs/etc-he/products/etc-he-products/etc-he-reports/etc-he-report-2026-2-status-report-of-air-quality-in-europe-for-year-2025-using-validated-and-up-to-date-data).
EU, 2004, Directive 2004/107/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 December 2004 relating to arsenic, cadmium, mercury, nickel and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient air.
EU, 2008, Directive 2008/50/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2008 on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe (OJ L 152, 11.6.2008, pp. 1-44).
EU, 2024, Directive (EU) 2024/2881 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2024 on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe (recast) (OJ L, 2024/2881, 20.11.2024).
MITECO and CSIC, 2025, Episodios Naturales de Partículas 2024, Government of Spain (https://www.miteco.gob.es/content/dam/miteco/es/calidad-y-evaluacion-ambiental/sgalsi/atm%c3%b3sfera-y-calidad-del-aire/informes/Episodios%20Naturales%202024.pdf).
WHO, 2021, ‘WHO Global Air Quality Guidelines’ (https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240034228) accessed 28 January 2026.